盐湖卤水协同萃取提锂及基础热力学性质

为了充分利用盐湖卤水中丰富的锂资源,提出了以磷酸三丁酯（TBP）-乙酸丁酯（BA）-FeCl₃-260^#磺化煤油体系协同萃取提锂的方法。针对该体系,考察了卤水酸度、n_Fe/n_Li比以及温度对协同萃取过程的影响。根据锂离子及其它主要离子萃取率的变化,确定了最优萃取条件为：pH=2,n_Fe/n_Li=3.0,T=20℃。在最优条件下,单级萃取率达到90%左右。同时,研究了萃取过程的热焓、吉布斯自由能及熵变等基础热力学性质。结果表明,在选定的萃取体系和条件下,锂的萃取反应为放热反应,萃取过程为熵减过程。     

磷酸三丁酯、4-甲基-2戊酮对铝锂溶液中锂的萃取行为

以磷酸三丁酯(TBP)作为主要萃取剂,4-甲基2-戊酮(MIBK)作为协助萃取剂,三氯化铁(FeCl₃)作为共萃剂,以铝锂溶液体系作为试验对象,全面系统的研究了萃取剂的各组成成分、水相溶液的pH值、铁锂原子比、萃取相比、萃取时间以及静置时间对铝锂溶液中锂的萃取效果的影响。通过正交试验确定了萃取反应的最佳反应参数：萃取相比为5∶2,铁锂原子比为2∶1,pH值为1.5,TBP体积分数为70%,MIBK体积分数为15%,萃取时间为10 min。在此条件下,锂的单级萃取率可达82%,锂铝单级分离因数可达51。对萃取分离过程的反应机理进行了研究,深入探索了铁锂共萃取效应,确定了反应产生的萃合物形态为LiFeCl₄·2TBP·MIBK,并探究了萃合物形成过程中的键合方式。该萃取方法经济高效,适用于铝锂溶液中锂的分离。     

二苯并-14-冠-4超声波合成及其用于锂镁分离的研究

为了从高镁锂比卤水中提锂,需要解决锂镁分离,本文用二苯并-14-冠-4(DB14C4)来达到此目的。用超声波合成法,在常温、短时反应条件下以42.22%的产率得到DB14C4。对DB14C4采用高斯频率计算与其实测红外光谱比对来确定产物结构。考察了DB14C4及其与有机磷酸酯协同配位萃取对锂镁分离的效果,实验结果表明:单一的DB14C4对锂离子的萃取率仅为2%,对锂镁混合液中锂离子的选择性系数为1.20。当DB14C4与有机磷酸酯构成的协同体系【即DB14C4与二(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯(B2EHPA)】,则对锂离子的萃取率增大到36%,选择性系数增加到6.17。动态液膜迁移实验也证实了协同配位体系能增加其对锂离子的选择性,当DB14C4与B2EHPA摩尔比为2∶1时,动态迁移选择率达到9.7。     

碱性条件下丁酮萃取~(99m)Tc的动力学研究

本文以恒界面池法研究了碱性条件下丁酮对99mTc的萃取动力学性质。在一定条件下,考察了萃取时间对萃取率的影响,并测定了搅拌速度、各反应物初始浓度以及温度对萃取速率的影响。实验结果表明:萃取体系在约6 h后达到平衡;搅拌速度(100-180 rpm)对萃取速率无显著影响,萃取反应的活化能为56.20(kJ/mol),萃取过程为化学反应控制模型。在碱性介质中,丁酮萃取99mTc的化学反应速率方程为:-dc(TcO4-)/dt=k c0.83(TcO4-)c1.90(CH3COC2H5),其中k=5218.85(L/L)-0.73.h-2。     

液膜萃取法回收磷酸体系中的微量镧

通过斜率分析法研究了P204和TOPO从磷酸体系中液液萃取微量镧的反应机制和热力学,推测出一种可能的反应历程和萃合物结构,得到萃取反应式和反应的平衡常数K=104.502,焓变ΔH=-13.02 kJ.mol-1,自由能ΔG=-25.686 kJ.mol-1,熵变ΔS=0.0425kJ.(mol.K)-1。在液液萃取反应机制研究的基础上,采用液膜萃取法进行磷酸体系中微量镧的富集回收研究,考察了载体P204(2%～10%w/w)和TOPO(1%～10%w/w)、表面活性剂磺化聚丁二烯LYF(1%～10%w/w)、内萃取剂HCl(1～5 mol.L-1)和水乳体积比A/O(2:1～7:1)对液膜萃取收率及稳定性的影响。在最优条件下,可回收94.10%～95.94%的镧,并且膜溶胀率为8%～17%,破损率为0.45%～1.93%,能够维持较好的液膜稳定性。研究结果对磷酸中的微量稀土镧回收利用具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics of solvent extraction of 99mTC with 2-butanone in basic medium

本文以恒界面池法研究了碱性条件下丁酮对99mTc的萃取动力学性质.在一定条件下,考察了萃取时间对萃取率的影响,并测定了搅拌速度、各反应物初始浓度以及温度对萃取速率的影响.实验结果表明:萃取体系在约6h后达到平衡;搅拌速度(100-180 rpm)对萃取速率无显著影响,萃取反应的活化能为56.20(kJ/mol),萃取过程为化学反应控制模型.在碱性介质中,丁酮萃取99mTc的化学反应速率方程为:-dc (TcO4- )/dt=k c0.83(TcO4-)c1.90(CH3 COC2 H5),其中k=5218.85(L/L)-0.73·h-2.     

碱金属萃取化学研究——Ⅰ.苏丹-Ⅰ中性协萃体系选择性萃取锂

关于碱金属萃取化学的研究,文献报导较少,近年来我们对有关内容作了专题综述。其中锂的溶剂萃取虽早在卅年代Taylor等注意过,但嗣后研究不多。六十年代来用β-双酮类螯合剂萃取分离锂的研究有若干报导,一般均采用中性协萃剂构成协萃体系进行。如Lee报导用二苯甲酰甲烷[HDBM]与三辛基氧化膦仁[TOPO]协萃锂具有很高的选择性,锂与其它碱金属(如钠)分离系数高达570,但这些体系均需在相当高的pH(>11)条件下才能萃取锂,而对中性溶液,萃取率低,无实际意义。Seeley等研究了含氟β-双酮(HFDMOD)与TOPO在近中性时协萃锂,分配比高达20,β_(Li/Na)为1300,这是溶剂萃锂的一个新进展。其它萃锂体系选择性均不理想。由于β-双酮类螯合剂价格较贵,来源困难,而且在碱性条件下水溶性大,因此显然无     

双浊点萃取-毛细管电泳法测定天然水中酚类化合物的研究

建立了双浊点萃取(dCPE)-毛细管电泳(CE)法测定天然水中酚类化合物的新方法。以Triton X-114为萃取剂,NaOH为反萃取剂,对苯酚、2,4,6-三氯苯酚和邻硝基苯酚进行双浊点萃取。考察了pH值、萃取剂浓度、平衡温度及时间和离子强度等因素对萃取率的影响。dCPE方法的优化条件为:pH=2.0、Triton X-114的浓度为0.14%(m/V)、平衡温度为40℃、平衡时间为10min、NaCl浓度为4.0%(m/V);电泳条件为:10mmol/L硼砂-磷酸钠缓冲溶液(pH=9.8)、电压18kV、检测波长210nm。在最优的条件下,苯酚、2,4,6-三氯苯酚、邻硝基苯酚的检出限(S/N=3)分别为0.10、0.15和0.18μg/mL;富集因子分别为24.0、19.3和20.1;相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为3.9%、2.6%和3.3%(c=2.0μg/mL,n=3)。     

共萃剂ClO4-作用下磷酸三丁酯分离盐湖卤水锂镁

采用磷酸三丁酯(TBP)作为萃取剂、NaClO4作为共萃剂从高镁锂比盐湖卤水中提取锂,考察了萃取温度、溶液pH值、相比和ClO-4用量等因素对Li+萃取率的影响.结果表明,卤水一次萃取的最佳操作条件为:萃取时间10 min,温度25℃,Vo/Vw=2.0,n(ClO-4)/n(Li+)=2.0,pH=5～8,Li+和Mg2+的最高萃取率分别为65.41%和13.31%,锂镁分离系数达到12.32.用水在Vw/Vo=1.0、50℃时进行反相萃取,Li+的反萃率达到81.52%,此时镁锂质量比由45.61下降至8.45.锂镁离子萃取过程呈放热效应,金属离子的萃入对TBP中H的化学位移没有影响,但会导致P O双键的红外伸缩振动吸收峰从1280 cm-1移至1264 cm-1.25℃时用斜率法测定Li+萃合物的组成接近2LiClO4.5TBP,反萃液经深度除镁后可制备碳酸锂.     

聚乙二醇-硫酸铵双水相萃取次甲基蓝的研究

利用分光光度法研究了次甲基蓝在聚乙二醇-硫酸铵双水相体系的萃取行为,探索了质量配比(mPEc/m(NH4)2SO4)、温度和次甲基蓝的浓度对双水相及次甲基蓝萃取率(Y)的影响.实验表明:(1)在一定的温度和浓度下,随着mPEC/m(NH4)2SO4的减小,分配系数K( cup/clow)增加,萃取率Y略有减小;(2)在一定的质量配比和浓度下,分配系数K(cup/clow)随温度的升高而增大,但萃取率Y却基本保持不变;(3)在一定的质量配比和温度下,随着次甲基蓝浓度的增加,分配系数K(cup/clow)增大;萃取率Y略有增加.在mPEG/m( NH4) 2SO4为1.50∶1,c次甲基蓝=8.915×10-5mol/L、t=30℃的实验条件下,K(cup/clow)=22.14,萃取率(y)可达95.43％.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.