An emittance measurement device for a space-charge dominated electron beam

Beam emittance is one of the most important parameters for electron sources. To investigate the beam emittance of the 3.5-cell DC-SC photocathode injector developed at Peking University, a multi-slit emittance measurement device has been designed and manufactured. The designed slit width, mask thickness and beamlet drift length are 100 μ m, 3 mm and 430 mm respectively. It is suitable for the electron beam with energy of about 5 MeV and the average current less than 0.1 mA. The preliminary measurement result of the rms emittance of the electron beam produced by the DC-SC injector is about 5-7 mm·mrad.     

A particle-in-cell mode beam dynamics simulation of medium energy beam transport for the SSC-Linac

A new linear accelerator system, called the SSC-Linac injector, is being designed at HIRFL (the heavy ion research facility of Lanzhou). As part of the SSC-Linac, the medium energy beam transport (MEBT) consists of seven magnetic quadrupoles, a re-buncher and a diagnose box. The total length of this segment is about 1.75 m. The beam dynamics simulation in MEBT has been studied using the TRACK 3D particle-in-cell code, and the simulation result shows that the beam accelerated from the radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) matches well with the acceptance of the following drift tube linac (DTL) in both the transverse and longitudinal phase spaces, and that most of the particles can be captured by the final sector focusing cyclotron for further acceleration. The longitudinal emittance of the RFQ and the longitudinal acceptance of the DTL was calculated in detail, and a multi-particle beam dynamics simulation from the ion source to the end of the DTL was done to verify the original design.     

IH型漂移管直线加速器的束流动力学研究（英文）

为了提高兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环（HIRFL-CSR）的运行效率、改善加速器输出束流品质,并实现几个加速装置分时供束,提高整个重离子加速装置的利用率,特为（HIRFL-CSR）增建一台新的注入器--CSRLINAC。在108.48 MHz的RFQ之后的CSR-LINAC主加速段,主要由一台108.48 MHz和两台216.96 MHz的IH型漂移管直线加速器组成,用于加速荷质比为1/8.5~1/3之间的重离子,其最大的束流流强为3 mA,并将粒子从0.3 MeV/u加速到3.71 MeV/u。运用KONUS动力学原理,在满足设计指标的情况下,首先利用TraceWin程序进行中能束线MEBT设计,后针对高频腔体设计和束流匹配的基本参数的系列讨论,特别是对CSR-LINAC的中能束流匹配线、参数选择和IH型KONUS结构的漂移管直线加速器进行设计模拟优化。最终得出,在保证腔体设计指标和95.3%的传输效率的情况下,该紧凑型直线加速结构经过三个腔体的加速后,束流的纵向归一化均方根发射度增长仅有25%;同时发现,当流强达到3 mA时,存在空间电荷效应,导致其纵向相宽增长约25%,最大横向包络也存在16.5%的涨落。In order to improve the operation efficiency of the Cooling Storage Ring of Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL-CSR), a heavy ion linac (linear accelerator) was proposed and designed as a new injector for HIRFL-CSR. Following the 108.48 MHz Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ), three tanks in total with Interdigital H-mode drift tube linac (IH-DTL) structure are installed to boost the beam energy from 0.3 to 3.71 MeV/u, and the beam current of ions with charge-to-mass ratio from 1/8.5 to 1/3 can reach to 3 mA. The first tank operatesat the same frequency as the RFQ, and the rest two operate at 216.96 MHz. The “Combined Zero-Degree Synchronous Particle Structure” (KONUS) beam dynamics was used in the beam dynamics design. The overview of the physics design on the main accelerating components, including RF design and beam dynamics design are introduced in this paper. The optimized structure design, fabrication status and simulation results are presented in this contribution. It shows that under the condition of assurance of 95.3% transmission efficiency, the normalized rms emittance is about 25%. When the beam current is up to 3 mA, owing to the space charge effect, the increase of longitudinal phase spread and transverse envelope are about 25% and 16.3%, respectively.     

Beam dynamics design for uranium drift tube linear accelerator

KONUS beam dynamics design of uranium DTL with LORASR code is presented. The ²³⁸U³⁴⁺ beam, whose current is 5.0 emA, is accelerated from injection energy of 0.35 MeV/u to output energy of 1.30 MeV/u by IH-DTL operated at 81.25 MHz in HIAF project at IMP of CAS. It achieves a transmission efficiency of 94.95% with a cavity length of 267.8 cm. The optimization aims are the reduction of emittance growth, beam loss and project costs. Because of the requirements of CW mode operation, the designed average acceleration gradient is about 2.48 MV/m. The maximum axial field is 10.2 MV/m,meanwhile the Kilpatrick breakdown field is 10.56 MV/m at 81.25 MHz.     

Preliminary design and simulation of a 162.5 MHz high-intensity proton RFQ for an accelerator driven system

A new procedure for the design and simulation of a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator has been developed at the Argonne National Laboratory. This procedure is integrated with the beam dynamics design code DESRFQ and the simulation code TRACK, which are based on three-dimensional field calculations and the particle-in-cell mode beam dynamics simulations. This procedure has been applied to the development of a 162.5 MHz CW RFQ which is capable of delivering a 10 mA proton beam for the Accelerator Driven System (ADS) of the CAS. The simulation results show that this RFQ structure is characterized by the stable values of the beam acceleration efficiency for both the zero current beam and space charge dominated beam. For an average beam current of 10 mA, there is no transverse rms emittance growth, the longitudinal rms emittance at the exit of RFQ is low enough and there is no halo formation. The beam accelerated in the RFQ could be accepted easily and smoothly by the following super-conducting linear accelerator.     

SSC-LINAC重离子RFQ动力学模拟与研究

采用多粒子跟踪程序BEAMPATH 对SSC-LINAC 重离子RFQ 直线加速器进行动力学模拟,分别对RFQ 的接受度、高频特性、束流稳定性、空间电荷效应等进行了分析。该RFQ具有很大的纵向接受度,有利于束流在RFQ中的传输;高频特性研究表明,翼间电压设定在理论值以上时,该RFQ都能保持较好的束流特性;束流稳定性分析结果表明,该RFQ具有很大的束流失配容忍度;空间电荷效应研究表明,当束流强度低于0.5 mA时,束流传输不受影响。综合研究结果表明,53.667 MHz重离子RFQ具有较好的动力学特性,满足SSC-LINAC直线加速器的设计要求。The RFQ beam dynamics of a heavy ion linac was investigated in this paper and the BEAMPATH code was employed in this study. The main research was focused on the beam performances depending on longitudinal acceptance, RF properties, beam instability and space charge effect. The RFQ has large longitudinal acceptance in design, which brings the beam performances well. In the RF parameter study, the beam can keep good transmission in the acceleration even the vane voltage is larger than the theoretical value. It is also shown that the RFQ has a large robustness for the mismatch of the input beam by the analysis of the beam instability.Furthermore, the beam evolution is independent on the space charge effect when the beam current is less than 0.5 emA. The preliminary analysis of the beam dynamics shows that the 53.667 MHz heavy ion RFQ has a promising performance, which meets the requirements of SSC-LINAC.     

光阴极微波电子枪优化设计的考虑

对光阴极微波电子枪进行了优化设计 ,给出了光阳极微波腔的形状、电参数和电场分布 .电子束团初始参数对束流横向发射度的影响 ,用 Parmela程序对其进行了优化 ,得到了一组最优参数 .考虑了补偿线圈对束流发射度的影响 ,对线圈的位置和电流的大小做了优化 .经过优化后得到腔出口处的横向发射度为 1 .39πmm.mrad,达到了设计时的要求. A 1.3 GHz photocathode RF gun is under study in peking University. The photocathode RF gun, composed of gun cavity, photocathode and Laser system, is expected to deliver a electron beam with a normalized transverse rms emittance of 1π mm·mrad at a charge of 1nC. Its performance has been studied by the space-charge tracking code PARMELA. The influences of the initialized electron beam were also studied. The emittance compensation technique is employed. After optimization of the parameters was...     

Emittance measurement & optimization for the photocathode RF gun with laser profile shaping

The Laser Undulator Compact X-ray source （LUCX） is a test bench for a compact high brightness X-ray generator, based on inverse Compton Scattering at KEK, which requires high intensity multi-bunch trains with low transverse emittance. A photocathode RF gun with emittance compensation solenoid is used as an electron source. Much endeavor has been made to increase the beam intensity in the multi-bunch trains. The cavity of the RF gun is tuned into an unbalanced field in order to reduce space charge effects, so that the field gradient on the cathode surface is relatively higher when the forward RF power into gun cavity is not high enough. A laser profile shaper is employed to convert the driving laser profile from Gaussian into uniform. In this research we seek to find the optimized operational conditions for the decrease of the transverse emittance. With the uniform driving laser and the unbalanced RF gun, the RMS transverse emittance of a 1 nC bunch has been improved effectively from 5.46 πmm·mrad to 3.66 πmm·mrad.     

Realization of a locally-round beam in an ultimate storage ring using solenoids

"Ultimate" storage rings (USRs), with electron emittance smaller than 100 pm·rad and on the scale of the diffraction limit for hard X-rays in both transverse planes, have the potential to deliver photons with much higher brightness and higher transverse coherence than that projected for the rings currently operational or under construction. Worldwide efforts have been made to design and to build light sources based on USRs. How to obtain a round beam, i.e., a beam with equivalent transverse emittances, is an important topic in USR studies. In this paper, we show that a locally-round beam can be achieved by using a pair of solenoid and anti-solenoid with a circularly polarized undulator located in between. Theoretical analysis and application of this novel method, particularly to one of the Beijing Advanced Photon Source storage ring design having natural emittance of 75 pm·rad, are presented.     

300MeV质子同步加速器概念设计优化（英文）

目前处于设计阶段的哈尔滨工业大学空间辐照效应装置,其核心部件是由1台10 MeV的注入器、1台300MeV的同步加速器以及输运线构成的加速器装置。同步加速器中引出的质子束流被用于辐照研究。基于装置的概念设计,优化了其同步加速器部分的设计。设计了新的磁聚焦结构,优化了基于新的磁聚焦结构的多圈注入系统的凸轨变化模式,提高了注入效率。为了更好地优化引出束流的时间结构,慢引出系统采用了RF knock-out的方法。为了满足精准辐照的要求,研究了RF Kicker的频率调制,发现RF Kicker的双频调制能使得引出束流更均匀。A research complex for aerospace radiation effects research is in the designing stage in Harbin Institute of Technology. Its core part is a proton accelerator complex, which consists of a 10 MeV injector, a 300 MeV synchrotron and beam transport lines. The proton beam extracted from the synchrotron is utilized for the radiation effects research. Based on the conceptual design, the design study for optimizing the synchrotron has been done. A new lattice design was worked out, and the decreasing pattern of the bump of the multi-turn injection system was optimized to increase the injection efficiency. In order to improve the time structure of the extracted beam, a RF knock-out method is employed in the slow extraction system. To meet the requirement of accurate control of dose, the frequency modulation of the RF kicker is well investigated, and the dual frequency modulation has been found to have a better performance for a uniform spill.     

高压直流连续波光阴极注入器中发射度补偿

空间电荷效应是引起发射度增长的主要因素,特别是在高压直流连续波光阴极注入器中。分析了高压直流连续波光阴极注入器中线性空间电荷力的特点及其对电子束横向发射度的影响,并从理论上解析地研究了螺线管发射度补偿的原理及特点。最后利用Parmela程序对中国工程物理研究院高压直流连续波光阴极注入器的发射度补偿作了模拟计算。结果表明,束团电荷量为80 pC的电子束在350 keV高压直流电子枪出口处的横向归一化发射度为5.14 mmmrad,经过螺线管补偿后,其最小横向发射度变为1.27 mmmrad。电子束的发射度得到了很好的补偿。     

W–band光注入器的模拟研究

模拟研究了1.6个腔、高梯度的W-band光阴极微波电子枪系统,该系统能产生和加速300pC的电子束团.设计系统由频率91.392GHz光阴极微波电子枪以及频率91.392GHz行波加速结构组成.基于射频直线加速器标度律与数值模拟结果,设计系统能产生能量1.74MeV,电量300pC,束团长度0.72ps,归一化横向发射度0.55mm·mrad的电子束团.研究了高频、高梯度下的束流动力学.由于高梯度,有质动力效应在束流动力学中起重要作用,且由于横向与纵向之间的耦合,在基次空间谐波的情形下,仍然存在着有质动力聚焦效应.     

IH型永磁漂移管加速腔初步设计

设计了一个用于加速低能质子的永磁聚焦IH型漂移管加速腔。通过迭代设计,使得束流通过每个漂移管中心的束流相位与预设值一致。设计的永磁聚焦IH型漂移管加速腔将质子束从0.75 MeV加速到2.5 MeV,长度0.96m,分流阻抗约90 MΩ/m。不考虑束晕和误差因素,50mA流强下该漂移管加速腔中的束流损失可以控制在0.1%量级。     

Progress of the Injector Linac Upgrade for the BEPCⅡ Project

BEPCⅡ—an upgrade project of Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC) is a factory type of e+e- collider. It requires its injector linac to have a higher beam energy (1.89 GeV) for on-energy injection and a higher beam current (40 mA e+ beam) for a higher injection rate ( 50 mA/min). The low beam emittance (1.6π mm·mrad for e+ beam, and 0.2πmm·mrad for 300 mA e- beam) and the low beam energy spread (±0.5%) are also required to meet the storage ring acceptance. Thus the original BEPC injector linac must be upgraded to have a new electron gun with its complete tuning system, a new positron source with a flux concentrator, a new RF power system with its phasing loops and a new beam tuning system with orbit correction and optics tuning devices. These new components have been designed, fabricated, tested and will be installed in their final positions in this spring and summer, which are described in this paper.     

衍射极限环光源纵向束流注入非线性优化

下一代同步辐射光源储存环动力学孔径较小,因而束流注入困难,可以通过纵向束流注入解决这一问题。为了使用更长的kicker脉冲,有必要降低高频频率以增加注入束流到储存束流的时移。因为同步辐射运动,时移更长的束流有更高的动量偏差,所以通过该方法进行注入需要储存环提供足够大的能量接受度和动力学孔径。用SSRF-U的候选磁聚焦结构来展示纵向束流注入非线性优化的可行方法。由一系列高频频率的最佳结果可知,低于界限频率时kicker脉冲不会继续增长。在束流模拟中,采用界限频率与合适六级铁强度,可使SSRF-U储存环束流注入达到最高效率。     

小型医用质子同步加速器的慢引出设计

 围绕北京医用质子同步加速器的方案, 研究设计了1/3整数共振的慢引出系统。利用该系统, 可获得较高的引出效率(大于95% )、较小的引出束流发射度(在静电切割器处, 积分发射度为0.15πmm·mrad)、较窄的引出动量分散(0.12% ) 以及较均匀的引出束流。