High-performance liquid chromatography determination of phenolic components in wine using off-line isotachophoretic pretreatment

The off-line combination of isotachophoresis (ITP) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to improve sample pretreatment and determination of phenolic compounds in wine was investigated. The ITP system provided an enhanced sample load capacity and served as a sample clean-up technique, HPLC performed a final separation of the analytes presented in samples. The phenolic components were separated by Discovery RP Amid C16 chromatography column using water-methanol-acetonitrile-orthophosphoric acid gradient. The identification of phenolic compounds was made by comparison of the retention data obtained for the standard mixture, pretreated sample and the sample spiked standard additions. Satisfactory recoveries for all components analysed were observed between 86.1 and 109.2%.     

Continuous solid-phase extraction and preconcentration of bisphenol A in aqueous samples using molecularly imprinted columns

A bisphenol A (BPA) molecularly imprinted polymer, the composition of which was optimised using a chemometric approach, has been applied to the selective preconcentration of the template from aqueous samples. The selectivity of the polymer toward BPA and related compounds was evaluated chromatographically. The BPA-imprinted polymer was packed in a column and used for continuous on-column solid-phase extraction (MISPE) of aqueous samples followed by subsequent analysis by HPLC with fluorescence detection of the eluted fractions. The composition of the washing solvent applied in the MISPE procedure was optimised to favour the specific interactions of the MIP with BPA and to remove the non-selectively bound matrix components. The MISPE method has proven to be effective for selective preconcentration of BPA in aqueous samples (recoveries >84% obtained in the eluate for 10–100 mL sample volumes) enabling detection and quantification limits of 1.0 and 3.3 ng mL^–1, respectively (based on 25 mL sample size). Analytical recoveries were between 92 and 101% for river water samples spiked with known amounts of BPA (30, 60, and 80 ng mL^–1); relative standard deviations (RSD) were lower than 5.0%.     

Simultaneous determination of 64 pesticides in river water by stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

A method for determining 68 pesticides in river water using stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)-thermal desorption (TD)-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is described. SBSE sampling was optimized for sample solution pH, salting-out and methanol addition. Although salting-out enhanced the ability of the method to extract most of the pesticides with low absolute recoveries, the absolute recoveries of four pesticides were not improved by salting-out. The detection limits of the method for the pesticides ranged from 0.2 to 20 ng/l. Analyte recoveries from a river water sample spiked with standards at 10 and 100 ng/l were 58.5–132.0% (RSD: 1.8–15.8%) and 61.0–121.3% (RSD: 1.4–20.2%), respectively.     

A Fast and Efficient Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Tocopherols in Cow Milk Followed by HPLC Determination

A fast HPLC method with fluorescence detector (FD) was developed for the determination of three tocopherols (TOCs) in milk samples from Modicana cattle breed. The ultrasound-assisted procedure was optimized for the extraction of TOCs prior to HPLC/FD analysis, reducing sample preparation time and allowing a fast quantification of α-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol and γ tocopherol. The optimized ultrasonic extraction combines an efficient and simple saponification at room temperature and a rapid HPLC quantification of TOCs in milk. The precision of the full analytical procedure was satisfactory and the recoveries at three spiked levels were between 95.3% and 87.8%. The linear correlations were evaluated (R² > 0.99) and the relative standard deviation (RSD) values for intra-day and inter-day tests at three spiked levels were below 1% for the retention time and below 5.20% for the area at low level spiking. The proposed procedure, reducing the experimental complexity, allowed accurate extraction and detection of three TOCs in milk samples from Modicana cattle breed.     

Simultaneous determination of fluorine and iodine in urine by ion chromatography with electrochemical pretreatment

A new method for the simultaneous determination of fluorine and iodine in urine by ion chromatography(IC) with electrochemical pretreatment has been developed.The pretreatment was performed in a novel electrochemical oxidation-neutralization device(EOND),in which iodide of the sample was oxidized to iodate and the alkaline digestion sample solution was neutralized.Under the optimized conditions,the limits of detection(LOD,S/N = 3) were 2.5μg/L for fluoride and 20μg/L for iodate,respectively.The recoverie...     

Simultaneous Determination of Sulfonamides Antibiotics in Environmental Water and Seafood Samples Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography

The residues and abuse of antibiotics have seriously endangered ecological balance and human health; meanwhile, antibiotics determination is very difficult because of their low levels and multiple categories in complicated matrices. Appropriate sample pretreatment is usually imperative to enrich (ultra)trace antibiotics and eliminate matrix interference prior to chromatographic analysis. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has become an ideal pretreatment technique owing to its simplicity, effectiveness, low-consumption, etc. In this work, an ultrasonic-assisted DLLME (UA-DLLME) was developed for the simultaneous extraction of seven sulfonamides (SAs) antibiotics in environmental water and seafood samples coupled with HPLC-DAD determination. Several parameters affecting UA-DLLME efficiency were systematically optimized, and consequently the SAs were separated and detected within 14.5 min. The obtained limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.7–7.8 μg/L and 2.4–26.0 μg/L for three water samples (seawater, aquaculture wastewater and lake water) and two seafood samples (pomfrets and shrimps). High recoveries (80.0–116.0%) with low relative standard deviations (0.1–8.1%) were achieved for all the tested samples at three spiked levels. Notably, sulfadimethoxine was found at 24.49 μg/L in one seawater sample. The facile, robust and benign DLLME-HPLC method demonstrated promising perspectives for multiresidue analysis of antibiotics.     

Application of bamboo charcoal as solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of atrazine and simazine in environmental water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector

In this article, a new method for the determination of triazine herbicides atrazine and simazine in environment aqueous samples was developed. It was based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) using bamboo charcoal as adsorbent and high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) for the enrichment and determination of atrazine and simazine at trace level. Related important factors influencing the extraction efficiency, such as the kind of eluent and its volume, flow rate of the sample, pH of the sample, and volume of the sample, were investigated and optimized in detail. Under the optimal conditions, the experimental results showed that excellent linearity was obtained over the range of 0.5–30 μg L⁻¹ with correlation coefficients 0.9991 and 0.9982, for atrazine and simazine, respectively; and the relative standard deviations of two analytes were 8.3, 8.7%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of tap water and well water samples. And satisfactory spiked recoveries were obtained in the range of 75.2–107.1%. The above results indicated that the developed method was an excellent alternative for the routine analysis in environmental field.     

Determination of selected β-receptor antagonists in biological samples by solid-phase extraction with cholesterolic phase and LC/MS

A new method is presented for the determination of five selected β-receptor antagonists by HPLC, which emphasizes sample preparation via retention on a new type of silica gel sorbent used for solid-phase extraction (SPE). Sorbents of this type were obtained by the chemical modification of silica gels of various porosities by cholesterol ligands. The cholesterol-based packing material was investigated by spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. The recoveries obtained with the extraction procedure were optimum over a relatively broad sample pH range (3.08–7.50). Analytical factors such as the sample loading, the washing step and elution conditions, the concentration of β-receptor antagonists to be extracted, and the type of sorbent were found to play significant roles in the sample preparation procedure and would therefore need to be controlled to achieve optimum recoveries of the analytes. Under optimum conditions, the recoveries of nadolol, acebutolol, esmolol, oxprenolol and propranolol from spiked buffers, blood and urine were reproducible and dependent on the polarity or hydrophilicity of the compounds. The above analytes were determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV and ESI-ion trap mass spectrometry (MS) detection. The described method was found to be suitable for the routine measurement of compounds that are both polar and basic, and can be applied for the analysis of biological samples such as urine and blood in clinical, toxicological or forensic laboratories. The recovery measurements were performed on spiked human urine and serum, and on real samples of mouse blood serum.     

Determination of pesticides in soil samples by solid phase extraction disks

Summary A systematic study comparing the methodology and analytical results obtained in an investigation of seven pesticide residues (Molinate, Atrazine, Carbofuran, Pirimicarb, Prometryn, Malathion and Tetrachlorvinphos) in soil samples is reported. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) using glass columns and 47 mm disks of octyl and octadecyl-bonded silica was used in the pesticide analysis. The best extraction efficiency and clearest extracts are obtained with C₈ disks. The analyses were carried out by capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen and phosphorus detection. Recovery experiments were performed at ppb levels in spiked soil samples. The average recoveries of the compounds were 53–77%. Detection limits are between 5 and 30 ng g^–1 based on 5 g moist soil sample. The method was validated by comparing it with conventional liquid-liquid extraction.     

Determination of some selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

Summary Analytical methods for the determination in environmental samples, of some selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH's), which are included on the EPA Priority Pollutant list, have been developed and evaluated. The methodology involves the extraction of PAH's from water samples by solvent extraction with dichloromethane. Solid samples were ultrasonically extracted with acetone/hexane and the extract was cleaned up on a silica gel/alumina column. The concentrated and cleaned up extracts were analysed by HPLC on a polymeric C₁₈ column using a gradient of acetonitrile/water as the mobile phase and fluorescence detection. Typical detection limits lie in the range of 1–30 ng ml^–1 of the analytes, but after sample pretreatment detection limits of 10–300 ng l^–1 were obtained. The extraction, clean-up and HPLC methodology was applied to the determination of selected PAH's in coal washings samples and the method was validated by the quantification of PAH's in a natural contaminated and a spiked sediment.     

Simultaneous isolation of six fluoroquinolones in serum samples by selective molecularly imprinted matrix solid-phase dispersion

A simple and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of six fluoroquinolones from serum samples was developed by selective molecularly imprinted matrix solid-phase dispersion (MI-MSPD) coupled with chromatographic separation. By using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker and reformative methanol–water system as reaction medium, the improved water-compatible imprinted polymers were synthesized which show higher affinity to template and its analogues in aqueous environment. The molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were applied as the selective dispersant of matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) could selectively extracted the six fluoroquinolones from serum, while interferences originated from serum matrices were eliminated simultaneously. Good linearity was obtained in a range of 0.05–100 μg mL⁻¹ with the correlation coefficients >0.999. The average recoveries of the six fluoroquinolones at four different spiked levels (0.25–10 μg mL⁻¹) were ranged from 72.2% to 114.1% with the relative standard deviations less than 6.6%. This method is simple and sensitive, and can be used as an alternative tool to the existing HPLC methods for analyzing the residues of fluoroquinolones in biological samples.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of carbamate pesticides from soils and cereals

Summary A method for the supercritical fluid extraction of carbamate pesticides (propoxur, aminocarb, carbaryl and methiocarb) from soil and cereal samples using CO₂ is proposed. Extractions were at 378 bar and 54 °C. Analytes were determined in the extracts by HPLC with fluorescence detection after post-column derivatization. Recoveries from spiked soil ranged between 39.6 and 91.7%, depending on analyte and soil components. Lowest recoveries were from sandy soils. Aminocarb could not be recovered from any soil using CO₂. Recovery of aminocarb from diatomaceous earth was improved by adding methanol to the extraction cell prior to SFE, but the effect was not observed in soil samples. Recoveries for propoxur and aminocarb from spiked wheat were about 75%, and only between 30–50% for aminocarb from corn and oats, and carbaryl from wheat. Fat was coextracted using CO₂ and retained in the trap together with the analytes, however, appropriate rinsing solvent allowed on-line clean-up of the extract.     

基于中性解吸-电喷雾萃取电离质谱直接检测蜂蜜中的四环素

基于中性解吸-电喷雾萃取电离质谱(ND-EESI-MS)建立了无需样品预处理即可直接检测蜂蜜中四环素的方法. 测定结果表明, 加标蜂蜜四环素样品在20~1000 ng/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好(R²>0.997), 检出限为1.08 ng/mL; 加标浓度为50, 500和1000 ng/mL蜂蜜样品的回收率分别为94.26%, 98.38%和103.00%, 精密度(RSD)分别为3.28%, 1.39%和1.12%. 应用此方法对8种市售蜂蜜进行检测, 发现2种蜂蜜中含有痕量的四环素, 其余蜂蜜均未检出, 而应用高效液相色法在这8种市售蜂蜜中均未检出四环素. 本方法无需经过复杂的样品预处理, 灵敏度高、 精密度好、 分析速度快且特异性强, 能够承受蜂蜜中复杂基体的影响, 是一种快速检测蜂蜜中四环素的方法.     

SPME and SPE comparative study for coupling with microwave-assisted micellar extraction in the analysis of organochlorine pesticides residues in seaweed samples

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures were coupling with microwave-assisted micellar extraction for organochlorine pesticides residues determination in seaweed samples. They were optimized, compared and discussed.Preliminary experiments were performed in order to study experimental conditions for the extraction of pesticides from spiked seaweed samples with microwave-assisted micellar extraction (MAME) using a non-ionic surfactant (Polyoxyethylene 10 Lauryl Ether). After that, SPME and SPE were used to clean-up and preconcentrate MAME extract prior the analysis by liquid chromatography with photodiode array (PDA) detection.Excellent results were obtained for both procedures. Average pesticide recoveries between 80.5 and 104.3% for MAME-SPME and between 73.9 and 111.5% for MAME-SPE were obtained. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) were lower than 10.3% and 5.3% respectively for all recoveries tested, and LOD between 138–348 ng g^− 1 for MAME-SPME and 2–38 ng g^− 1 for MAME-SPE were obtained. The method was validated using Soxhlet extraction procedure.Both methods were applied to analyse target organochlorine pesticides in several seaweed samples and results were compared. These results show the great possibilities of combining MAME-SPE-HPLC-UV for the analysis of seaweed samples, improving the selectivity and sensitivity in the determination of organochlorine pesticides analysis for this kind of samples.     

Determination of chlorite in drinking water by on-line coupling of capillary isotachophoresis and capillary zone electrophoresis

An isotachophoresis (ITP)–capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) combination was used for the determination of chlorite in drinking waters. No sample preparation is needed and no interfering by other anions in tap water was observed. The reached limits of detection with conductivity detector were 0.012–0.017 mg l⁻¹. By four-fold sample loading with a 30 μl valve, 0.005 mg l⁻¹ of chlorite was determined with R.S.D.=3.3%. The concentrations of 0.05 and 0.20 mg l⁻¹ were measured with R.S.D. of 2.2 and 2.7%, respectively. The recoveries of chlorite from drinking water were 96–106% in the range of 0.02–0.20 mg l⁻¹. The R.S.D. values of migration times (inter-day) were up to 1.3%. The time for analysis is about 15 min.     

分子印迹固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时检测烟叶中磺酰脲类农药残留

以氯磺隆（CS）为模板分子,甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,在二氯甲烷氛围中,经沉淀聚合制备氯磺隆分子印迹聚合物（CS-MIP）微球。将该聚合物微球作为填料制得分子印迹固相萃取柱用于样品前处理,建立了分子印迹固相萃取-高效液相色谱（MIP-SPE-HPLC）同时检测烟叶中6种磺酰脲类除草剂残留的分析方法。针对氯磺隆、甲磺隆、苄嘧磺隆、苯磺隆、胺苯磺隆和烟嘧磺隆6种磺酰脲类除草剂,在烟叶中加标0.50~50 μg/g,经氯磺隆分子印迹固相萃取柱（CS-MIP-SPE）净化和富集,高效液相色谱（HPLC）检测,其平均回收率为77.60%~102.05%,相对标准偏差为0.16%~7.07%,检出限为0.08~0.46 μg/g。将MIP-SPE-HPLC方法用于实际农药残留检测,结果表明可同时满足烟叶中多种磺酰脲类除草剂残留量的检测要求。     

Preconcentration of Nicotinamide Using Molecularly Imprinted Microspheres for Solid-phase Extraction with Determination by High-performance Liquid Chromatography

The determination of target molecules in complicated matrices such as biological samples is largely dependent on sample pretreatment. Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (SPE), using molecularly imprinted polymers as the adsorbent, has been demonstrated to be effective for the selective enrichment of target molecules in biological samples. In this study, molecularly imprinted polymeric microspheres were fabricated by two-step swelling polymerization using polystyrene particles as seeds, nicotinamide as the template, methacrylic acid as a functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a cross-linker. The molecularly imprinted polymeric microspheres were packed into empty SPE cartridges, and the spiked urine and serum samples were loaded separately. After an initial washing and elution step, the effluents were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using 1:9 methanol/0.05% phosphoric acid. The obtained molecularly imprinted polymeric microspheres were uniform, and the spherical particles were well distributed. The established method was validated, and the results showed that the method was linear from 0.499 to 19.96?µg?mL^?1. The limits of detection and quantification for nicotinamide were 0.3 and 0.9?µg?mL^?1, respectively. The relative standard deviations were 1.55 and 2.86% in urine and serum, respectively. The spiked recoveries of nicotinamide were 86.0–98.8% and 87.0–96.8% in urine and serum, respectively. The molecularly imprinted SPE and HPLC methods in this study are useful for the pretreatment and determination of the target compounds in these matrices.     

Direct injection analysis of hexamethylene bisacetamide in biological fluids by an HPLC column switching technique with a micellar mobile phase

Summary This paper describes the direct injection analysis of the anti-cancer drug hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) in biological fluids by an HPLC column switching technique. The first chromatographic column, which provides for sample extraction and cleanup, employs a micellar mobile phase with SDS as the modifier. The second column, coupled on-line to the first, utilizes reversed-phase conditions for analysis. UV detection is employed at 210 nm. 282 samples from 12 cancer patients were analysed and good pharmacokinetics curves obtained. The drug gives recoveries of 94.0–100.9% with a relative standard deviation of 1.88%. A sample analysis is completed within 15 minutes. This method should be satisfactory not only for the analysis of HMBA but also, probably for other drugs in biological fluids.     

A Rapid Fecal Bioassay Method for Pu/Am

Fecal radiobioassay is a sensitive tool to estimate intake of radionuclides, especially for insoluble or poorly absorbed actinides. To increase efficiency and reduce turnaround time, improvements were introduced in the sample digestion step of a fecal bioassay method to rapidly detect Pu and Am. The acid- and microwave-digestion of the spiked fecal samples (5–10 g) were effectively completed in 1 h. The turnaround time for the sample analysis was minimized to 6 h. The average recoveries for Pu and Am were 35% and 60% for artificial fecal samples, respectively. Much better recoveries for Pu and Am were obtained for natural fecal samples. Observed relative biases for Pu and Am were marginally in the range of -0.25 to +0.50. The relative precision values for both radionuclides were, however, within the performance index of 0.4. This rapid fecal method is a potential candidate for an acceptable quantitative radiobioassay and screening method for the suspected Pu/Am exposures.