垃圾焚烧过程中重金属分布特性的研究

本文对垃圾焚烧过程中,不同粒径的灰颗粒中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Ni六种重金属元素含量进行了测定,同时比较了燃烧飞灰、煤与垃圾混烧的飞灰以及垃圾飞灰三种灰样中相应的重金属含量。结果表明:焚烧飞灰中重金属浓度含量随着颗粒尺寸的增大而减少;三种不同灰样的重金属含量大小依次为:垃圾飞灰>煤与垃圾混烧飞灰>燃煤飞灰。     

超低排放燃煤机组Se、Hg在固相产物中的赋存形态和浸出特性研究

煤燃烧会产生大量污染物,研究燃煤固相产物中有害痕量元素的含量分布和赋存形态具有深远意义。本文依托Se和Hg两种元素,探讨了其在燃煤电厂超低排放机组固相产物中的含量分布、结合形态及浸出特性。结果表明,飞灰中Se含量高于底渣;底渣中Se和Hg的主要存在形态为较为稳定的残渣态,4#机组底渣中残渣态含量最低;飞灰中Se和Hg的主要存在形态为可氧化态;四台机组底渣和飞灰中Se和Hg浸出量均低于《危险废物鉴别标准–浸出毒性鉴别》(GB5085.3-2007)规定排放限值;4#机组飞灰中Se对环境的潜在风险更低,Hg在底渣和飞灰中的浸出量几乎为0,不存在浸出风险。     

煤燃烧过程中汞、砷、硒反应机理研究

本文以三种典型煤为对象,测定了煤及灰中汞,砷,硒的浓度,了解了元素的挥发性。对钱家营褐煤进行了不同温度的燃烧实验。测定了在不同温度下燃烧灰中汞,砷,硒的含量变化。将所得实验结果与化学热力平衡分析工具F~*A~*C~*T2.1模拟系统结果相比较。推测了其中可能发生的反应。     

ICP-MS测定三种抗肿瘤中成药中铅镉汞砷含量

采用电感耦合等离子体-质谱(ICP-MS)法测定了三种抗肿瘤中成药(金克槐耳、华蟾素和复方苦参)中四种元素铅、镉、汞、砷的含量。结果显示,铅、镉、汞、砷四种元素在三种抗肿瘤中成药中的含量较低,均符合东南亚进口标准。其中金克槐耳中汞和砷含量略高于美国FAD药品与功能性食品要求标准,但仍符合其他标准。电感耦合等离子体-质谱法是测定中成药中铅、镉、汞、砷快速、准确的方法。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中砷的赋存形态研究

为实现垃圾焚烧过程中砷的释放控制,本文采集了六个地区两种炉型垃圾焚烧电厂的飞灰,通过分析飞灰中砷的赋存形态,阐释了垃圾焚烧过程中砷的迁移转化机理。结果表明,飞灰中砷总量存在一定的地域性差异,且炉排炉飞灰中砷含量高于流化床飞灰。飞灰中的As(Ⅲ)极少(0.34%~9.56%),大部分砷在高温焚烧过程中与Ca、Fe、Al等元素化合物发生交互反应以As(Ⅴ)存在于飞灰中,此外,少量砷被硅铝酸盐固化在飞灰基质中.     

煤热解气化过程中汞的形态转化和释放规律

本文选用神府和兖州两种烟煤,在400～1000℃的温度范围内,采用程序升温热解反应装置进行了热解和气化实验.实验过程中根据Ontario-Hydro方法捕捉气态汞,采用QM201型原子荧光测汞仪测定汞含量,研究了煤中微量元素汞在热解气化过程中的形态分布和释放规律.结果表明,温度是影响煤中汞释放的主要因素,煤热解过程中气态汞主要以元素汞的形式存在,占气态总汞的64%以上;随着温度的升高和停留时间的延长,元素汞的百分比含量逐渐降低,二价汞的百分比含量逐渐升高.气化过程中,元素汞和二价汞的百分比含量在40%～60%之间变化.气化产生的元素汞占气态总汞的百分比含量低于热解;二价汞则相反.     

流动注射-氢化物发生原子吸收光谱法测定飞灰、炉渣中的汞和砷

采用流动注射-氢化物发生原子吸收光谱法测定飞灰、炉渣中的汞和砷。在酸性介质中,用硼氢化钾作还原剂,通过载气导入电热石英吸收管,在波长253.7nm和193.7nm处分别对汞、砷进行测定。结果表明,该方法对汞和砷的检出限分别为0.27ng/mL,0.16ng/mL,回收率分别为97.8%、96.7%。该法操作简便、快速、灵敏度高,对实际样品的测定结果令人满意。     

激光全散射法测量燃煤颗粒物浓度的实验研究

本研究在激光全散射法颗粒物浓度检测系统上进行了不同性质、浓度燃煤飞灰颗粒的质量浓度测量实验。结果显示,联合全散射法颗粒物浓度检测系统和反演计算方法能良好的测算标准颗粒的质量浓度,误差约为7%。对于燃煤飞灰颗粒,测算结果能反映气流中颗粒浓度的变化,然而测算值高于真实值约19.3%~27.2%。并且,对除尘器前级电场飞灰的测算偏差大于第四电场飞灰。进一步的理论计算结果表明,随颗粒粒径增大,散射光分布逐步向前向(即0°方向)集中,导致光电探测器在收集透射光的同时收集部分前向散射光,使得反演计算值大于真实值。而前级电场飞灰中含有更多的大粒径、非球形颗粒且粒径分布范围更宽,偏离了反演算法的假定条件,导致对测算偏差增大。     

流化床垃圾焚烧炉飞灰中二噁英的分布

对某热电厂150吨/天垃圾和煤混烧焚烧炉百叶窗分离器收集的飞灰进行筛分和二噁英含量测定。灰样中>100μm的颗粒占到了86％以上。随粒径减小,二噁英总量浓度增大,且粒径<37μm飞灰的二噁英浓度最高。二噁英的毒性当量I-TEQ值在100μm的左右两侧均随粒径增大而降低。大于 100μm的颗粒是构成原始飞灰样品二噁英总量和I-TEQ值的主要部分。呋喃氯代物是飞灰中主要的二噁英,PCDDs/PCDFs比值小于1。本文还分析了影响飞灰中二噁英生成的其它因素。     

煤中汞,砷,硒赋存形态的研究

本文利用连续化学浸提法对三种典型煤进行连续浸提,根据不同形态的溶解度,将煤中的汞,砷,硒分为可交换态,硫化物形态,有机物结合态及残渣态四种形态。结果表明不同的煤有不同的形态分布特征。但总体来看,汞主要以硫化物形态和残渣态存在。砷主要以硫化物形态存在。硒赋存在硫化物,有机物及残渣态中。     

Insight of arsenic transformation behavior during high-arsenic coal combustion

The release of arsenic vapors (As³⁺) during high-arsenic coal combustion not only raises serious environmental concerns, but also causes catalyst deactivation in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. To illuminate the mechanisms involved in the transformation of arsenic vapors towards less troublesome arsenates (As⁵⁺) during coal combustion, the accessory minerals in the high-arsenic coal were identified and the association relationship of these compounds with arsenic in fly ash was estimated. The results showed that Si/Al were the main inorganic elements in high-arsenic coal while the content of Ca was quite low. Ca was mostly transformed into sulfates during coal combustion and the effect of Ca on the arsenic transformation was limited. Al/Fe played a more significant role in arsenic speciation transformation and arsenic in the fly ash was predominantly bound with Al/Fe-oxides as arsenates. It was further confirmed that Al in kaolin/metakaolin showed good capacity on arsenic capture. In addition, few arsenic vapors were captured through the physical adsorption mechanism and the large fraction of As³⁺ in some fine particles was mostly attributed to the chemical reactions between arsenic vapors and Al-compounds. Meanwhile, a certain amount of arsenic vapors were converted into As₂O₅(s) under the influence of SCR catalyst and then carried by flue gas to participate in fly ash. Besides, part of arsenic distributed in the fly ash was through the stabilization of ash matrix in high temperature conditions. The transformation of arsenic from vapors towards particulate arsenic favored arsenic emission control by particulate matter control devices.     

燃煤飞灰物理化学特性及其润湿机理研究

以小龙潭电厂燃煤飞灰及其不同粒径范围的分级灰为对象,采用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射、离子色谱、Zeta电位、扫描电镜等实验方法研究了飞灰的物理化学特征.同时采用沉降实验、表面张力实验研究了三种不同润湿剂对飞灰的润湿性能.研究发现,溶液对飞灰的润湿能力不仅取决于其气液界面张力,还与飞灰的组成、表面电位以及形貌特征密切相关.亲水性物质含量的增加,颗粒表面电荷与润湿剂分子间的静电吸引,颗粒表面的棱角孔隙等均可以促进其润湿;温度越高飞灰润湿性能越好,且温度对飞灰润湿过程影响较大,温度较高(60℃)时润湿剂种类及浓度对飞灰润湿过程的影响不明显.     

激光能量对飞灰颗粒流中未燃碳LIBS检测影响研究

飞灰含碳量是评价锅炉燃烧效率的重要指标之一,对其进行在线测量有助于实时进行燃烧优化调整,从而提高整个机组的经济性和安全性。利用螺杆式给粉机搭建飞灰颗粒流含碳量测量台架,将脉冲激光直接作用于飞灰颗粒流,形成等离子体,利用激光诱导击穿光谱技术测量飞灰颗粒流中的含碳量信息。重点研究了激光能量对飞灰颗粒流中未燃碳有效激发和测量的影响规律。研究结果显示,在40～130 mJ能量的脉冲激光作用下,碳谱线强度随着激光能量的增大线性增强,而其信噪比则先增加后趋于稳定,无效光谱的剔除率则呈下降趋势。本实验条件下,激光能量在90～100 mJ之间,可得到较强的等离子体发射信号和较优的光谱数据利用率。因而激光能量与颗粒流的激发状态、碳元素特征谱线强度等密切相关。合理的激光能量有利于保证飞灰颗粒流的有效稳定激发,并获得具有良好信噪比的等离子体光谱信号。     

Synchrotron‐radiation‐induced oxidation of selenite to selenate in coal‐derived fly ash

Systematic changes observed in consecutive XANES spectra of selenium in samples of fly ash from a power plant in Alberta, Canada, burning subbituminous coal have been interpreted as arising from synchrotron‐radiation‐induced oxidation of a selenite species to selenate. It was estimated that about 15–20% of the selenite was oxidized to selenate during the 2 h exposure of the fly ash to the synchrotron beam. In contrast, the XANES spectra of arsenic (and other trace elements not documented herein) showed no variation. It is believed that this is the first time that radiation‐induced changes have been observed for an element in coal‐derived fly ash.     

Prediction of particle sticking efficiency for fly ash deposition at high temperatures

The tendency of ash particles to stick under high temperatures is dictated by the ash chemistry, particle physical properties, deposit surface properties and furnace operation conditions. A model has been developed in order to predict the particle sticking efficiency for fly ash deposition at high temperatures. The model incorporates the particle properties relevant to the ash chemistry, particle kinetic energy and furnace operation conditions and takes into consideration the partial sticking behaviour and the deposit layer. To test the model, the sticking behaviours of synthetic ash in a drop tube furnace are evaluated and the slagging formation from coal combustion in a down-fired furnace is modelled. Compared with the measurements, the proposed model presents reasonable prediction performance on the particle sticking behaviour and the ash deposition formation. Through a sensitivity analysis, furnace operation conditions (velocity and temperature), contact angle and particle size have been found to be the significant factors in controlling the sticking behaviours for the synthetic ash particles. The ash chemistry and furnace temperature dictate the wetting potential of the ash particles and the melting ability of the deposit surface; particle size and density not only control the particle kinetic energy, but also affect the particle temperature. The furnace velocity condition has been identified as being able to influence the selective deposition behaviour, where the maximum deposition efficiency moves to smaller particles when increasing the gas velocity. In addition, the thermophoresis effect on the arrival rate of the particles reduces with increasing the gas velocity. Further, increasing the melting degree of the deposit layer could greatly enhance the predicted deposition formation, in particular for the high furnace velocity condition.     

双道原子荧光光谱法同时测定污泥中的砷和汞

利用硝酸-高氯酸消解处理试样,建立了原子荧光光谱法同时测定污泥中砷和汞的方法。并对消解体系、负高压、灯电流、载气流量、屏蔽气流量、硼氢化钠浓度等作了研究并予以优化。方法的线性范围:砷0.0—60.0ng/mL、汞0.0—6.0ng/mL,相关系数r≥0.9998;砷和汞的检出限均为0.03ng/mL;砷、汞相对标准偏差均不大于2%,试样加标回收率砷91.0%—104.0%和汞90.0%—96.0%。该方法操作简便、快速、灵敏度高,完全适用于污泥试样的检测。     

Mechanism on the contribution of coal/char fragmentation to fly ash formation during pulverized coal combustion

In this paper, the correlations between coal/char fragmentation and fly ash formation during pulverized coal combustion are investigated. We observed an explosion-like fragmentation of Zhundong coal in the early devolatilization stage by means of high-speed photography in the Hencken flat-flame burner. While high ash-fusion (HAF) bituminous and coal-derived char samples only undergo gentle perimeter fragmentation in the char burning stage. Simultaneously, combustion experiments of two kinds of coals were conducted in a 25?kW down-fired combustor. The particle size distributions (PSDs) of both fine particulates (PM_1-10) and bulk fly ash (PM₁₀₊) were measured by Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) and Malvern Mastersizer 2000, respectively. The results show that the mass PSD of residual fly ash (PM₁₊) from Zhundong coal exhibits a bi-modal shape with two peaks located at 14?µm and 102?µm, whereas that from HAF coal only possesses a single peak at 74?µm. A hybrid model accounting for multiple-route ash formation processes is developed to predict the PSD of fly ash during coal combustion. By incorporating coal/char fragmentation sub-models, the simulation can quantitatively reproduce the measured PM₁₊ PSDs for different kinds of coals. The sensitivity analysis further reveals that the bi-modal mass distribution of PM₁₊ intrinsically results from the coal fragmentation during devolatilization.     

减少二氧化碳对LIBS检测飞灰中未燃碳含量影响的研究

通常热力发电厂将飞灰中未燃碳的含量作为评价锅炉燃烧效率的重要指标,通过测量飞灰中未燃碳的含量来评价煤粉燃烧的充分程度,进而实现优化燃烧、提高机组效率。基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)无接触、快速响应、高灵敏度、可以在线测量等特点,备用来测量飞灰中未燃碳的含量。由于烟气中CO₂气体的存在,碳谱线强度会随CO₂浓度的变化而改变。为了减少CO₂气体对飞灰未燃碳测量结果的影响,提出并设计了具有二级旋风分离器的LIBS测量飞灰未燃碳含量实验系统,飞灰从给粉机流出后通过二级旋风分离器进入测量腔体,脉冲激光经过透镜作用于飞灰样品进而产生等离子体。LIBS系统采用双中心波长光谱仪,可测得飞灰中C,Si,Mg,Fe,Ca和Al等主要元素谱线,同时高分辨率通道可分辨出相邻C和Fe的元素谱线,可以在获得充分的飞灰光谱信息的同时保证了测量的精度。实验结果表明该系统可有效分离和收集飞灰颗粒,减少CO₂气体对测量结果的干扰,为LIBS技术的工程应用提供了更准确的依据。     

未燃尽炭表面吸附汞的机理研究

本文应用量子化学密度泛函理论B3PW91方法,在lanl2dz基组水平上研究了飞灰中未燃尽炭表面对汞的微观吸附机理.建立了表征未燃尽炭的饱和簇模型,讨论了该簇模型在不同的情况下对汞的吸附作用,计算得出吸附能,并做出了相关的实验解释.结果表明量子化学的理论计算是揭示汞等痕量元素的吸附机理以及筛选合适吸附剂的一种有效方法.