TiO2光催化反应机理及动力学研究进展

光催化处理环境污染物是基于催化反应过程中的一些自由基对污染物的氧化或还原作用,反应途径通常是HO·攻击或穴直接攻击,对可见光敏感的化合物也可能通过激发态来分解。动力学的表述多数符合L－H模式,广泛研究了L－H模式下的吸附与催化活性的关系,对动力学的研究也是了解其反应机理的重要途径。     

铂单晶电极表面不可逆反应动力学──Ⅱ铂单晶(100)晶面电极上甲酸氧化反应动力学参数解析

运用程序电位阶跃方法，避免甲酸解离吸附的干扰，成功地研究了Pt（100）单晶电极上甲酸经活性中间体直接氧化至CO2的反应动力学．提出对电化学暂态实验数据进行积分变换求解动力学参数的方法，编制了相关的计算机软件，首次获得甲酸在Pt（100）单晶电极上直接氧化的反应动力学参数。结果给出在0．02V至0．15V电位区间，速率常数kf的对数随电极电位线性增长，kf从9．51×10－4上升到1．38×10－2cm·s－1．获得传递系数β＝0．309，5×10－3mol·L－1HCOOH＋0．5mol·L－1H2SO4溶液中甲酸的扩散系数D＝1．80×10－5cm2．s－1．     

磷炔R-C≡P(R=－BH2,－CH3,－NH2,－OH)及其异构体的稳定性

采用B3LYP和CCSD(T)方法对R－C≡P(R=－BH2, －CH3,－NH2, －OH)体系进行了理论研究.结果表明，含C≡P三键的异构体BH2－C≡P和CH3－C≡P在各自的体系中分别是热力学最稳定的结构.而在HO－C≡P和NH2－C≡P体系中，热力学最稳定的结构却是H－P=C=O和含C≡N三键的N≡C－PH2.动力学理论研究表明，没有相关实验研究的R－C≡P(R=－BH2, NH2)体系中共有5种异构体是动力学稳定的. 在HO－C≡P体系的2种动力学稳定的异构体中， H－P=C=O连接方式的异构体已被实验所证实，而另外一种HO－C≡P连接方式的异构体的动力学稳定性较高，实验中可以观察到.对于CH3C≡P体系，研究所预示的2种动力学稳定的异构体中CH3－C≡P已被实验证实，从理论上推测另一种动力学稳定性较高的异构体HC≡C－PH2在实验中也可以检测到.     

次亚磷酸根在镍电极上的电氧化机理与动力学

用电化学质谱(EMS)和动力学模型分析等方法研究了次亚磷酸根在镍电极上的电化学氧化机理和动力学.研究表明，次亚磷酸根的电化学氧化是通过从P－H键脱离一个原子H，形成磷中心自由基(PHO2－•)，而磷中心自由基(PHO2－•)进一步进行电化学反应形成最终产物亚磷酸。利用该模型，推导出相关动力学方程并通过与实验数据拟合获得动力学参数.结果表明，该模型能很好地模拟次亚磷酸根在镍电极上的电化学氧化过程.     

茂金属催化乙烯聚合反应动力学

以茂金属化合物[(CH3)2C(η－C5H3）（η－C9H6）]ZrCl2为主催化剂，甲基铝氧烷MAO为助催化剂催化乙烯聚合，对不同的反应条件下（如温度，铝锆摩尔比）聚合反应的动力学进行了研究，并根据此聚合反应体系的动力学特点及考虑到活性中心的再活化，在分析和研究以往的动力学模型的基础上，对烯烃均相聚合动力学反应作了一些假定，建立了动力学模型，用模型对实验数据进行了拟合，结果表明与实验数据相吻合，可以认为，在该聚合反应体系中，确实存在铝氧烷的再活化作用，根据模拟拟合得到了聚合反应的动力学参数。     

Li2O﹒2B2O3-H2O过饱和溶液20℃结晶动力学研究

盐水溶液中存在过饱和现象，硼酸盐溶液的过饱和即是一例．其中，镁础酸盐体系过饱和溶液在不同浓度和温度条件下的液固相关系曾有多次报道［‘－’］；给出过许多有益的结果，也探讨了镁硼酸盐的结晶反应机理并拟合出相应的结晶动力学方程．这些工作对认识盐水溶液过饱和现象有重要意义．为了更广泛地认识和了解不同棚酸盐水溶液中的过饱和现象，本文采用动力学方法，首先对Li20·2B203－HZO过饱和溶液结晶过程进行了研究．1实验初始反应溶液中Li。O／BZO。（摩尔比）为1／2，按此配比计算并称取需要量的Li0H·H。O（A．R．）、H。…     

CeO2/SiO2的制备及丁烯异构化动力学

用浸渍法制备CeO2／SiO2催化剂.催化剂灼烧温度在300－500℃时2－丁烯异构化活性保持一常数；600℃灼烧时活性下降,活载比在1／32－1／5范围内，随活载比增加催化剂活性呈线性增加．在2－丁烯分压较低时，t－2－丁烯及c－2－丁烯异构成1－丁烯的反应级数接近于一级．1－丁烯分压较大时1－丁烯异构成t－2－丁烯及c－2－丁烯的动力学服从于反应物、反应产物吸附的L－H动力学方程．用正交设计法估计动力学参数．1－丁烯、t－2－丁烯及c－2－丁烯吸附热的估计值与脉冲法测定值一致．     

低温条件下羰基硫催化水解反应本征动力学研究

 采用自行设计和安装的微反－色谱联用装置，在50～70℃，n（H2O）／n（COS）＝60～550的条件下，以TGH为催化剂，对羰基硫催化水解反应本征动力学进行了研究．利用不同的目标函数，采用非线性Marquart法对实验数据进行回归，所建立的本征动力学方程式为r（COS）＝－dXd（W／f（COS））＝1．82·1014p（COS）p－0．5（H2O）exp－758008．374T．并对其反应机理进行了探讨．     

清洁催化氧化环已烯合成已二酸反应中酸性配体的作用

以30％H2O2为氧源，研究了Na2WO4.2H2O催化氧化环已烯制已二酸反应中的配体效应，在大多数情况下，配体的酸性越强，目标产物已二酸的产率越高，尽管一些酚类配体、L（＋）抗环血酸8－羟基喹啉的酸性较弱，但已二酸的产率仍然很高，这表明影响目标产物产率的因素除配体的酸效应以外，还存在配体的配位效应，邻苯二酚和对苯二酚等酚类配体的实验结果表明，反应可能是通过络合催化反应机理完成的，对酸性配体用量及对反应动力学考察结果表明，反应过程中环氧化物水解为1，2－环已二醇是整个反应的控制步骤，反应体系的酸性起到决定性的作用。     

硼改性Hβ-沸石上FCC轻汽油的醚化反应性能

研究了β－沸石对FCC轻汽油醚化反应的催化性能，考察了硼改性对Hβ－沸石的催化性能及表面酸性的影响，并用NH3－TPD和IR表征了改性后Hβ－沸石的表面酸性。实验结果表明，适量硼改性改善了催化剂的性能，提高了醚化反应活性；调变了催化剂的表面酸性，使得催化剂上弱酸中心的强度有所增加，强酸中心的强度略有下降，总酸量增加，且以L酸为主，L酸中心有利行醚化反应。     

Investigation of Electron Behavior in Nano‐TiO2 Photocatalysis by Using In Situ Open‐Circuit Voltage and Photoconductivity Measurements

The in situ open‐circuit voltages (V_oc) and the in situ photoconductivities have been measured to study electron behavior in photocatalysis and its effect on the photocatalytic oxidation of methanol. It was observed that electron injection to the conduction band (CB) of TiO₂ under light illumination during photocatalysis includes two sources: from the valence band (VB) of TiO₂ and from the methanol molecule. The electron injection from methanol to TiO₂ is slower than that directly from the VB, which indicates that the adsorption mode of methanol on the TiO₂ surface can change between dark and illuminated states. The electron injection from methanol to the CB of TiO₂ leads to the upshift of the Fermi level of electrons in TiO₂, which is the thermodynamic driving force of photocatalytic oxidation. It was also found that the charge state of nano‐TiO₂ is continuously changing during photocatalysis as electrons are injected from methanol to TiO₂. Combined with the apparent Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model, the relation between photocatalytic kinetics and electrons in the TiO₂ CB was developed and verified experimentally. The photocatalytic rate constant is the variation of the Fermi level with time, based on which a new method was developed to calculate the photocatalytic kinetic rate constant by monitoring the change of V_oc with time during photocatalysis.     

Visible‐Light Photocatalysis: Does It Make a Difference in Organic Synthesis?

Visible‐light photocatalysis has evolved over the last decade into a widely used method in organic synthesis. Photocatalytic variants have been reported for many important transformations, such as cross‐coupling reactions, α‐amino functionalizations, cycloadditions, ATRA reactions, or fluorinations. To help chemists select photocatalytic methods for their synthesis, we compare in this Review classical and photocatalytic procedures for selected classes of reactions and highlight their advantages and limitations. In many cases, the photocatalytic reactions proceed under milder reaction conditions, typically at room temperature, and stoichiometric reagents are replaced by simple oxidants or reductants, such as air, oxygen, or amines. Does visible‐light photocatalysis make a difference in organic synthesis? The prospect of shuttling electrons back and forth to substrates and intermediates or to selectively transfer energy through a visible‐light‐absorbing photocatalyst holds the promise to improve current procedures in radical chemistry and to open up new avenues by accessing reactive species hitherto unknown, especially by merging photocatalysis with organo‐ or metal catalysis.     

Oxygen Vacancy‐Mediated Photocatalysis of BiOCl: Reactivity,Selectivity, and Perspectives

Semiconductor photocatalysis is a trustworthy approach to harvest clean solar light for energy conversions, while state‐of‐the‐art catalytic efficiencies are unsatisfactory because of the finite light response and/or recombination of robust charge carriers. Along with the development of modern material characterization techniques and electronic‐structure computations, oxygen vacancies (OVs) on the surface of real photocatalysts, even in infinitesimal concentration, are found to play a more decisive role in determining the kinetics, energetics, and mechanisms of photocatalytic reactions. This Review endeavors to clarify the inherent functionality of OVs in photocatalysis at the surface molecular level using 2D BiOCl as the platform. Structure sensitivity of OVs on reactivity and selectivity of photocatalytic reactions is intensely discussed via confining OVs onto prototypical BiOCl surfaces of different structures. The critical understanding of OVs chemistry can help consolidate and advance the fundamental theories of photocatalysis, and also offer new perspectives and guidelines for the rational design of catalysts with satisfactory performance.     

Plasmonic Nickel–TiO2 Heterostructures for Visible‐Light‐Driven Photochemical Reactions

Plasmon‐mediated carrier transfer (PMCT) at metal–semiconductor heterojunctions has been extensively exploited to drive photochemical reactions, offering intriguing opportunities for solar photocatalysis. However, to date, most studies have been conducted using noble metals. Inexpensive materials capable of generating and transferring hot carriers for photocatalysis via PMCT have been rarely explored. Here, we demonstrate that the plasmon excitation of nickel induces the transfer of both hot electrons and holes from Ni to TiO₂ in a rationally designed Ni–TiO₂ heterostructure. Furthermore, it is discovered that the transferred hot electrons either occupy oxygen vacancies (V_O) or produce Ti³⁺ on TiO₂, while the transferred hot holes are located on surface oxygens at TiO₂. Moreover, the transferred hot electrons are identified to play a primary role in driving the degradation of methylene blue (MB). Taken together, our results validate Ni as a promising low‐cost plasmonic material for prompting visible‐light photochemical reactions.     

Visible‐Light‐Driven Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes to Anilines in Water through Graphitic Carbon Nitride Metal‐Free Photocatalysis

Green and efficient procedures are essential for the chemoselective hydrogenation of functionalized nitroarenes to form industrially important anilines. Herein, it is shown that visible‐light‐driven, chemoselective hydrogenation of functionalized nitroarenes with groups sensitive to forming anilines can be achieved in good to excellent yields (82–100 %) in water under relatively mild conditions and catalyzed by low‐cost and recyclable graphitic carbon nitride. The process is also applicable to gram‐scale reaction, with a yield of aniline of 86 %. A study of the mechanism reveals that visible‐light‐induced electrons are responsible for the hydrogenation reactions, and thermal energy can also promote the photocatalytic activity. A study of the kinetics shows that this reaction possibly occurs through one‐step hydrogenation or stepwise condensation routes. A wide range of applications can be expected for this green, efficient, and highly selective photocatalysis system in reduction reactions for the synthesis of fine chemicals.     

Abiogenesis and photostimulated heterogeneous reactions in the interstellar medium and on primitive earth: Relevance to the genesis of life

Heterogeneous reactions occur on solid photocatalyst particles of semiconductors and dielectric materials. When irradiated with suitable UV/visible light energy these particles generate electrons and holes, which on the surface are poised to undergo reductive and oxidative chemistry with a variety of organics and light gases. Various such particles have been identified in Interstellar Space, specifically in molecular–dust clouds, comets and meteorites. In this article, we examine briefly the nature of these dust clouds and then describe some basic aspects of heterogeneous photocatalysis, a methodology that has been shown useful in transforming organic substrates into smaller molecules and in the synthesis of potential biomolecules. Various types of gas/solid heterogeneous reactions involving mostly small molecules in gas/solid systems find a relationship to abiogenesis. For example, the decomposition of H₂O and CO₂ in the presence of CH₄ yields H₂CO; methane is photoconverted into ethane, propane, ethylene and other hydrocarbons and is photooxidized to alcohols and carbon dioxide; photofixation of CO₂ occurs to yield formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol and methane; and finally photofixation of molecular nitrogen N₂ can take place to produce NH₃ and N₂H₂. Not least is the synthesis of glycine, alanine, aspartic acid and serine from CH₄ and NH₃ over platinized titania. The relevance of heterogeneous photocatalysis to abiogenesis is discussed. It is argued that the physical conditions available in the interstellar medium are propitious to generate such biomolecules as amino acids and others, albeit this assertion necessitates laboratory simulations. Recent laboratory experiments involving very simple photoinduced processes are encouraging.     

Photocatalysis of Au25-modified TiO2 under visible and near infrared light

Visible light-driven photocatalysis of Au₂₅-modified TiO₂ was investigated. It induces oxidation of phenol derivates and ferrocyanide and reduction of Ag⁺, Cu²⁺ and dissolved oxygen. Thermodynamically uphill reactions such as oxidation of phenol accompanied by reduction of Cu²⁺ are also driven. The photocatalysis, which is based on the excitation of Au₂₅, is observed even under 860 nm light.     

UV‐Assisted Removal of Inactive Peroxide Species for Sustained Epoxidation of Cyclooctene on Anatase TiO2

Epoxidation of olefins with H₂O₂ is one of the most important reactions in organic synthesis. We found that anatase TiO₂ can be a good catalyst for the epoxidation of cyclooctene with H₂O₂ at room temperature. However, the catalyst deactivated quickly in the presence of excess amount of H₂O₂ because of the formation of inactive side‐on Ti‐η²‐peroxide species on the surface of TiO₂, the presence of which was confirmed by isotope‐labelled resonance UV Raman spectroscopy and kinetics studies. Interestingly, the epoxidation reaction could be dramatically accelerated under irradiation of UV light with λ≥350 nm. This phenomenon is attributed to the photo‐assisted removal of the inactive peroxide species, through which the active sites on the surface of anatase TiO₂ are regenerated and the catalytic epoxidation of cyclooctene with H₂O₂ is resumed. This finding provides an alternative for sustained epoxidation reactions on TiO₂ at room temperature. Moreover, it also has significant implications on the deactivation pathway and possible solutions in Ti‐based heterogeneous catalysis or photocatalysis.     

Visible‐Light Sensitization and Photoenergy Storage in Quantum Dot/Polyoxometalate Systems

Recently, the process by which energy is transferred from photoexcited semiconductor nanocrystals, called quantum dots (QDs), to other semiconductors has attracted much attention and has potential application in solar energy conversion (i.e., QD‐sensitized solar cells). Sensitization of wide band gap polyoxometalates (POMs) to visible light by using CuInS₂ QDs dispersed in an organic solution is demonstrated herein. Photoluminescence quenching and lifetime studies revealed efficient electron transfer from the CuInS₂ QDs to POMs, such as SiW₁₂O₄₀ and W₁₀O₃₂, that were hybridized with a cationic surfactant. CuInS₂ QDs function as an antenna that absorbs visible light and supplies electrons to the POMs to enable certain photocatalytic reactions, including noble‐metal‐ion reduction. The photoenergy storage capabilities of the QD‐POM system, in which electrons photogenerated in QDs by visible‐light excitation are trapped and accommodated by POMs to form reduced POM, are also demonstrated. Electrons stored in the POM can be later discharged through reductive reactions, such as oxygen reduction, in the dark.