表面修饰Ag_2S纳米微粒的合成及摩擦学行为研究

在水醇混合介质中,采用同阳离子共沉淀法合成了有机化合物表面修饰的Ａｇ２Ｓ纳米微粒,在高速钢基底上制备成膜,研究了它的摩擦学特性。结果表明：修饰后的Ａｇ２Ｓ纳米微粒粒径小,性能稳定,在有机介质中分散成透明溶液。ＡｇＤＤＰ膜和Ａｇ２Ｓ ＤＤＰ膜均可显著降低钢基底的摩擦系数。研究证实表面修饰Ａｇ２Ｓ纳米微粒的摩擦作用机制是在较低负荷下表面修饰层起主要作用,在较高负荷下Ａｇ２Ｓ纳米核起主要的承载和减摩抗磨作用。     

Novel Lysosome-Targeting Fluorescence Off-On Photosensitizer for Near-Infrared Hypoxia Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy In Vitro and In Vivo

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a new antitumor modality. Hypoxia, a vital characteristic of solid tumors, can be explored to stimulate the fluorescence response of photosensitizers (PSs). Considering the characteristics of PDT, the targeting of organelles employing PS would enhance antitumor effects. A new multifunctional cyanine-based PS (CLN) comprising morpholine and nitrobenzene groups was prepared and characterized. It generated fluorescence in the near-infrared (NIR) region in the presence of sodium dithionite (Na₂S₂O₄) and nitroreductase (NTR). The response mechanism of CLN was well investigated, thus revealing that its obtained reduction product was CLNH. The obtained fluorescence and singlet oxygen quantum yield of CLNH were 8.65% and 1.60%, respectively. Additionally, the selective experiment for substrates indicated that CLN exhibited a selective response to NTR. Thus, CLN fluorescence could be selectively switched on and its fluorescence intensity increased, following a prolonged stay in hypoxic cells. Furthermore, fluorescence colocalization demonstrated that CLN could effectively target lysosomes. CLN could generate reactive oxygen species and kill tumor cells (IC50 for 4T1 cells was 7.4 μM under a hypoxic condition), following its response to NTR. NIR imaging and targeted PDT were finally applied in vivo.     

靶标性酞菁类光敏剂的光动力疗法研究进展

光动力治疗（Photodynamic therapy,PDT）作为一种有别于传统癌症治疗方式的新型疗法,近些年来受到了科学家们越来越多的关注.它凭借着自身创伤性小,毒性低微,适用性好,可协同手术治疗以及可重复治疗等独特优势,在许多肿瘤的治疗方面有着广泛的应用.本文简要概述了光动力疗法的原理以及光敏剂的发展历程,并对理想光敏剂的特点作了总结.目前,以酞菁类化合物为主的第三代光敏剂已经成为光动力疗法的研究热点,然而如何提高光敏剂分子的靶向性达到精准的光动力治疗仍然是亟待解决的问题.因此,主要综述了近年来靶向性酞菁类光敏剂的研究进展,并对未来光敏剂的重点研究方向做出了展望.从目前来看,如何克服癌症低氧微环境的限制,发展Type I型不依赖氧的体系以及光穿透力强的靶向光敏剂在光动力治疗方面存在着巨大的潜质,有望成为新一代十分优良的光动力疗法用光敏剂.     

反相胶束法控制合成不同形貌半导体Ag_2S纳米晶

采用水（溶液）／Triton X－100／环已烷／正戊醇反相胶束体系，制备出不 同形貌的Ag_2S纳米晶-100nm、长度为2.0-3.5μm、长径比为20-70的纯相幅S对合 成Ag_2S的形貌和尺寸的影响进行了研究，获得了控制合成不同形貌Ag_2S纳米晶的 反应条件．显微镜分析进行了表征．     

Silylation Improves the Photodynamic Activity of Tetraphenylporphyrin Derivatives In Vitro and In Vivo

The effects of silyl and hydrophilic groups on the photodynamic properties of tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) derivatives have been studied in vitro and in vivo. Silylation led to an improvement in the quantum yield of singlet oxygen sensitization for both sulfo and carboxy derivatives, although the silylation did not affect other photophysical properties. Silylation also improved the cellular uptake efficiency for both sulfo and carboxy derivatives, enhancing the in vitro photodynamic activity of the photosensitizer in U251 human glioma cells. The carboxy derivative (SiTPPC₄) was found to show higher cellular uptake efficiency and in vitro photodynamic activity than the corresponding sulfo derivative (SiTPPS₄), which indicates that the carboxy group is a more promising hydrophilic group than the sulfo group in the silylated porphyrin. SiTPPC₄ was found to show high selective accumulation efficiency in tumors, although almost no tumor selectivity was observed for the nonsilylated porphyrin. The concentration of SiTPPC₄ in tumors was 13 times higher than that in muscle 12 h after drug administration. We also studied tumor response after treatment and found that silylation enhanced in vivo photodynamic activity significantly. SiTPPC₄ shows higher photodynamic activity than NPe6 with white light irradiation.     

A Phthalocyanine–Peptide Conjugate with High In Vitro Photodynamic Activity and Enhanced In Vivo Tumor‐Retention Property

A novel zinc(II) phthalocyanine conjugated with a short peptide with a nuclear localization sequence, Gly‐Gly‐Pro‐Lys‐Lys‐Lys‐Arg‐Lys‐Val, was synthesized by click chemistry and a standard Fmoc solid‐phase peptide synthesis protocol. The conjugate was purified by HPLC and characterized with UV/Vis and high‐resolution mass spectroscopic methods. Both this compound and its non‐peptide‐conjugated analogue are essentially non‐aggregated in N,N‐dimethylformamide and can generate singlet oxygen effectively with quantum yields (Φ_Δ) of 0.84 and 0.81, respectively, relative to unsubstituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine (Φ_Δ=0.56). Conjugation of the peptide sequence, however, can enhance the cellular uptake, efficiency in generating intracellular reactive oxygen species, and photocytotoxicity of the phthalocyanine‐based photosensitizer against HT29 human colorectal carcinoma cells. The IC₅₀ value of the conjugate is as low as 0.21 μM . In addition, the conjugate shows an enhanced tumor‐retention property in tumor‐bearing nude mice. After 72 h post‐injection, the dye concentration in the tumor was significantly higher than that in other organs. The results suggest that this phthalocyanine–peptide conjugate is a highly promising photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy.     

Targeted and Oxygen-Enriched Nanoplatform for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro 2D Cell and 3D Spheroid Model Evaluation

Hypoxic microenvironment and limited penetration of photosensitizers within solid tumors are two crucial factors that restrict photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy. Herein, a new fluorinated mixed micelle ( M60@PFC-Ce6 ) is developed as a tumor-penetrating and oxygen-enriching nanoplatform, which consists of chlorin e6 (Ce6) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) co-loaded into fluorinated micelles to relieve hypoxia conditions as well as folate as targeting ligand that facilitates the selective biodistribution within tumor solids. The incorporation of fluorinated copolymers into mixed micelles exhibits not only a great increase in the oxygen-loading capacity, but also improves the stability of liquid PFCs emulsion within micelles without leakage. M60@PFC-Ce6 shows excellent oxygen delivery capability, good intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and superior phototoxicity in vitro for both 2D monolayer of cells and 3D multicellular spheroid model. These results indicate the enriched oxygen delivery and increased cellular uptake resulting from folate-targeted ability to enhance ROS production and PDT efficacy. The penetration study of M60@PFC-Ce6 into a 3D spheroid confirms that small micellar size and folate-conjugation are beneficial for micelles to penetrate and accumulate within spheroids. Thus, a new nanoplatform with enriched oxygen-carrying amounts, better drug penetration, and stable micellar properties that relieve tumor hypoxia and improve PDT efficacy is provided.     

GSH and H2O2 Co-Activatable Mitochondria-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy under Normoxia and Hypoxia

Currently, photosensitizers (PSs) that are microenvironment responsive and hypoxia active are scarcely available and urgently desired for antitumor photodynamic therapy (PDT). Presented herein is the design of a redox stimuli activatable metal-free photosensitizer (aPS), also functioning as a pre-photosensitizer as it is converted to a PS by the mutual presence of glutathione (GSH) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) with high specificity on a basis of domino reactions on the benzothiadiazole ring. Superior to traditional PSs, the activated aPS contributed to efficient generation of reactive oxygen species including singlet oxygen and superoxide ion through both type 1 and type 2 pathways, alleviating the aerobic requirement for PDT. Equipped with a triphenylphosphine ligand for mitochondria targeting, ^mito aPS showed excellent phototoxicity to tumor cells with low light fluence under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, after activation by intracellular GSH and H₂O₂. The ^mito aPS was also compatible to near infrared PDT with two photon excitation (800 nm) for extensive bioapplications.     

聚多巴胺在强负电型微球表面的形貌调控

多巴胺(DA)已被证实可在多种材料的表面进行氧化自聚而形成聚多巴胺(PDA),但其在带强负电荷的表面上的聚合机理和所形成的形貌却还不太明确。 为考察材料表面的电负性、氧化条件等对DA氧化自聚速度和聚多巴胺层形貌的影响,本文通过无皂乳液聚合制备了以聚苯乙烯(PS)为核、聚丙烯酸(PAA)为壳的纳米粒子(PS/PAA NPs),探究其表面的阴离子在不同pH缓冲液、反应时间下与DA的加入量对聚合过程及其形貌的影响。 通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和Zeta电势对所得纳米粒子的结构、形貌与尺寸等进行分析。 结果发现,在pH值为8.5的三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris)缓冲溶液中,当DA与PS/PAA NPs的质量比为1∶1时,在反应24 h后,PDA以纳米颗粒的形式存在于PS/PAA NPs的表面,即所形成的PS/PAA/PDA NPs为明显的树莓状结构。 随着DA含量的增加和反应时间的延长,所形成的树莓状粒子粒径增大;当DA远远过量时,PDA最终在微球表面形成致密、均匀的壳层。 Zeta电势结果表明树莓状结构是由于DA在PAA表面聚合过程中受到静电相互作用和电荷排斥作用间的竞争而形成的,随着DA量的增大和反应时间的延长,形成的静电作用增大,使较多的PDA粘附至PAA表面而形成较致密的均匀壳层。 同时,DA在电负性较小的PS/SDS微球和非离子的PS微球表面聚合时,均形成致密的PDA壳层。 因而,材料表面的电负性大小可以调控DA在其表面的沉积,以制备不同形貌的PDA复合材料。     

Immunomodulatory Effects by Photodynamic Treatment of Glioblastoma Cells In Vitro

Multimodal treatment adding immunotherapy and photodynamic treatment (PDT) to standard therapy might improve the devastating therapeutic outcome of glioblastoma multiforme patients. As a first step, we provide investigations to optimize dendritic cell (DC) vaccination by using PDT and ionizing radiation (IR) to achieve maximal synergistic effects. In vitro experiments were conducted on murine glioblastoma GL261 cells, primary DCs differentiated from bone marrow and T cells, isolated from the spleen. Induction of cell death, reactive oxygen species, and inhibition of proliferation by tetrahydroporphyrin-tetratosylat (THPTS)-PDT and IR were confirmed by WST-1, LDH, ROS, and BrdU assay. Tumor cargo (lysate or cells) for DC load was treated with different combinations of THPTS-PDT, freeze/thaw cycles, and IR and immunogenicity analyzed by induction of T-cell activation. Cellular markers (CD11c, 83, 86, 40, 44, 69, 3, 4, 8, PD-L1) were quantified by flow cytometry. Cytotoxic T-cell response was evaluated by calcein AM assay. Immunogenicity of THPTS-PDT-treated GL261 cells lysate was superior to IR-treated lysate, or treated whole cells proven by increased DC phagocytosis, T-cell adhesion, proliferation, cytolytic activity, and cytokine release. These data strongly support the application of PDT together with IR for optimal immunogenic cell death induction in tumor cell lysate used to pulse DC vaccines.     

Role of Bcl-2 Family Proteins in Photodynamic Therapy Mediated Cell Survival and Regulation

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality that involves three components: combination of a photosensitizer, light and molecular oxygen that leads to localized formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS generated from this promising therapeutic modality can be lethal to the cell and leads to consequential destruction of tumor cells. However, sometimes the ROS trigger a stress response survival mechanism that helps the cells to cope with PDT-induced damage, resulting in resistance to the treatment. One preferred mechanism of cell death induced by PDT is apoptosis, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins have been described as a major determinant of life or death decision of the death pathways. Apoptosis is a cellular self-destruction mechanism to remove old cells through the biological event of tissue homeostasis. The Bcl-2 family proteins act as a critical mediator of a life–death decision of cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis. There are several reports that show cancer cells developing resistance due to the increased interaction of the pro-survival Bcl-2 family proteins. However, the key mechanisms leading to apoptosis evasion and drug resistance have not been adequately understood. Therefore, it is critical to understand the mechanisms of PDT resistance, as well as the Bcl-2 family proteins, to give more insight into the treatment outcomes. In this review, we describe the role of Bcl-2 gene family proteins’ interaction in response to disease progression and PDT-induced resistance mechanisms.     

聚多巴胺球支撑银纳米粒子制备无酶过氧化氢生物传感器

近年来,以聚多巴胺球支撑的纳米复合材料越来越受到人们的关注。聚多巴胺球有表面功能化基团如—OH、—NH_2等,决定了聚多巴胺球可以充当多种纳米复合材料的活性载体。利用聚多巴胺良好的还原性制备并负载银纳米粒子于聚多巴胺球表面,制备出的新型复合材料银纳米粒子-聚多巴胺球(以下简写为Ag@pdop)。Au修饰电极和银纳米粒子对过氧化氢的还原反应均具有很好的催化性能,利用两者特点将其复合制备修饰电极实现对H2O2的无酶传感,检测灵敏度达到了14.7μA/(mmol·L-1),检出限可达11.8μmol/L,线性范围0.2~6.0mmol/L,检测结果及抗干扰能力均令人满意。     

噻吩基氟硼二吡咯近红外光敏染料的合成、双光子荧光成像及光动力治疗研究

设计并合成了两种新型噻吩基氟硼二吡咯(Thienyl-BODIPY)近红外光敏染料ITBDP-1和ITBDP-2. 两种光敏染料的吸收和发射波长均达到近红外区, ITBDP-1的吸收与发射峰分别是617 nm和650 nm; ITBDP-2的吸收与发射峰分别是687 nm和731 nm. 两种光敏剂均具有较高的单线态氧产率, ITBDP-1与ITBDP-2的单线态氧产率(Φ_Δ)分别为51%和24%. 通过密度泛函理论(DFT)计算研究了光敏染料激发态下的能量变化, 理论计算表明, ITBDP-1和ITBDP-2在激发至单重态后可通过系间窜越(ISC)到达三重态, 从而提高单线态氧产率. ITBDP-1和ITBDP-2在A549细胞内具有良好的的荧光成像效果, 并且在900 nm激光激发下, ITBDP-1能够在斑马鱼体内显示出清晰的双光子荧光成像. 单线态氧成像实验证明了光敏染料在光激发下可以在肿瘤细胞和斑马鱼中产生单线态氧. 通过噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法测定了两种光敏染料的光毒性和暗毒性, ITBDP-1和ITBDP-2的最大半抑制浓度(IC₅₀)分别为2.22 μmol•L^-1和2.86 μmol•L^-1, 并且无光照条件下细胞的存活率在80%以上, 证明了两种光敏染料均具有较高的光毒性和良好的生物相容性. ITBDP-1和ITBDP-2可以在近红外光激发下实现荧光成像指导的光动力学治疗, 并且可以实现生物体内的双光子荧光成像, 这一结果也为噻吩基氟硼二吡咯光敏染料在长波激发下的双光子光动力学治疗应用打下了基础.     

GSH and H2O2 Co‐Activatable Mitochondria‐Targeted Photodynamic Therapy under Normoxia and Hypoxia

Currently, photosensitizers (PSs) that are microenvironment responsive and hypoxia active are scarcely available and urgently desired for antitumor photodynamic therapy (PDT). Presented herein is the design of a redox stimuli activatable metal‐free photosensitizer (aPS), also functioning as a pre‐photosensitizer as it is converted to a PS by the mutual presence of glutathione (GSH) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) with high specificity on a basis of domino reactions on the benzothiadiazole ring. Superior to traditional PSs, the activated aPS contributed to efficient generation of reactive oxygen species including singlet oxygen and superoxide ion through both type 1 and type 2 pathways, alleviating the aerobic requirement for PDT. Equipped with a triphenylphosphine ligand for mitochondria targeting, ^mito aPS showed excellent phototoxicity to tumor cells with low light fluence under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, after activation by intracellular GSH and H₂O₂. The ^mito aPS was also compatible to near infrared PDT with two photon excitation (800 nm) for extensive bioapplications.     

以上转换纳米颗粒和光动力疗法为基础的肿瘤联合治疗研究进展

光动力疗法作为一种非侵入性治疗手段已广泛应用于肿瘤的临床治疗。然而其疗效却深受紫外-可见光组织穿透深度的限制。镧系掺杂上转换纳米颗粒可以将近红外光转换为紫外-可见光,被广泛用于与传统光敏剂结合实现更为高效的光动力治疗。近年来,以上转换纳米颗粒和光动力疗法为基础的肿瘤联合治疗研究备受关注,本文重点介绍了该领域的最新研究进展,并对其未来发展方向作出了展望。     

Angiopep-2修饰的Ag2S量子点用于近红外二区脑胶质瘤成像

构建了一种近红外二区成像探针,能对脑部病变进行近红外二区荧光成像.利用脑靶向肽Angiopep-2对Ag₂S量子点进行修饰,Ag₂S量子点和Angiopep-2多肽经EDC和NHS介导,通过氨基和羧基的缩合反应进行连接,采用琼脂糖电泳、动态光散射及透射电镜等方法对材料进行表征,并观察了材料对脑胶质瘤细胞U87MG的细胞毒性、材料在该细胞中的分布、摄取以及在实体瘤荷瘤鼠中的分布情况.结果显示,Ag₂S量子点水合粒径约为6 nm,经肽修饰后粒径约为8 nm,表面zeta电位正电性增强,在琼脂糖电泳中,肽修饰后Ag₂S迁移距离较Ag₂S短,表明Angiopep-2多肽修饰到了量子点上.经过细胞实验发现,修饰后的Ag₂S量子点在100 μg/mL以下没有细胞毒性,脑胶质瘤U87MG细胞对Angiopep-2多肽修饰的Ag₂S较Ag₂S具有更高的摄取.经过初步的实体瘤动物实验发现,Angiopep-2修饰的Ag₂S能在皮下瘤模型中出现分布和聚集,说明修饰后的Ag₂S量子点具有一定脑胶质瘤细胞的靶向性.     

两相热法处理Cyanex 301-Ag+/Cu2+萃取体系制备Ag2S纳米和CuS微米材料

以Cyanex 301萃取剂为硫源,分别萃取Ag+和Cu2+,两相热法制备了Ag2S纳米颗粒和CuS微结构,采用X射线粉末衍射、紫外可见光谱、红外光谱以及电子显微镜对产物进行了表征。 表明制得的Ag2S和CuS分别为单斜相和六方相。 产物粒径随着反应温度的升高而增大,因而可通过加热温度调控产物尺寸,另外还考虑了其它反应条件对产物的影响。     

液-液界面制备近红外荧光Ag_2S量子点

利用液-液界面反应体系,使分别溶解在油相中的银前体和水相中的硫前体在液滴界面发生反应,在室温条件下成功制备出近红外荧光Ag_2S量子点。采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X-射线衍射光谱(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱和荧光光谱等对产物进行了表征。结果表明,此方法成功制得了粒径较均一的Ag_2S量子点,纯化后经加热熟化处理其量子产率可达2.68%。另外实验发现,通过改变投料比即可实现Ag_2S量子点的粒径控制及荧光发射峰波长调控(1 170nm至1 279nm)。