Luminescent Mechanochromic Porous Coordination Polymers

Three 2D luminescent isomeric porous coordination polymers are synthesized and characterized. Their luminescence properties can be modified by grinding and they can act as mechanochromic materials and their properties are probably related to the weak interactions of cuprophilicity and π–π interactions.     

Insights on Luminescent Micro- and Nanospheres of Infinite Coordination Polymers

Coordination polymers have been extensively studied in recent years. Some of these materials can exhibit several properties such as permanent porosity, high surface area, thermostability and light emission, as well as open sites for chemical functionalization. Concerning the fact that this kind of compounds are usually solids, the size and morphology of the particles are important parameters when an application is desired. Inside this context, there is a subclass of coordination polymers, named infinite coordination polymers (ICPs), which auto-organize as micro- or nanoparticles with low crystallinity. Specifically, the particles exhibiting spherical shapes and reduced sizes can be better dispersed, enter cells much easier than bulk crystals and be converted to inorganic materials by topotactic transformation. Luminescent ICPs, in particular, can find applications in several areas, such as sensing probes, light-emitting devices and bioimaging. In this review, we present the state-of-the-art of ICP-based spherical particles, including the growth mechanisms, some applications for luminescent ICPs and the challenges to overcome in future commercial usage of these materials.     

Highlighting Recent Crystalline Engineering Aspects of Luminescent Coordination Polymers Based on F-Elements and Ditopic Aliphatic Ligands

Three principal factors may influence the final structure of coordination polymers (CPs): (i) the nature of the ligand, (ii) the type and coordination number of the metal center, and (iii) the reaction conditions. Further, flexible carboxylate aliphatic ligands have been widely employed as building blocks for designing and synthesizing CPs, resulting in a diverse array of materials with exciting architectures, porosities, dimensionalities, and topologies as well as an increasing number of properties and applications. These ligands show different structural features, such as torsion angles, carbon backbone number, and coordination modes, which affect the desired products and so enable the generation of polymorphs or crystalline phases. Additionally, due to their large coordination numbers, using 4f and 5f metals as coordination centers combined with aliphatic ligands increases the possibility of obtaining different crystal phases. Additionally, by varying the synthetic conditions, we may control the production of a specific solid phase by understanding the thermodynamic and kinetic factors that influence the self-assembly process. This revision highlights the relationship between the structural variety of CPs based on flexible carboxylate aliphatic ligands and f-elements (lanthanide and actinides) and their outstanding luminescent properties such as solid-state emissions, sensing, and photocatalysis. In this sense, we present a structural analysis of the CPs reported with the oxalate ligand, as the one rigid ligand of the family, and other flexible dicarboxylate linkers with –CH₂– spacers. Additionally, the nature of the luminescence properties of the 4f or 5f-CPs is analyzed, and finally, we present a novel set of CPs using a glutarate-derived ligand and samarium, with the formula [2,2′-bipyH][Sm(HFG)₂ (2,2′-bipy) (H₂O)₂]•(2,2′-bipy) (α-Sm) and [2,2′-bipyH][Sm(HFG)₂ (2,2′-bipy) (H₂O)₂] (β-Sm).     

Luminescent Coordination Polymers Based on Self‐Assembled Cadmium Dipyrrin Complexes

A series of novel Cd^II complexes based on α,β‐unsubstituted dipyrrin ligands (dpm) has been prepared and characterised both in solution and in the solid state. These compounds are of the [Cd(dpm)₂] type, with the coordination sphere of the metal centre occupied by two dpm chelates. Interestingly, in contrast to what has been reported for the Zn^II analogues, in the presence of a pyridyl‐ or imidazolyl‐appended dpm ligand, the coordination number of the Cd^II cation can be increased to six, leading to an octahedral coordination sphere. As a consequence, the formation of 1‐, 2‐, and 3D coordination polymers by self‐assembly is observed. Photophysical investigations of the discrete complexes and self‐assembled networks have demonstrated that both types of compounds are luminescent in the solid state.     

酞菁配合物掺杂对芘/硅树脂材料光学-氧猝灭特性的影响

基于氧对荧光的猝灭作用, 含荧光探针的高分子复合物已成为定量测定氧浓度或氧分压的新型功能材料. 本工作将酞菁及酞菁的氯铝、镁、硅和铜配位化合物掺杂在芘/聚二甲基硅氧烷光学-氧压传感材料中, 观察了它们的氧猝灭光物理作用. 结果表明, 酞菁配合物掺杂对氧猝灭显示良好的线性响应; 酞菁的硅和铜配合物可有效地增加氧猝灭灵敏度; 而酞菁氯铝降低了氧猝灭的温度系数. 这与发射谱上芘的I₃/I₁值, 芘的微环境极性相对应, 并可归因为芘与酞菁配合物的电子转移性质对荧光猝灭的影响, 以及共轭结构的稳定化和均质化作用.     

系列Ag-Ln配位聚合物的合成、结构及发光性能

采用水热合成法,以吡嗪-2-羧酸(2-Hpzc)、3,5-吡啶二羧酸(3,5-H_2PDA)和草酸(H_2ox)为配体,合成9种Ag-Ln配位聚合物:{[LnAg(2-pzc)_2(ox)]·H_2O}_n(Ln=Pr(1),Nd(2),Sm(3),Eu(4)),[LnAg(3,5-PDA)(ox)(H_2O)]_n(Ln=Pr(5),Nd(6)),[LnAg(3,5-PDA)(3,5-HPDA)(ox)_(0.5)(H_2O)_2]_n(Ln=Sm(7),Dy(8),Ho(9))。配位聚合物1～4是同构的,由2-pzc~-和ox~(2-)连接,而配位聚合物5～9是以3,5-PDA~(2-)和ox~(2-)为桥联配体,均呈现3D网状结构。光物理性能研究表明配位聚合物均表现出Ln(Ⅲ)的特征发射,这可归因于Ag-配体部分(d-block)的敏化作用。另外,在晶体场和Ag(1)离子4d轨道的共同作用下,Ln(Ⅲ)离子的4f轨道被调谐,使部分能级发生明显的位移,表现为相应NIR发射带的位移,在其UV-Vis-NIR吸收光谱中可以得到佐证。     

Nanometrization of Lanthanide‐Based Coordination Polymers

Heteronuclear lanthanide‐based coordination polymers are microcrystalline powders, the luminescence properties of which can be precisely tuned by judicious choice of the rare‐earth ions. In this study, we demonstrate that such materials can also be obtained as stable solutions of nanoparticles in non‐toxic polyols. Bulk powders of the formula [Ln_2?2xLn′_2x(bdc)₃ ? 4 H₂O]_∞ (where H₂bdc denotes 1,4‐benzene‐dicarboxylic acid, 0≤x≤1, and Ln and Ln′ denote lanthanide ions of the series La to Tm plus Y) afford nanoparticles that have been characterized by dynamic light‐scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. Their luminescence properties are similar to those of the bulk materials. Stabilities versus time and versus dilution with another solvent have been studied. This study has revealed that it is possible to tune the size of the nanoparticles. This process offers a reliable means of synthesizing suspensions of nanoparticles with tunable luminescence properties and tunable size distributions in a green solvent (glycerol). The process is also extendable to other coordination polymers and other solvents (ethylene glycol, for example). It constitutes a new route for the facile solubilization of lanthanide‐based coordination polymers.     

混合配体构筑的配位聚合物的合成、结构与荧光性质

在溶剂热条件下,利用Cd(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)在混配体体系下合成出3个结构新颖的配位聚合物[Cd_3(pic)_4(H_2bmimb)]n(1),[Co_3(pic)4(H_2bmimb)]n(2)和[Cd_2(1,2-mbix)(pic)_2(H_2O)_2]_n(3)(pic=5-苯基间苯二甲酸;H_2bmimb=1,4-二((2-甲基咪唑)亚甲基)苯;1,2-mbix=1,2-二((2-甲基咪唑)亚甲基)苯),并通过单晶X射线衍射、红外光谱、热重分析、元素分析、粉末X射线衍射和荧光光谱等对配合物进行了表征。配合物1和2中金属离子Cd~(2+)、Co~(2+)均与pic配体形成了三维阴离子骨架,双质子化的双咪唑配体位于骨架中平衡骨架电荷。配合物3中,Cd~(2+)金属中心与pic、1,2-mbix配体配位形成一维链,链与链之间通过苯环间的π…π堆积形成二维层,进而通过氢键形成三维超分子结构。配合物1和3表现出良好的荧光性质。     

混合配体构筑的配位聚合物的合成、结构与荧光性质

在溶剂热条件下,利用Cd（Ⅱ）、Co（Ⅱ）在混配体体系下合成出3个结构新颖的配位聚合物[Cd₃（pic）₄（H₂bmimb）]_n（1）,[Co₃（pic）₄（H₂bmimb）]_n（2）和[Cd₂（1,2-mbix）（pic）₂（H₂O）₂]_n（3）（pic=5-苯基间苯二甲酸;H₂bmimb=1,4-二（（2-甲基咪唑）亚甲基）苯;1,2-mbix=1,2-二（（2-甲基咪唑）亚甲基）苯）,并通过单晶X射线衍射、红外光谱、热重分析、元素分析、粉末X射线衍射和荧光光谱等对配合物进行了表征。配合物1和2中金属离子Cd²⁺、Co²⁺均与pic配体形成了三维阴离子骨架,双质子化的双咪唑配体位于骨架中平衡骨架电荷。配合物3中,Cd²⁺金属中心与pic、1,2-mbix配体配位形成一维链,链与链之间通过苯环间的π…π堆积形成二维层,进而通过氢键形成三维超分子结构。配合物1和3表现出良好的荧光性质。     

Functional Opals from Reactive Polymers: Complex Structures,Sensors, and Modified Photoluminescence

Summary: This paper describes the synthesis and properties of functional opal structures, so-called colloidal photonic crystals (CPCs), from a variety of reactive polymers. Photoprocessable opals are presented as well as opals with incorporated “smart” defect layers that can be actively addressed by external stimuli. In addition, opals with functional bio-macromolecular defects have been developed. They present a new class of materials for optical biomonitoring through shifts of the induced photonic defect mode. Strong modification of photoluminescence according to the photonic bandstructure is observed from opals with embedded exclusively luminescent defect layer.     

Statistic Replacement of Lanthanide Ions in Bis-salicylatoborate Coordination Polymers for the Deliberate Control of the Luminescence Chromaticity

Based on the strand-like coordination polymer (CP) type ¹_∞[Ln(BSB)₃(py)₂], [BSB]⁻=bis-salicylatoborate anion, mixed Eu/Tb-containing compounds of the constitution ¹ _∞ [Eu_xTb_1−x(BSB)₃(py)₂] were synthesised ionothermally for a phase width of (x=0.25–0.75) and characterized regarding structure and optical properties. Previously, known only for other lanthanides, the mixed 1D−Eu/Tb-CPs show excellent options for statistic replacement of the Ln-cations during synthesis yielding solid solutions. The products are highly luminescent, with the chromaticity being a direct function of the amount of the respective Ln-ions. Corresponding to an overall addition of emission intensities, the green Tb³⁺ emission and the red Eu³⁺ emission allow for a chromaticity control that also includes yellow emission. Control of the luminescence colour renders them suitable examples of the versatility of statistic replacement of metal ions in coordination chemistry. In addition, crystallization of [EMIm]₂[YCl₅(py)] illuminates possible other products of the ionothermal reactions of [EMIm][BSB] with LnCl₃ constituted by components not being part of the main CPs.     

Luminescent Coordination Polymers Constructed from a Flexible,Tetradentate Diisopyrazole Ligand and Copper(I) Halides

One‐ and two‐dimensional coordination polymers composed of a structurally flexible, tetradentate diisopyrazole ligand and copper(I) halides were synthesized as crystalline solids. Complexation with copper(I) chloride or bromide resulted in the formation of infinite coordination chains through connecting each diisopyrazole ligand with two copper(I) ions in a trigonal planar coordination geometry. Contrarily, the combination of a diisopyrazole ligand and copper(I) iodide gave a two‐dimensional coordination network comprising Cu₄I₄ units with stair‐step type geometry and diisopyrazoles that acted as both tetradentate and bidentate bridging ligands. All the coordination polymers exhibited visible photo‐emission upon UV irradiation, and the Cu₄I₄ complex showed thermochromic behavior.     

基于芳香四羧酸构筑的两种配位聚合物的荧光及磁性质（英文）

在溶剂热条件下,基于芳香四羧酸合成了2种新颖的配位聚合物:{[Zn2(tptc)(1,4-bimb)2]·H2O}n(1)和{[Ni(tptc)0.5(1,2-bimb)(H2O)]·H2O}n(2),其中,tptc为对-三联苯-3,3″,5,5″-四羧酸,1,4-bimb为1,4-二(咪唑-1-亚甲基)苯,1,2-bimb为1,2-二(咪唑-1-亚甲基)苯。结构分析表明,1为三维结构,拓扑符号为(86);2为二维层状网络,通过氢键相互作用进一步扩展为三维超分子结构。此外,我们还研究了1对阳离子、阴离子的荧光感应以及2的磁性质。     

Luminescent Thermochromism of 2D Coordination Polymers Based on Copper(I) Halides with 4‐Hydroxythiophenol

Solvothermal reactions between copper(I) halides and 4‐mercaptophenol give rise to the formation of three coordination polymers with general formula [Cu₃X(HT)₂]_n (X=Cl, 1 ; Br, 2 ; and I, 3 ). The structures of these coordination polymers have been determined by X‐ray diffraction at both room‐ and low temperature (110 K), showing a general shortening in Cu?S, Cu?X and Cu?Cu bond lengths at low temperatures. 1 and 2 are isostructural, consisting of layers in which the halogen ligands act as μ₃‐bridges joining two Cu1 and one Cu2 atoms whereas in 3 the iodine ligands is as μ₄‐mode but the layers are quasi‐isostructural with 1 or 2 . These compounds show a reversible thermochromic luminescence, with strong orange emission for 1 and 2 , but weaker for 3 at room temperature, whereas upon cooling at 77 K 1 and 2 show stronger yellow emission, and 3 displays stronger green emission. DFT calculations have been used to rationalize these observations. These results suggest a high potential for this novel and promising stimuli‐responsive materials.     

Luminescent Europium(III) Coordination Zippers Linked with Thiophene‐Based Bridges

Novel Eu^III coordination polymers [Eu(hfa)₃(dpt)]_n (dpt: 2,5‐bis(diphenylphosphoryl)thiophene) and [Eu(hfa)₃(dpedot)]_n (dpedot: 2,5‐bis(diphenylphosphoryl)ethylenedioxythiophene) with hydrogen‐bonded zipper structures are reported. The coordination polymers are composed of Eu^III ions, hexafluoroacetylacetonato ligands, and thiophene‐based phosphine oxide bridges. The zig‐zag orientation of single polymer chains induced the formation of densely packed coordination structures with multiple intermolecular interactions, resulting in thermal stability above 300 °C. They exhibit a high intrinsic emission quantum yield (ca. 80 %) due to their asymmetrical and low‐vibrational coordination structures around Eu^III ions. Furthermore, the characteristic alternative orientation of substituents also contributes to the dramatically high ligand‐to‐metal energy transfer efficiencies of up to 80 % in the solid state.     

咪唑二羧酸及其衍生物构筑配合物的研究进展

咪唑二羧酸类有机配体由于具有多个配位点以及多种配位模式,在构筑配位聚合物方面得到了广泛的研究与应用.由该类配体构筑的配合物种类繁多,结构新颖,迄今已合成了上百种.本文详细概括了咪唑二羧酸类配体的特点、配位模式、配体种类以及相应的配合物,并从烷基取代和芳香基取代两方面综述了这些配合物的发展及其研究现状,同时简述了这类配体构筑的配合物在光学、气体吸附、磁性、催化以及介电方面的性能,最后对这类配体的发展前景进行了展望.     

高灵敏共轭聚合物化学传感器

金属离子和化学小分子的检测在人类健康、环境污染以及食品安全等领域具有重要意义,科学工作者们已经在设计、发展高灵敏化学传感器方面进行了大量研究。在过去的几十年里,共轭聚合物由于其卓越的光电性质,引起了人们极大的关注,并取得了众多革命性科技进展。最近,利用共轭聚合物的荧光信号放大机制,人们设计、发展了一系列新型的化学和生物传感体系。共轭聚合物的信号传感机制包括电子转移,荧光共振能量转移以及共轭聚合物聚集或构象改变。本文主要介绍我们实验室在利用共轭聚合物实现金属离子和化学小分子荧光检测方面取得的进展,并对未来发展方向与面临的挑战进行了讨论。     

2D l‐Di‐toluoyl‐tartaric acid Lanthanide Coordination Polymers: Toward Single‐component White‐Light and NIR Luminescent Materials

A series of five l ‐di‐p‐toluoyl‐tartaric acid (l ‐DTTA) lanthanide coordination polymers, namely {[Ln₄K⁴ L₆(H₂O)_x]?yH₂O}_n, [Ln=Dy ( 1 ), x=24, y=12; Ln=Ho ( 2 ), x=23, y=12; Ln=Er ( 3 ), x=24, y=12; Ln=Yb ( 4 ), x=24, y=11; Ln=Lu ( 5 ), x=24, y=12] have been isolated by simple reactions of H₂L (H₂L= L ‐DTTA) with LnCl₃?6 H₂O at ambient temperature. X‐ray crystallographic analysis reveals that complexes 1 – 5 feature two‐dimensional (2D) network structures in which the Ln³⁺ ions are bridged by carboxylate groups of ligands in two unique coordinated modes. Luminescent spectra demonstrate that complex 1 realizes single‐component white‐light emission, while complexes 2 – 4 exhibit a characteristic near‐infrared (NIR) luminescence in the solid state at room temperature.     

Water‐Stable Coordination Polymers as Dual Fluorescent Sensors for Highly Oxidizing Anions Cr2O72− and MnO4−

Due to their striking optical properties, luminescent coordination polymers as sensors for the detection of hazardous species have drawn interest of researchers in consideration of the control of environmental pollution. In this work, the organic ligand 2‐(4‐((E)‐2‐(pyridine‐2‐yl)vinyl)styryl)pyridine (2‐bpeb), which possesses a large π‐conjugated system, was employed to react with d¹⁰ metal ions to obtain novel luminescent coordination polymers. Three complexes [Cd(2‐bpeb)_0.5(CNA)(H₂O)] ( CP1 ), [Cd(2‐bpeb)_0.5(NDC)] ( CP2 ) and [Zn(2‐bpeb)(BDC)] ( CP3 ) were synthesized successfully by introducing carboxylic acids of 4‐carboxycinnamic acid (H₂CNA), 2,6‐naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (H₂NDC) and 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylic acid (H₂BDC) as auxiliary ligands. Because of the existence of the large π‐conjugated system and d¹⁰ metal ions, all of these coordination polymers exhibit striking fluorescence properties. Impressively, all of them can function as sensors for the detection of highly oxidizing anions MnO₄^? and Cr₂O₇^2?, with an increased sensitivity for MnO₄^?.     

Surface‐Imprinted Nanofilaments for Europium‐Amplified Luminescent Detection of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics

The development and characterization of novel, molecularly imprinted polymer nanofilament‐based optical sensors for the analysis of enrofloxacin, an antibiotic widely used for human and veterinary applications, is reported. The polymers were prepared by nanomolding in porous alumina by using enrofloxacin as the template. The antibiotic was covalently immobilized on to the pore walls of the alumina by using different spacers, and the prepolymerization mixture was cast in the pores and the polymer synthesized anchored onto a glass support through UV polymerization. Various parameters affecting polymer selectivity were evaluated to achieve optimal recognition, namely, the spacer arm length and the binding solvent. The results of morphological characterization, binding kinetics, and selectivity of the optimized polymer material for ENR and its derivatives are reported. For sensing purposes, the nanofilaments were incubated in solutions of the target molecule in acetonitrile/HEPES buffer (100 mM , pH 7.5, 50:50, v/v) for 20 min followed by incubation in a 10 mM solution of europium(III) ions to generate a europium(III)–enrofloxacin complex on the polymer surface. The detection event was based on the luminescence of the rare‐earth ion (λ_exc=340 nm; λ_em=612 nm) that results from energy transfer from the antibiotic excited state to the metal‐ion emitting excited state. The limit of detection of the enrofloxacin antibiotic was found to be 0.58 μM .