Study of Survival Probability of Super Heavy Nuclei

The survival probability of super heavy nuclei produced in cold fusion reactions is studied by using the standard Fermi gas level density formula and analyzed with fission and neutron evaporation characteristics predicted in different theoretical models. The level density formula used in this letter suppresses the ratio of neutron emission width to fission width, Гn/Гf. The dependence of Гn/Гf on the saddle point level density parameter and excitation energy is also investigated.     

高激发核相继裂变的限制

高温核衰变是当前中能重离子核物理中研究最热烈的课题.理论上对高温核的衰变进行了各种预言,相继裂变就是其中之一.本文从有关核裂变的时间尺度、裂前中子发射、裂变截面等随激发能的变化和多重碎裂的实验结果以及复杂碎片发射时间的实验结果分析了对高温核相继裂变的限制,提出了从复杂粒子蒸发向多重碎裂过渡的可能性. Sequential fission is one of the several kinds of theoratical production for hot nucleus de-cay.By analysing relevant experimental results such as fission time scale,prescission neutron emission,fission cross sections and their variation with excitation energy,the results of multifragmentation andthe time scale of complex fragment emission,a limit to the sequential fission of the hot nucleus is sug-gested in this paper.A transition from intermediate mass fragment evaporation to..     

重离子裂变反应动力学研究

从实验角度评述了重离子裂变反应动力学研究现状．内容包括动力学裂变宽度、裂变时标、核粘滞性的温度和形变相关性以及从裂变实验上研究核粘滞性的方法等． The present status of the dynamics study for heavy ion induced fission reaction includesing the dynamical fission width,the fission time scale,the temperature and deformation dependence of the nuclear viscosity and the methods of the extracting viscosity from fission experiments induced by heavy ion reactions is reviewed.      

中子源有源法核查技术研究

用有源 (主动 )方法研究了贫化铀组合系统的中子诱发裂变缓发中子探测技术 .在不同屏蔽和组合等条件下测量和比较了贫化铀系统的缓发裂变中子分布 ,进一步研究了实验系统的可核查性 .探讨了区分核与非核系统的方法. The technique for detecting the delayed neutrons from neutron induced fission in uranium systems was studied by using an active method with 3He proportional counting tube array and a 14 MeV D T neutron source. Under the conditions of different shielding and combination, the distributions of delayed fission neutrons from depleted uranium systems were measured and the reliability of the systems was studied. The method to distinguish a nuclear system from a non nuclear one was discussed.     

用于中子测量的俘获探测器研究

为了在弱中子场和有限小空间内测量绝对裂变率, 制作了俘获探测器, 研究了俘获探测器的性能。 介绍了用于中子测量的俘获探测器和铅屏蔽室, 以及该探测器系统在特定条件下测量裂变反应率的结果, 并与裂变室测量结果进行了比较。 探讨了铅屏蔽室大小对测量结果的影响。 To detect the absolute neutron flux in a weak neutron field and restricted space, the fission fragment trapping detector was fabricated and the properties of the detector were studied. In this paper, the detector and shielding chamber used in neutron detection were described and the experimental measurements of the fission rate in specific condition were performed with the detection system and the result has been compared with that obtained by fission chamber. The influence of the shielding chamber on the measured results was analyzed.     

理论预测超重核274-291Cn和266-287Ds的衰变模式

自发裂变和α衰变是影响超重核稳定性的两个主要因素。为了探索270Ds附近的长寿命的超重核,系统地计算了电荷数在104 ≤ Z ≤ 112范围内的α衰变与自发裂变之间的竞争。采用推广的液滴模型和唯象的解析公式计算了α衰变半衰期。基于包括壳效应和同位旋效应的WKB近似方法估算了相同超重核的自发裂变半衰期,进而预测了未知超重核274-276,279Cn与267-269Ds的衰变模式。The stability of superheavy nuclei (SHN) is controlled mainly by spontaneous fission and α decay processes. To investigate whether long lived SHN could really exist around 270Ds, the competition between α decay and spontaneous fission in the region 104 ≤ Z ≤ 112 are studied systematically. The α decay half-lives are investigated by employing a generalized liquid drop model (GLDM) and phenomenological analytical formula. Calculations of spontaneous fission half-lives for the same SHN are carried out based on the Wenzel-Kramers-Brillouin(WKB) approximation with both the shell effect and the isospin effect included. Decay modes are predicted for the unknown nuclei 274-276,279Cn and 267-269Ds.     

超重核292-310122同位素链的α衰变和自发裂变的竞争

基于推广的液滴模型(GLDM) 理论框架,计算了292-310122 同位素链的 衰变和自发裂变的半衰期。计算时的基本输入量为两子核的质量数和电荷数以及反应Q 值。GLDM能很好地描述重核和超重核的 衰变和自发裂变过程。计算结果表明,A < 308 时在同位素链上N = 176~184 的区域α衰变为主要衰变模式。A > 308 时在同位素链上自发裂变为主要衰变模式。308122 是α衰变和自发裂变的分界点,暗示着N = 184 为中子幻数。Based on the framework of the Generalized Liquid Droplet Model (GLDM), alpha decay and spontaneous fission half-lives for 292-310122 isotopes are studied. The calculation of the basic inputs which only need the two fragmentmass numbers, charge numbers and the Q value. GLDM can describe alpha decay and spontaneous fission the nuclei. It is found that the alpha decay is the dominant mode of decay for isotopes with mass number A < 308, and for those with A > 308 spontaneous fission is dominant. The demarcation between alpha decay and spontaneous fission is at 308122, which shows the presence of a spherical neutron shell closure at N = 184.     

MENDF—一个计算200 MeV以下裂变核数据的程序(英文)

基于球型光学模型、 预平衡发射和Hauser-Feshbach统计等理论, 编制了MENDF（Medium Energy Nuclear Data for Fission）程序, 该程序适用于裂变核在入射粒子能量低于200 MeV的中低能区的全套核数据计算。 对于中子和质子在200 MeV以下诱发的核反应, 其全截面、 反应截面、 弹性散射微分截面、 裂变截面和裂变中子谱、 5种发射粒子的单举截面和相应的能谱等理论计算值与相应的实验值基本符合。 MENDF在我国已被广泛用于核数据计算及建立中能核数据库。Based on the spherical optical model, pre equilibrium and Hauser Feshbach statistical theory, the code MENDF (Medium Energy Nuclear Data for Fission) is written to calculate a complete set of nuclear data for fission nuclei in the medium low energy region (≤200 MeV). For neutron and proton induced reactions below 200 MeV, the total cross sections, reaction cross sections, elastic scattering differential cross sections, fission cross section, energy spectra of fission neutron and five kinds of emitting particles, etc. are calculated by MENDF. The calculated data generally agree with their corresponding experimental data. MENDF is widely used for nuclear data calculation and to establish ENDF 6 formatted files for the medium low energy region in China.     

裂变位垒参数的推荐和裂变位垒参数库

通过分析和计算锕系核裂变截面和全套中子反应截面获取了一组锕系核的裂变位垒参数.Fm)在此基础上,广泛收集实验裂变位垒参数,通过比对和评价,推荐了本组的129个核素(109Cd—255的实验裂变位垒参数.此外,对收集的不同裂变位垒参数作了分析与评价,推荐了7组实验和1组模型计算的裂变位垒参数,并组建了中国评价核参数库裂变位垒参数子库(CENPL FBPL). The fission barrier parameters for actinide nuclei were obtained by analysis and calculations of fission cross-sections and complete neutron reaction cross sections. A lot of experimental fission barrier parameters from different authors were collected. A set of fission barrier parameters for 129 nuclei ranging from~(109)Cd~( ) to~(255)Fm were recommended after performing comparisons, evaluations and systematics extrapolations for these extracted fission barrier parameters in model calculations of fissi...     

形变相关的壳修正对N=126处断前中子发射的同位素效应的影响

利用动力学加统计模型就形变相关的壳修正（DDSC）对中子126壳层附近209,213,217Fr断前中子发射的影响进行了研究。模拟结果表明,DDSC抬升了复合核的裂变位垒,且213Fr的升高约为209,217Fr的2倍,但却没有改变鞍点位置。尽管位垒升高延缓了系统的裂变,但其动力学过程受热力学驱动力（TDF）和核阻尼间竞争的主导,因此准确提取壳修正的作用还需考虑核耗散的形变关系。在裂变第一阶段,当核耗散取一体耗散（OBD）参数时,壳修正没有改变断前中子发射的同位素效应,然而当核耗散取标准参数设置（SPS）时,由于213Fr的TDF存在着异常增强,故该规律未能展现。在裂变第二阶段,位垒升高引起的断前中子发射的增强受到了TDF与核阻尼间竞争的反制,故断前中子发射的同位素效应仍未能显现。综合两阶段情况,DDSC对N=126处断前中子发射的同位素效应的影响受第一阶段规律的支配。The effect of deformation-dependent shell correction (DDSC) on the emission of prescission neutron (EPN) is studied within a dynamical and statistical model for three isotopes of 209,213,217Fr near the neutron 126 closure-shell. The results show that the fission barriers are enhanced with DDSC, and the increment of 213Fr is almost 2 times those of 209,217Fr, but those saddle points are not changed. Although the enhancement of fission barrier delays nuclear fission, the fission dynamics process is controlled by the competition between thermodynamic driving force (TDF) and nuclear damping, so the deformation-dependence of nuclear dissipation must be considered in order to extract the role of shell correction. The shell correction doesn't alter isotope effect of EPN with OBD nuclear dissipation in the first phase of nuclear fission, but the rule does not been exhibited because that there is abnormal enhancement of TDF using SPS nuclear dissipation. The increment of EPN caused by the rise of fission barrier is countered by the competition between TDF and nuclear damping in the second phase of nuclear fission, hence the effect of EPN cannot exhibit. The effect of DDSC on EPN near the neutron 126 closure-shell is dominated by the rules in the first phase of nuclear fission.     

Fission fragment angular distribution in alpha-particle-induced fission of actinide elements

Using Lexan polycarbonate plastic as the fission fragment track detectors, the fragment angular distributions have been measured in the cases of fission of²³²Th and²³⁸U induced by alpha particles of various energies ranging from 40 to 70MeV obtained from the 88″ variable energy cyclotron at Calcutta. The center-of-mass angular distributions have been calculated and fitted by a series of Legendre polynomials. TheW(10°)/W(90°) ratios (defined as anisotropy) were measured at several energies for both the targets. These data are utilized in calculation of the energy dependence ofK ₀ ² , the standard deviation of the distribution in the angular momentum projection on the nuclear symmetry axis at the saddle point. Values of Γ _f /Γ _η , i.e. the ratio of the fission width to neutron emission width have been determined for²³²Th and²³⁸U nuclei. The integral cross-section for alpha induced fission in each target was determined by numerical integration of the respective center-of-mass angular differential cross-sections. The results were compared with similar data available in the literature which served to resolve some of the discrepancies observed in earlier measurements. The results were also compared with theoretical cross-sections.     

垒下16O+232Th裂变碎片角关联模拟

使用Monte-Carlo模拟计算了垒下¹⁶O+²³²Th系统转移裂变和复合核裂变碎片角分布及角关联.转移过程、熔合过程和裂变过程分别用半经典模型、耦合道模型及鞍点过渡态统计模型进行模拟.考虑了各物理量分布产生的运动学效应及裂前中子发射和裂后碎片粒子蒸发对碎片角分布及角关联的影响.模拟结果和实验测量的分布相一致.使用折叠角技术借助Monte-Carlo模拟区分转移裂变和复合核裂变是可能的.考虑了转移裂变和裂前中子发射的影响,复合核裂变碎片角分布各向异性异常仍然存在.     

Study of Survival Probability of Super Heavy Nuclei

The survival probability of super heavy nuclei produced in cold fusion reactions is studied by using thestandard Fermi gas level density formula and analyzed with fission and neutron evaporation characteristics predicted indifferent theoretical models. The level density formula used in this letter suppresses the ratio of neutron emission widthalso investigated.     

Fission decay properties of ultra neutron-rich uranium isotopes

The fission decay of highly neutron-rich uranium isotopes is investigated which shows interesting new features in the barrier properties and neutron emission characteristics in the fission process. ²³³U and ²³⁵U are the nuclei in the actinide region in the beta stability valley which are thermally fissile and have been mainly used in reactors for power generation. The possibility of occurrence of thermally fissile members in the chain of neutron-rich uranium isotopes is examined here. The neutron number N = 162 or 164 has been predicted to be magic in numerous theoretical studies carried out over the years. The series of uranium isotopes around it with N = 154–172 are identified to be thermally fissile on the basis of the fission barrier and neutron separation energy systematics; a manifestation of the close shell nature of N = 162 (or 164). We consider here the thermal neutron fission of a typical representative ²⁴⁹U nucleus in the highly neutron-rich region. Semiempirical study of fission barrier height and width shows that ²⁵⁰U nucleus is stable against spontaneous fission due to increase in barrier width arising out of excess neutrons. On the basis of the calculation of the probability of fragment mass yields and the microscopic study in relativistic mean field theory, this nucleus is shown to undergo exotic decay mode of thermal neutron fission (multi-fragmentation fission) whereby a number of prompt scission neutrons are expected to be simultaneously released along with the two heavy fission fragments. Such properties will have important implications in stellar evolution involving r-process nucleosynthesis.      

Unified fission model for proton emission

The unified fission model (UFM) combining with the phenomenological assault frequency has been carried out to investigate the proton-radioactivity half-lives of spherical proton emitters. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data and other theoretical values, and newly observed spherical proton emitters have been analyzed. Finally, the effect of angular momentum transfer on half-life of proton emission has been discussed in detail and a formula can be used to describe this relationship.     

Unified fission model for proton emission

The unified fission model （UFM） combining with the phenomenological assault frequency has been carried out to investigate the proton-radioactivity half-lives of spherical proton emitters. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data and other theoretical values, and newly observed spherical proton emitters have been analyzed. Finally, the effect of angular momentum transfer on half-life of proton emission has been discussed in detail and a formula can be used to describe this relationship.     

Influence of Shell on Pre-scission Particle Emission of a Doubly Magic Nucleus 208Pb

Using Smoluchowski equation, we study the shell effects on the emission of light particles in the fission process of a doubly magic nucleus ²⁰⁸Pb. Calculated results show that shell has a considerable effect on the neutron emission and that shell effect gradually becomes weak with increasing excitation energy. In addition, a dependence of shell effects in the neutron emission on the angular momentum has been found.     

非全熔合反应裂变角分布

采用核固体径迹探测器测量了¹⁶O+¹⁵⁹Tb、¹⁶O+¹⁹⁷)Au和¹⁶O+²⁰⁹Bi反应碎片角分布,扣除中等质量碎片(IMF)的贡献,用过渡态统计模型(TSM)和单个自旋标准理论拟合实验的裂变角分布,提取裂变核的自旋. 讨论了它随质心系入射能量的变化.     

裂变中子角关联分布的数值模拟

为了实现对自发裂变中子源能量、多重性和中子角关联分布的数值模拟,开发了根据裂变过程,逐步给出裂变中子多重性、能量和角分布等参数的NESF数值模拟程序,并将该程序集成到现有中子输运软件中.重点介绍我们开发的用于模拟自发裂变中子源能量、多重性和中子角关联分布的程序的背景、物理依据、程序流程,以及基于该程序开展的中子角关联分布特征与核部件特征关联的数值模拟.