A synthetic approach to new polycyclic ring system of biological interest through domino reaction: indolo[2,3-e][1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine

The title indolo-triazolo-pyrimidines were obtained from 3-azidoindoles and can be used as models for the design of DNA-interactive compounds. Hetero-domino reaction of azidoindoles/pyrroles and acetonitriles constitutes the synthetic entry to annelated 1,2,3-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines.     

A new modular and flexible approach to [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepines

A new synthetic route for the access to [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepines and other derivatives is described. This strategy is based on the cycloaddition of 2-oxoalkylidenephosphoranes to o-functionalized aryl azides followed by the reaction of the corresponding triazole intermediate with amines. This new approach presents unique properties such as regioselectivity, modularity, mild reaction conditions, and high yields.     

Synthesis of mesoionic[1,2,3]triazolo[5,1-d][1,2,5]triazepines

Intramolecular cyclization of 1-amino-3-phenacyl-4-carbohydrazido-1,2,3-triazolium-5-olates has been shown to take place via selective interaction of the carbonyl group with the terminal amino function of the hydrazido group to form a 1,2,5-triazepine ring. Minor products, resulting from the interaction of the α-nitrogen atom of the hydrazido group with the carbonyl function, having a N-amino-pyridazine structure were also detected and isolated. A general method for the synthesis of novel mesoionic 2-amino-7-aryl-4-oxo-2,4,5,8-tetrahydro[1,2,3]triazolo[5,1-d][1,2,5]triazepin-9-ium-3-olates was developed.     

Chemical reactivity of [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]- and [1,5-c]-pyrimidinium salts

The chemical reactivity of the [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]- and [1,5-c]-pyrimidinium salts towards morpholine, water and sodium methoxide have been studied. Among others, new 1-aza and 2-azabutadienes substituted by a [1,2,3]-triazole ring were obtained in the course of the opening of the positively charged pyrimidine ring.     

Pyrrolo[3,4‐e][1,2,3]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine and pyrrolo[3,4‐d] [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine. New tricyclic ring systems of biological interest

Derivatives of the new ring system pyrrolo[3,4‐e][1,2,3] triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine 6 were prepared in high yields in one step by reaction of 3‐azidopyrrole 3 and substituted acetonitriles. Compound 6b rearranged, upon heating in dimethyl sulfoxide in the presence of water, to pyrrolo[3,4‐d][1,2,3]triazolo‐[1,5‐a]pyrimidine 7.     

A new synthesis of the linearly fused [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-b]isoquinoline ring. Observation of an unexpected Dimroth rearrangement

A new and general synthesis of the linearly fused [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-b]isoquinoline ring system starting from 2,3-diaminoisoquinolinium salts has been elaborated. Starting compounds bearing an alkyl group in position 4 easily reacted with aldehydes to yield the cyclized products. In the case of a lack of electron donating group in position 4 (e.g., unsubstituted or 4-cyano substituted diamino derivatives) a Dimroth rearrangement took place under the same reaction conditions to yield 3-isoquinolylhydrazones. The mechanism of this unexpected transformation has been verified by isotope labelling experiments. Clarification of the reaction mechanism allowed finding proper reaction conditions to eliminate the rearrangement route, and thus, to perfect successful ring closure to the fused triazoles.     

Triazolopyridines. Part 25: Synthesis of new chiral ligands from [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines

The synthesis of new chiral triazolopyridine ligands possessing fluorescent properties is described. The triazolo ring opening was studied in order to obtain new chiral 2,6-disubstituted pyridines. A preliminary coordination assay with Zn(II) is also presented.     

Dimroth rearrangement in the row of new pyrano[3,4-c][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,5-a]pyridines and synthesis of new heterocyclic systems: Pyranopyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolopyridines

New and effective methods for the synthesis of derivatives of pyrano[3,4-c][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,5-a]pyridines were developed. Synthesized new tetracyclic heterocyclic systems containing pyrano[3,4-c]pyridine ring unknown in the literature were obtained for the first time. The rearrangement of Dimroth in the triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine systems for the first time was studied. The possibility of rearrangement of Dimroth in the new heterocyclic system has been investigated.     

Studies on uracils: synthesis of novel pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine oxides via ring transformation of isoxazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine

The reaction of isoxazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine 1 and cyanoolefins 2 in the presence of triethylamine (Et₃N) as a catalyst afforded an unprecedented one-pot synthesis of biologically important pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine oxides 3 in excellent yields.     

Microwave-assisted protocols for the expedited synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a] and [3,4-d]pyrimidines

General, high-yielding MAOS protocols for the expedited synthesis of functionalized pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrimidines, as well as their pyrazole precursors, are described amenable to an iterative analogue library synthesis strategy for lead optimization.     

Triazolopyridines. Part 26: The preparation of novel [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine sulfoxides

The regioselective synthesis of new triazolopyridine halides and sulfoxides with the substituent in all different ring positions of [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines is presented. The triazolo ring opening reaction of some representative sulfoxides to obtain disubstituted pyridines is also studied.     

Synthesis of trifluoromethyl-promoted functional pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine and pyrazolo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazine-4(3H)-ones

Ethyl 5-amino-3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (1) was efficiently synthesized via the condensation of ethyl cyanoacetate and trifluoroacetic anhydride, followed by chloridization and the condensation with aqueous hydrazine. Its unique reactivity was exploited for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (5) and pyrazolo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazine-4(3H)-ones (8a-j). Among them, 5 was firstly found to be a novel fluorescent molecule that might be exploited as an attractive fluorophore for possessing many binding sites, and its fluorescence intensity was obviously stronger than its methyl analogue. 8 were found to be a new chemical class of potential monocotyledonous Echinochloa crus-galli L. Beauv inhibitors, and were more active than their methyl analogues.     

New application of heterocyclic diazonium salts. Synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazin-4-ones and imidazo[4,5-d][1,2,3]triazin-4-ones

The pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazin-4-ones 3 and imidazo[4,5-d][1,2,3]triazin-4-ones 4 are analogs structurally related to purines that have showed a wide and significant variety of biological activity. These compounds were synthesized by one-pot diazotization of 5-amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitriles 1 and 5-amino-1H-imidazole-4-carbonitriles 2, respectively.     

Pyrazoles as building blocks in heterocyclic synthesis: Synthesis of pyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidine, pyrazolo[3,4-e][1,4]diazepine, pyrazolo [3,4-d][1,2,3]triazine and pyrolo [4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivatives

Several new pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, pyrazolo[3,4-e][1,4]diazepine, pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazine and pyrolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivatives were prepared by the reaction of the corresponding 5-amino-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile derivative with different organic reagents under different reaction conditions. Using IR, ¹H NMR, and mass spectra we have characterized all new compounds.     

Solid-phase synthesis of [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine and tetrazolo[5,1-a]phthalazine derivatives

A general method is reported for the solid-phase synthesis of [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine and tetrazolo[5,1-a]phthalazine derivatives based on the cyclization of resin-bound chlorophthalazines 4 with various hydrazides or sodium azide. The resin-bound chlorophthalazines 4, produced by nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of dichlorophthalazine with the secondary amine resins 2, served as the key intermediate for subsequent triazolophthalazine resins 6 and tetrazolophthalazine resins 8, which provided the desired products 7 and 9 in good yields and purities.     

A new heterocyclic structure. The [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-d][1,2,4]triazine

The hydrazone derivatives of 4-benzoyl-1,2,3-triazole can easily be cyclised by reaction with various organic reagents (ortho esters, aldehyde and ketone compounds, phosgene, etc) which result in the incorporation of the introduced reagent's carbon atom into the new six membered ring. The newly created C-N bond of the resulting [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-d][1,2,4]triazines displays a particular sensitivity due to the electron attracting effect of the triazole ring. Some mechanistic considerations are proposed to account for the observed results.     

The deprotonative metalation of [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]quinoline. Synthesis of 8-haloquinolin-2-carboxaldehydes

New highly functionalized triazoloquinolines were synthesized by applying polar organometallic methods. Double metalation and functionalization provided 3,9-dihalogenated triazoloquinolines. Ring opening of the triazole with loss of nitrogen has been performed for the first time with 3,9-dihalogenated triazoloquinolines allowing the access toward 8-haloquinolin-2-carboxaldehydes under oxidant-free conditions. This approach demonstrates that the triazole ring can be used as protecting group of 2-quinolinecarboxaldehydes, activating the C9-position for lithiation and functionalization by triazole ring opening. 8-Haloquinoline-2-carbaldehydes become in this way readily available.     

Facile Route to Novel Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidine,Imidazo[1,2‐b] pyrazole,Pyrazolo[3,4‐d][1,2,3]triazine,Pyrazolo[1,5‐c][1,3,5]triazine and Pyrazolo[1,5‐c][1,3,5]thiadiazine Derivatives

A regioselective synthesis of novel pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines, imidazo[1,2‐b]pyrazoles, pyrazolo[3,4‐d][1,2,3]triazine, pyrazolo[1,5‐c][1,3,5]triazine and pyrazolo[1,5‐c][1,3,5]thiadiazine incorporating a thiazole moiety was described via the reactions of the versatile, readily accessible 5‐amino‐3‐(phenylamino)‐N‐(4‐phenylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxamide ( 1 ) with each of DMF‐DMA, phenylisothiocyanate, chloroacetyl chloride, phenacyl bromide, benzoylisothiocyanate and formalin, respectively. All structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by elemental analysis and spectral data.     

Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines: synthetic approaches to a novel class of antiherpetics

Synthesis of a novel class of 7-amino-3-pyrimidinyl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine antiherpetic compounds is described. The synthetic methodology is designed to allow for rapid analog synthesis around the C-3 and C-7 positions of the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine. The 7-chloropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine D, produced through an azirine rearrangement, served as a key building block. Two complementary methodologies for construction of the C-3 pyrimidine are described. These methods include the development of a novel cyclization utilizing alkynyl ketones or enones to give highly substituted pyrimidines. The outlined strategies facilitated late stage manipulation of either the C-3 or C-7 positions providing flexibility for rapid analog synthesis.