Gas Sensor Using a Robust Approach under Time Multiplexing Scheme with a Twin Laser Chip for Absorption and Reference

A tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy nitrous oxide gas sensor at 2.1 micrometres using one antimonide twin laser chip and one InGaAs photodiode is demonstrated, in which time multiplexing techniques are adopted to acquiring both the absorption and reference signal in a robust fluctuation tolerable scheme. Electronics in analogue modality is developed to extracting absorption information and compensating for fluctuations, resulting in a direct analogue voltage output corresponding to the target gas concentration in real time. The performance of the gas sensor is evaluated experimentally, the validity and feasibility of this scheme is also discussed.     

利用4400系统构造具有光学多道分析功能的信号处理系统

基于4400系统,通过引入光电二极管列阵作为传感器,构造了具有光学多道分析功能的信号处理系统。利用该系统对实际的激光空间分布进行了描绘,给出了高斯场分布的相应参数。通过进一步观测p偏振光在K9玻璃上下表面反射光强比(γ)的角度调制曲线,获得了玻璃表面层的光学参数。实验结果表明,该系统测量精度高,可应用在激光时间信号及空间场分布的表征与测量领域。     

Monolithically Integrated Transceiver with Novel Y-Branch by Bundle Integrated Waveguide for Fibre Optic Gyroscope

A novel Y-branch based monolithic transceiver with a superluminescent diode and a waveguide photodiode (Y-SDL-PD) is designed and fabricated by the method of bundle integrated waveguide (BIG) as the scheme for monolithic integration and angled Y-branch as the passive bi-directional waveguide. The simulations of BIG and Y-branches show low losses and improved far-field patterns, based on the beam propagation method (BPM). The amplified spontaneous emission of the device is up to 10mW at 120mA with no threshold and saturation. Spectral characteristics of about 30nm width and less than 1dB modulation are achieved using the built-in anti-lasing ability ofY-branch. The beam divergence angles in horizontal and vertical directions are optimized to as small as 12°× 8°, resulting in good fibre coupling.     

2 μm semiconductor disk laser with a heterodyne linewidth below 10 kHz

We demonstrate a 2 μm semiconductor disk laser emitting in a single longitudinal mode with a linewidth in the <10 kHz range. A heterodyne detection scheme was used for precise linewidth measurements. In these experiments, the output beams of two identical laser cavities were superposed in order to generate a beat note signal on a photodiode. In the absence of active frequency stabilization, a linewidth of 45 kHz was measured at an output power of 100 mW. When using a frequency stabilization consisting of a feedback loop with a Fabry-Perot interferometer as wavelength reference, the linewidth could be further reduced to 9 kHz.     

Optical coherent detection Brillouin distributed optical fiber sensor based on orthogonal polarization diversity reception

In Brillouin distributed optical fiber sensor, using optical coherent detection to detect Brillouin scattering optical signal is a good method, but there exists the polarization correlated detection problem. A novel detecting scheme is presented and demonstrated experimentally, which adopts orthogonal polarization diversity reception to resolve the polarization correlated detection problem. A laser is used as pump and reference light sources, a microwave electric-optical modulator (EOM) is adopted to produce frequency shift reference light, a polarization controller is used to control the polarization of the reference light which is changed into two orthogonal polarization for two adjacent acquisition periods. The Brillouin scattering light is coherently detected with the reference light, and the Brillouin scattering optical signal is taken out based on Brillouin frequency shift. After electronic processing, better Brillouin distributed sensing signal is obtained. A 25-km Brillouin distributed optical fiber sensor is achieved.     

Femtosecond laser pulses measured with a photodiode – FROG revisited

We demonstrate complete characterization of a femtosecond laser pulse electric field amplitude and phase using a FROG setup with a thick second harmonic crystal and a photodiode replacing a spectrometer. The scheme we propose is intended for high-repetition-rate pulse trains. It takes advantage of the photodiode high dynamic range and can be implemented in a compact size. PACS 42.65.Ky; 42.65.Re     

毫秒脉冲激光致硅光电二极管电学损伤的有限元分析及实验研究

为了研究毫秒脉冲激光致硅基PIN光电二极管电学损伤,基于热传导及弹塑性力学理论,在光电二极管内部材料各向同性并且P-I-N三层结构之间满足温度连续和热流平衡条件下,建立毫秒脉冲激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管二维轴对称模型,采用有限元方法模拟分析了1064 nm Nd:YAG毫秒量级脉冲激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管的温度场与应力场分布,并实验测量了硅基PIN光电二极管实验前后的电学参数.结果表明,激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管时,温升使材料表面熔融、烧蚀,并且在空间上存在温度梯度变化,即激光辐照产生的热与应力使光敏面及硅晶格晶键损伤,最终造成光电探测器的探测性能下降.研究结果可为毫秒脉冲激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管电学损伤机理奠定基础.     

Laser Doppler vibrometry based on self-mixing effect

In this paper, a simple, compact and low cost laser Doppler vibrometer is presented. It is simply composed of a laser diode (9 mm in diameter, 2 g of weight, emitting at 825 nm) and by a two-lens optical system designed to focus the laser radiation on the vibrating target. This sensor can measure target velocity. The working principle is based on the self-mixing effect that occurs in a semiconductor laser diode when the emitted radiation is back reflected toward the cavity and then re-introduced inside. The target velocity is calculated measuring the frequency of the peak of the spectrum of the signal generated by a photodiode mounted on the back facet of the laser diode. In this article, the design and the realisation of the vibrometer is reported. The self-mixing vibrometer has been calibrated in the range 0–300 mm/s, using a rotating disk covered with white paper. The effect of the angle of measurement and target distance are reported. Finally, the sensor has been compared with a commercial laser Doppler vibrometer using a vibrating surface as a target.     

调Q二极管泵浦固体激光器激光脉冲高频噪声的检测

为了研究调Q二极管泵浦固体激光器（DPL）激光脉冲输出的稳定性,利用电路网孔法对传统硅光电二极管探测电路进行了分析,发现传统的探测电路无法检测到激光脉冲中多纵模所引起的高频噪声信号(在腔长小于10cm的短谐振腔中其频率通常为1～2GHz)。根据分析结果,改良了硅光电二极管探测电路,利用高速采样示波器采集到了调Q DPL激光脉冲中(1～2)GHz的高频噪声信号。     

A sensor for adenosine triphosphate fabricated by laser-induced forward transfer of luciferase onto a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip

Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) of the enzyme luciferase was explored as a potential technique to be used in the fabrication of a microchip adenosine triphosphate (ATP) sensor. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was selected as the substrate for deposition of the luciferase. In comparison with other solid substrates, such as glass and polystyrene, it was found that the flexibility of PDMS made it a superior substrate for the immobilization of micro-spots of luciferase. LIFT of luciferase onto a PDMS substrate using a 355 nm laser was successfully carried out, while the bioactivity of the enzyme was maintained. Yellow luminescence ascribed to luciferase was observed from a transferred spot on the PDMS chip from the enzymatic reaction between luciferin and ATP. A microchip ATP sensor was also fabricated by attaching a small photodiode to the PDMS chip. On the basis of the fabricated microchip, the Michaelis-Menten relation between the luminescence intensity from the spot, and the ATP concentration was confirmed. The potential for fabricating biosensors using a combination of the LIFT technique with a PDMS substrate was shown to be very good.     

Performance evaluation of a near infrared QEPAS based ethylene sensor

A sensor based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) was evaluated for the detection of trace levels of ethylene at atmospheric pressure using a fiber coupled DFB diode laser emitting in the 1.62 μm spectral range. A noise-equivalent QEPAS signal of ∼4 ppm C₂H₄ was achieved for a 0.7 s data acquisition time using wavelength-modulation with a second-harmonic detection scheme on the strongest C₂H₄ absorption peak at 6177.14 cm⁻¹ with an average optical power of ∼15 mW. Improved detection sensitivity of 0.5 and 0.3 ppm C₂H₄ (1σ) was demonstrated using longer averaging time of 70 and 700 s, respectively. Important characteristics for the QEPAS based sensor operation in real-world conditions are presented, particularly the influence of external temperature variations. Furthermore, the response time of the ethylene sensor was measured in different configurations and it is shown that the QEPAS technique can provide a response time in a few seconds range even without active gas flow.     

激光尘埃粒子计数器微型光学传感器的研究

研制成功便携式激光尘埃粒子计数器的核心部件———微型光学传感器。该传感器采用直角散射光收集形式,以高功率半导体激光器作为光源,同时采用高性能的PIN型光电二极管作为光电探测器。散射光收集系统为单一大数值孔径的球面反射镜,其对粒子散射光的收集角范围从20°到160°。粒子散射光信号是脉冲信号,其频谱成份主要在高频段,所以在PIN型光电二极管后用一个带通式前置放大器来消除外界的低频噪声,根据米氏散射理论计算了该光学传感器的光散射响应特性,并用聚苯乙烯标准粒子实测了该光学传感器的性能。结果表明,该系统具有高的信噪比、计数效率和尺寸分辨本领。     

Estimation of required parameters for detection of small smoke plumes by lidar at 1.54 μm

Parameters of eyesafe lidar at 1.54 μm for detection of small plumes of smoke from burning wood or oil have been evaluated. It was assumed that a diode-pumped solid-state Er:glass laser at 1.54 μm or a Nd:YAG laser with a Raman cell or optical-parametric oscillator is used as a light source and that detection of backscattered light is performed with an avalanche photodiode. Ash and soot particle size distributions were taken from experiments. A backscattering coefficient at 1.54 μm for various source of smoke was estimated. In computing the laser energy, range between lidar and smoke, receiver optics diameter, fuel mass burned in unit time, fire source radius, laser pulse duration and visibility were varied. Results of the computations enabled estimation of the required laser energy, which ranges from 0.05 to 1400 mJ depending on the parameters. Received: 5 January 2000 / Revised version: 3 March 2000 / Published online: 11 May 2000     

Development and investigation of an optical tilt sensor

An optical tilt sensor was developed and its performance was investigated. The tilt sensor set-up consisted of a laser light source, lenses and an image sensor. A precision reference tilt sensor was also installed on the same stage, and the measurement results of tilt angles using the optical and reference tilt sensors were correlated. The correlation coefficient (R-value) obtained under ideal conditions was 0.99454, indicating that the optical tilt sensor could produce as accurate measurements as the precision reference tilt sensor. The R-value decreased to 0.97714 and 0.93209 when the image sensor was shifted backwards and forwards from the focal plane by 1 mm, respectively. The R-value decreased to 0.96840 when the tilt sensor was performed with the room light turned on. There were not significant differences in the measurement results obtained with air conditioners turned on and off, indicating that the optical tilt sensor was robust and was not sensitive to the surrounding air turbulence. These findings are useful for the final design of the optical tilt sensor.     

变光外差为电外差的双频激光探测

演示一种双频激光位移探测系统,阐述光载波激光雷达的概念。由单块非平面环形腔固体激光器和声光调制器产生100MHz载波频率的双频激光束,作为探测光束,经过光路收发系统,探测位于电动导轨上目标的位移变化,信号处理部分采用高速光电探测器响应后信号的电子外差解调方式,位移量的获得通过高频锁相放大器解算参考光束与信号光束的相位差并计算获得。通过双频激光把光学外差探测变为了电子外差探测,系统重复误差小于3%。系统在利用无线电雷达信号处理方式的同时,保留了激光探测的优点,位移测量系统具有良好的重复性。     

脉冲激光探测方位角磁电检测技术

针对常规弹药脉冲激光周向探测系统无法精确获取目标方位信息的问题,设计了基于磁电检测的单光束激光引信全向方位角探测方案.对磁电检测系统进行建模,建立圆柱形永磁体转动磁场模型,推导出磁阻传感器所测位置磁场的解析式,验证所测磁场为一正弦磁场信号.依据此正弦信号,设计了上升沿阈值周期检测算法,并运用FPGA与TDC-GP21对激光回波出现时间与电机转速信号周期进行高准确度时间间隔测量实现方位角的解算.依据方案设计原理样机并编写上位机程序,进行方位角探测实验.实验结果表明:磁电检测系统采用多重屏蔽方法,能有效抑制电磁干扰;并能实时监测电机转速,实现方位角解算,方位角解算误差在±2°以内.满足激光引信方位角测量的高准确度、抗干扰能力强等要求.     

Close-loop three-laser scheme for chaos-encrypted message transmission

In this paper, we numerically evaluate private data transmission using a three-laser scheme, consisting of a pair of twin semiconductor lasers, driven to chaos by delayed optical feedback in a short cavity, and optically injected by a third chaotic laser which forces them to synchronize. This laser is selected with different internal parameters with respect to the twin pair, so that the emissions of the synchronized, matched lasers, are highly correlated, whereas their correlation with the driver is low. The digital message modulates the emission of the transmitter, as in a standard Chaos Modulation scheme. Message recovery is then obtained by subtracting, from the transmitted chaos-masked message, the chaos, locally generated by the synchronized receiver laser. Simulations have been performed with the Lang-Kobayashi model, and, in view of application to private transmission, we have investigated the effect of the parameter mismatch, between transmitter and receiver, on message recovery. A preliminary experimental evaluation has been also performed using specially designed InP integrated modules.     

Optical cavity coupled surface plasmon resonance sensing for enhanced sensitivity

A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing system based on the optical cavity enhanced detection tech-nique is experimentally demonstrated. A fiber-optic laser cavity is built with a SPR sensor inside. By measuring the laser output power when the cavity is biased near the threshold point, the sensitivity, defined as the dependence of the output optical intensity on the sample variations, can be increased by about one order of magnitude compared to that of the SPR sensor alone under the intensity interrogation scheme. This could facilitate ultra-high sensitivity SPR biosensing applications. Further system miniaturization is possible by using integrated optical components and waveguide SPR sensors.     

基于可调谐半导体激光器吸收光谱的高灵敏度甲烷浓度遥测技术

讨论了一种新的高灵敏度甲烷遥测方法,利用可调谐激光二极管的调制光谱技术扫描甲烷的吸收峰,通过在测量光路中插入参考气池,增强低浓度情况下的吸收峰辨识能力,以提高甲烷浓度遥测信号的信噪比.此外,可以将激光器的中心波长锁定至气体吸收峰的峰值位置从而使仪器工作于吸收峰锁定模式,进行甲烷浓度的连续监测.实验结果表明,在测量距离分别为10 m和20 m时,周围环境中的甲烷积分浓度探测极限可以分别达到5 ppm·m和16 ppm·m.在吸收峰锁定工作模式下,系统在37 m距离处具有22 ppm·m的检出限,并可以监测甲烷浓度的快速变化.     

Narrow-band terahertz wave generation and detection in one periodically poled lithium niobate crystal

In this article, we present studies on therahertz (THz) wave generation and frequency up-conversion in a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal. A frequency at 1.37 THz was generated as femtosecond pump pulses passed through a PPLN crystal with grating periods of 30 μm. The pump-induced THz wave interacts with the probe wave in the crystal by frequency mixing. The frequency up-converted THz wave is easily detected by a normal photodiode. A new scheme for generation and detection of THz wave in one non-linear crystal was proposed.