机械阻抗测量的一种新方法

本文介绍了一种新的机械阻抗测量方法－声强法，由定义出发将机械阻抗表为功率流和加速度响应谱的函数，应用结构声强技术测量功率流，声强法不需要测量作用力信号，可以用于测量任意结构中的各类机械阻抗，实验结果表明，声强获得的测量值与直接获得的测量值相近，声强法能较准确地测量一维和二维匀质结构中机械阻抗。     

Biophysical characterization of DNA binding from single molecule force measurements

Single molecule force spectroscopy is a powerful method that uses the mechanical properties of DNA to explore DNA interactions. Here we describe how DNA stretching experiments quantitatively characterize the DNA binding of small molecules and proteins. Small molecules exhibit diverse DNA binding modes, including binding into the major and minor grooves and intercalation between base pairs of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Histones bind and package dsDNA, while other nuclear proteins such as high mobility group proteins bind to the backbone and bend dsDNA. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding proteins slide along dsDNA to locate and stabilize ssDNA during replication. Other proteins exhibit binding to both dsDNA and ssDNA. Nucleic acid chaperone proteins can switch rapidly between dsDNA and ssDNA binding modes, while DNA polymerases bind both forms of DNA with high affinity at distinct binding sites at the replication fork. Single molecule force measurements quantitatively characterize these DNA binding mechanisms, elucidating small molecule interactions and protein function.     

Determination of silicone coating Young's modulus using atomic force microscopy

The polymerisation degree of thin polymer coatings was checked by following the variation of their local mechanical properties. Atomic force microscope (AFM) was used in an indentation mode to investigate the mechanical characteristics of silicone coatings on polycarbonate substrates. The evolution of Young's modulus of the silicone coatings was determined as a function of the polymer annealing time. We have used a relative method to measure Young's moduli, which involves a calibration step with a set of reference polymers. No variation was observed for the modulus of silicone coatings annealed during more than 40 min at 130 °C. This result indicates that over-heating does not modify the mechanical properties of the coating.     

Ising-like model for protein mechanical unfolding

The mechanical unfolding of proteins is studied by extending the Wako-Sait?-Mu?oz-Eaton model. This model is generalized by including an external force, and its thermodynamics turns out to be exactly solvable. We consider two molecules, the 27th immunoglobulin domain of titin and protein PIN1. We determine equilibrium force-extension curves for the titin and study the mechanical unfolding of this molecule, finding good agreement with experiments. By using an extended form of the Jarzynski equality, we compute the free energy landscape of the PIN1 as a function of the molecule length.     

Dynamic acoustic radiation force acting on cylindrical shells: theory and simulations

An object placed in an acoustic field is known to experience a force due to the transfer of momentum from the wave to the object itself. This force is known to be steady when the incident field is considered to be continuous with constant amplitude. One may define the dynamic (oscillatory) radiation force for a continuous wave-field whose intensity varies slowly with time. This paper extends the theory of the dynamic acoustic radiation force resulting from an amplitude-modulated progressive plane wave-field incident on solid cylinders to the case of solid cylindrical shells with particular emphasis on their thickness and contents of their hollow regions. A new factor corresponding to the dynamic radiation force is defined as Y(d) and stands for the dynamic radiation force per unit energy density and unit cross sectional surface. The results of numerical calculations are presented, indicating the ways in which the form of the dynamic radiation force function curves are affected by variations in the material mechanical parameters and by changes in the interior fluid inside the shell's hollow region. It was shown that the dynamic radiation force function Y(d) deviates from the static radiation force function for progressive waves Y(p) when the modulation frequency increases. These results indicate that the theory presented here is broader than the existing theory on cylinders.     

Capillary cohesion and mechanical strength of polydisperse granular materials

We investigate the macroscopic mechanical behaviour of wet polydisperse granular media. Capillary bonding between two grains of unequal diameters is described by a realistic force law implemented in a molecular-dynamics algorithm together with a protocol for the distribution of water in the bulk. Axial-compression tests are simulated for granular samples at different levels of water content, and compared to experiments performed in similar conditions. We find good agreement between numerical and experimental data in terms of the rupture strength as a function of water content. Our results show the importance of the distribution of water for the mechanical behaviour.     

Submicron particle removal in post-oxide chemical–mechanical planarization (CMP) cleaning

Particle removal models for soft-pad buffing (the second-step polishing with DI water) and mechanical brush-cleaning processes are proposed and the removal forces are evaluated and compared with the average particle adhesion force to the oxide wafer surface resulting from the primary polishing (the first-step polishing with slurry). The hydrodynamic force due to the fluid flow is too small to remove slurry particles by itself and particles are most likely removed from the surfaces by the pad or brush asperity contact forces and the hydrodynamic drag force together. This conclusion is consistent with the experimental observations. Received: 25 January 1999 / Accepted: 18 May 1999 / Published online: 8 September 1999     

Effect of Laser Field and Mechanical Force on Deoxyribonucleic Acid Melting

We propose a physics method to study the effect of laser field and mechanical force on the melting process of double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid （DNA）. A two-dimensional lattice model is established for DNA molecules stuck on the surface, and the stretching energy of the hydrogen bond and stacking energy for each DNA molecule are calculated by using a nonlinear potential. A real-time algorithm is employed to deal with the dynamics process of DNA melting. Numerical results explain the experimental observations. The spatial distribution of the laser field determines the sequences of DNA melting. The simulation has shown the dependence of the final number of melted DNA on the laser field and mechanical force.     

How kinesins walk,assemble and transport: A birds-eye-view of some unresolved questions

Eukaryotic cells contain an intricate network of microtubule filaments inside. It provides the mechanical support for maintaining cell shape as well as a railway for intracellular traffic. A special class of ATP hydrolyzing enzymes bind microtubule inside the cells and ‘walk’ along the filament. Kinesins constitute a subset of these so called ‘motor’ proteins. These are a diverse set of proteins capable of converting the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis to mechanical force and move from one end of the cell to the other carrying a variety of different cargoes. Although the composition, structure and their force generating mechanism is understood in considerable detail, several questions regarding the mechanism of kinesin mediated transport remained unanswered. Here, in this review, I have provided a brief overview of kinesin structure and functions in different intracellular transports and highlighted some of the key unresolved issues.     

Numerical and experimental studies on the effects of stage risers

The acoustic effects of stage risers, especially on the sound of lower string instruments, are numerically and experimentally analyzed. To discuss the effects of the vibration of riser’s boards due to the mechanical force from an instrument, a structural-acoustical coupling approach is applied based on the mode expansion and the boundary element technique. Measurement results of the mechanical force from real instruments are used in the numerical study. The vibration of the top board of a riser affects the sound field only around the natural frequencies of the board and the cavity of the riser. In contrast, the acoustic diffraction due to the riser affects the sound field in a wide frequency range. The riser’s sideboard that faces to receiving points increases the sound pressure levels because it reflects waves diffracted at the riser’s edge to the front. To verify the numerical results, the effects of acoustic diffraction due to risers are especially investigated in detail through a scale model experiment.     

DNA based molecular motors

Most of the essential cellular processes such as polymerisation reactions, gene expression and regulation are governed by mechanical processes. Controlled mechanical investigations of these processes are therefore required in order to take our understanding of molecular biology to the next level. Single-molecule manipulation and force spectroscopy have over the last 15 years been developed into extremely powerful techniques. Applying these techniques to the investigation of proteins and DNA molecules has led to a mechanistic understanding of protein function on the level of single molecules. As examples for DNA based molecular machines we will describe single-molecule experiments on RNA polymerases as well as on the packaging of DNA into a viral capsid—a process that is driven by one of the most powerful molecular motors.     

Euler-Lagrange equation from nonlocal-in-time kinetic energy of nonconservative system

This Letter focuses on studying generalized Euler-Lagrange equation and Hamiltonian framework from nonlocal-in-time kinetic energy of nonconservative system. According to Suykens' approach, we extend his results and formulate some work related to the nonconservative system. With the Lagrangian and nonconservative force in nonlocal-in-time form, we obtain the higher order generalized Euler-Lagrange equation which leads to an extension of Newton's second law of motion. The Hamiltonian is studied in relation to the Lagrangian in the canonical phase space. Finally, the particle with nonconservative force case is studied and compared with quantum mechanical results. The extended equation gives a possible approach for understanding the connection between classical and quantum mechanics.     

Stochastic resonance in a stochastic bistable system subject to additive white noise and dichotomous noise

The stochastic resonance (SR) in a stochastic stable system driven by a static force and a periodic square-wave signal as well as by additive white noise and dichotomous noise is considered from the point of view of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It is found that the SNR exhibits SR behavior when it is plotted as a function of the noise strength of the white noise and dichotomous noise, as well as when plotted as a function of the static force. Moreover, the influence of the strength of the stochastic potential force and the correlation rate of the dichotomous noise is investigated.     

Finite element simulation for estimating the mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

A finite element simulation technique for estimating the mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes is developed. In the present modeling concept, individual carbon nanotube is simulated as a frame-like structure and the primary bonds between two nearest-neighboring atoms are treated as beam elements, the beam element properties are determined via the concept of energy equivalence between molecular dynamics and structural mechanics. As to the simulation of the interlayer van der Waals force which has intrinsic nonlinearity and complicated applying region, a simplifying method is proposed that the interlayer pressure caused by van der Waals force instead of the force itself is to be considered, and we make use of the linear part of the interlayer pressure near the equilibrium condition to avoid the nonlinearity in problem, then linear spring elements whose stiffness is determined by equivalent force concept can be utilized to simulate the interlayer van der Waals force such that significant modeling and computing effort is saved in performing the finite element analysis. Numerical examples for estimating the mechanical properties of nanotubes, such as axial and radial Young’s modulus, shear modulus, natural frequency, buckling load, etc., are presented to illustrate the accuracy of this simulation technique. By comparing to the results found in the literature and the possible analytical solutions, it shows that the obtained mechanical properties of nanotubes by the present method agree well with their comparable results. In addition, the relations between these mechanical properties and the nanotube size are also discussed.     

生物高分子的单分子物理研究

许多生物大分子通过机械力来调控其结构与生物功能。它们能够产生,感应,传递和响应力学信号,并且做出相应的构象变化。单分子力谱被广泛地用于表征这些生物分子在其生理环境下的构象变化,从而研究机械力对结构和功能的调控作用。我们将在这一综述中,总结不同生物大分子力谱与其结构之间的对应关系,和各种相互作用对生物大分子力学性能的贡献和调控。这些研究也使得基于原子力显微镜的单分子力谱成为一个多功能的研究工具,把传统的生物化学和生物物理拓展到单分子层面。     

Invited Review Nano-mechanics of proteins with possible applications

Results from recent work in the field of mechanical stretching of proteins and possible applications of the methodology developed in this field to nanotechnology are reviewed. A historical survey of this young and still emerging field starts from a short review of the foregoing work on nano-indentation, forced separation of interacting pairs of molecules, and bulk stretching of globular proteins, all using the atomic force microscope. Then a successful choice of titin, a giant muscle protein with tandemly repeated globular units, as a model protein in protein stretching work is reviewed. The work that was originated by the München group has had a strong impact on the promotion of this field as one of the recent foci in biophysics. After introducing major findings obtained from the work on titin and other proteins of similarly repeated modular structures, reports from our laboratory on the force–extension curves of bovine carbonic anhydrase II, a globular enzyme, and α -helical poly- L -glutamic acid are summarized. Finally several applications of force measurement methodologies to biochemical work are reviewed.     

Calculation of mechanical properties of human red cells based on electrically induced deformation experiments

A mathematical model is presented to calculate the couple of forces elongating a three-axial ellipsoidal cell within a high frequency nonuniform electric field. The force was calculated through numerical integration of the polarisation induced force density as a function of the geometrical parameters of human red blood cells. The parameters were taken from previous experiments using video microscopy. The resulting shear moduli are some what higher than those obtained from mechanical measurements, but are in acceptable agreement. Our approach demonstrates that at high field strength an isotropic membrane tension is reached. A mechanical breakdown of cells at high field strength is not compatible with our calculations.     

Measurement of the transfer function for a spoke cavity of C-ADS Injector I

The spoke cavities mounted in the China Accelerator Driven sub-critical System(C-ADS) have high quality factor(Q) and very small bandwidth,making them very sensitive to mechanical perturbations,whether external or self-induced.The transfer function is used to characterize the response of the cavity eigenfrequency to the perturbations.This paper describes a method to measure the transfer function of a spoke cavity.The measured Lorentz transfer function shows there are 206 Hz and 311 Hz mechanical eigenniodes excited by Lorentz force in the cavity of C-ADS,and the measured piezo fast tuner transfer function shows there are 12 mechanical eigenniodes from 0 to 500 Hz.According to these results,some effective measures have been taken to weaken the influence of helium pressure fluctuation,avoid mechanical resonances and improve the reliability of the RF system.     

Atomic force microscopy studies of chemical–mechanical processes on silicon(100) surfaces

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to examine chemical–mechanical processes on Si(100) surfaces. The AFM tip serves as a single asperity contact to exert tribological forces as well as an imaging tool. By scanning in chemically aggressive solutions, material removal can be observed directly. In the silicon system, high-force scans are used to remove oxide and initiate etching in selected locations, followed by low-force scans to image the resulting surfaces. Material removal rates were measured as a function of applied load, number of scans, solution composition, and time. In basic solution, places where the underlying silicon is exposed etch rapidly, producing structures 100 nm or less in size. Although the surface roughness initially increases during etching, the final surfaces are smooth. The oxide is extremely sensitive to applied stress: even very light scanning accelerates oxide dissolution. Once the oxide is removed, chemical etching proceeds through the underlying silicon with or without AFM scanning; but the silicon etches more rapidly if AFM scanning is continued, due to true chemical–mechanical (tribochemical) effects.