空气孔正方形排列的低损耗高双折射光子晶体光纤的数值模拟

提出了一种正方形排列渐增空气孔高双折射光子晶体光纤，并利用多极方法对光纤基模的模场分布、色散、双折射以及损耗特性进行了数值模拟.模拟结果表明利用这种结构可以在包层空气孔层数较少的情况下实现极低的限制损耗，通过调节内层空气孔的分布可以有效地控制光纤的双折射和色散特性.本结果对高双折射光子晶体光纤的制备具有一定的指导意义. 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 双折射 限制损耗 多极方法     

Phase and group modal birefringence of an index-guiding photonic crystal fibre with helical air holes

In this paper, we propose a novel photonic crystal fibre (PCF) with high phase birefringence and very low group birefringence. It is composed of a solid silica core and a cladding with helix-pattern air holes. Using a full-vector finite-element method, we study the phase and group modal birefringence of such PCF at various air-hole sizes, pitches and wavelengths. Owing to this innovative structure of air holes, a high phase to group modal birefringence rate is obtained. Its phase modal birefringence is as large as 10⁻⁴ magnitude; however, the group modal birefringence of this PCF is at 10⁻⁷-10⁻⁶. The phase birefringence is 2 orders of magnitude larger than group birefringence over a broad wavelength span, which means that the light with different polarization and effective index has almost a same group velocity. As a result, the group modal birefringence that closely relates to the polarization modal dispersion is negligible.     

Propagation properties of an index guiding high birefringence fibre

Based on a full-vector model, a theoretical study on a kind of high birefringence photonic crystal fibre is presented. Due to introducing air holes of two different sizes into the cladding, twofold rotational symmetry was obtained. We demonstrate the possibility of achieving high birefringence that is at least one order of magnitude higher than that of conventional polarization-maintaining fibres. The dependences of modal birefringence, modal field and differential group delay on the structure parameter of the fibres are discussed in detail. The numerical results are in very good agreement with the experimental results in the literature.     

Highly Birefringent Microstructure Fiber with Zero Dispersion Wavelength at 0.64 Micrometer

Abstract

In this article, we have designed a microstructure fiber, which consists of elliptical air holes at the core region. We have investigated its optical properties using finite difference time domain method. The fundamental mode of the proposed microstructure fiber can induce very high birefringence. It has been realized that the value of birefringence is mainly decided by the shape of the air holes present in the first and second rings. The zero dispersion wavelengths of both fast and slow axes have been shifted to 0.64 micrometer. The proposed birefringent microstructure fiber may be useful in optical communication and sensors.     

A polymer photonic crystal fiber with high and flattened birefringence

A novel high birefringence polymer photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is proposed in this work. This PCF is composed of a polymer core and a cladding with elliptical air holes and squeezed triangular lattice. The high birefringence is introduced on the combined effect of elliptical air holes and the squeezed lattice. Our numerical results based on the supercell lattice method indicate that the birefringence can reach as high as 0.0018 at 650 nm wavelength with a properly designed cladding structure. We also analyze the dependence of the birefringence on structure parameters. And we design a PCF that has high and flattened birefringence.     

Analysis of nonlinear PCF for birefringence application using FDTD method

The effect of ellipticity on birefringence in a hexagonal photonic crystal fiber having elliptical air holes with Kerr nonlinearity is investigated, with and without defect using finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations. It is found that the birefringence increases with the increase of ellipticity. Further this analysis is extended to a double defect structure, where two adjacent air holes are omitted horizontally from the hexagonal structure. This double defect structure is found to have more birefringence than the structure without defect. It is raveled that birefringence due to no defect is more for lower value of ellipticity; however at higher value of ellipticity, birefringence due to double defect is more than the one that could be due to no defect.     

孪生孔光子晶体光纤

在光子晶体光纤典型的空气孔三角形排布图案中,将每个空气孔替换为一对孪生空气孔对,孪生空气孔对之间有确定的间距和固定的轴向,并由其形成包层的基本单元.在端面中心位置缺失一孪生空气孔对,由高折射率的背景材料将光场束缚于此形成纤芯.在包层中所有的孪生空气孔对按照三角形规则均匀排列.在这种新型结构中,由于所有孪生空气孔对都具有相同轴向而使得两个正交方向上的折射率不对称,从而导致双折射效应.本文利用有限差分法进行数值计算,所设计孪生空气孔对光子晶体光纤在两个正交方向上的折射率差Δneff可达到10－4.孪生空气孔对结构参量可在一定程度上影响双折射效果,增大空气孔或减小孪生空气孔对内部间距都可在一定程度上增大双折射效应.     

Design of defect-core in highly birefringent photonic crystal fibers with anisotropic claddings

The influence of defect-core on the birefringence and confinement losses of rectangular-lattice photonic crystal fibers are investigated numerically by applying the multipole method. Numerical results illustrate that the birefringence in such fibers is determined not only by the arrangement of air holes in the cladding but also the shape of the core. It is found that asymmetry of the core represented by its rectangular shape implies a higher effective index of the mode that is parallel with the longer side of the rectangle, whereas the anisotropic rectangular-lattice cladding gives rise to just the opposite effect and thus the resulting birefringence can be controlled by a proper combinations of both mechanisms. In particular, effect of the asymmetry of the core on the birefringence is dominant for shorter wavelength. Increased birefringence and reduced confinement loss can be achieved, if we form the core by the omission of several air holes in a row to reduce its negative effect on the birefringence. On the other hand, when asymmetry is increased in the other direction, a negative birefringence at shorter wavelength can be achieved. This occurs due to the fact that asymmetry of the core at higher frequencies overcomes the effect of the asymmetric cladding. As a result, its possible to achieve zero birefringence in anisotropic cladding photonic crystal fiber with an asymmetric core.     

椭圆六角分布微结构光纤中的双折射

利用全矢量有限元方法,对椭圆六角对称分布微结构光纤(MF)的双折射特性进行了理论分析,得到了双折射大小与结构参量、入射波长间的依赖关系。分析表明:合理设计结构参量可得到10-3量级大小的双折射;微结构光纤的双折射对光波波长极其敏感,并出现随波长变化快慢轴交换的现象。采用统计的方法对双折射与微结构光纤空气孔直径随机变化的统计相关性进行了理论分析,假定空气孔直径为高斯分布,获得了双折射大小的平均值和标准偏差与随机变化孔径的统计关系。结果表明,由孔径分布不规则所产生的双折射的大小主要取决于空气孔直径的平均值。     

微结构聚合物光纤中高双折射可调效应研究

通过在纤芯附近引入两个直径较大的空气孔诱导纤芯局部双折射,在包层减小x方向的孔间隔诱导包层双折射,设计实现了一种高双折射随波长可调效应的微结构光纤.采用全矢量平面波方法,以聚合物甲基丙烯酸甲酯为基材,对其偏振特性和基模模场进行了研究.结果发现,该光纤基模双折射在光通信波段呈现两个最大值,且最大双折射大小和位置随光纤结构和波长的变化可以进行调节.通过调节光纤结构参数,模拟得到了该光纤具有高双折射和零偏振模色散的最佳设计参数. 关键词： 导波与光纤光学 双折射可调 聚合物 全矢量平面波法     

孔助光纤(Hole-assisted lightguide fiber)色散和双折射特性的研究

通过改变包层中空气孔的参数,孔助光纤（hole-assisted lightguide fiber）具有比传统光纤更容易调节的色散和双折射特性.采用有限差分法研究了包层空气孔数目、大小和位置等参数对孔助光纤色散和双折射特性的影响.数值计算结果表明：增加空气孔的数目和尺寸以及减小空气孔到纤芯的距离都能够使得零色散向短波长方向移动,减小空气孔与纤芯的距离有助于获得更大的双折射.     

Multiple defect-core hexagonal photonic crystal fiber with flattened dispersion and polarization maintaining properties

In this paper, we present a dispersion controlling technique with a multiple defect-core hexagonal photonic crystal fiber (MD-HPCF). By omitting air holes in the core region of the conventional HPCF and adjusting the size of air holes around the newly formed core, we can successfully design low flattened dispersion PCF with low confinement loss, as well as high birefringence. The low flattened dispersion feature, as well as the low confinement losses and high birefringence are the main advantages of the proposed PCF structure, making it suitable as chromatic dispersion controller, dispersion compensator, and/or polarization maintaining fiber.     

一种带葡萄柚空气孔的高双折射ZrF_4-BaF_2-LaF_3-AlF_3-NaF光子准晶光纤

提出了一种具有二重对称性的ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF(ZBLAN)氟化物玻璃基的光子准晶光纤.光纤结构是以ZBLAN氟化物玻璃为背景材料,外包层由圆形空气孔以正方形与正三角形分布组成的基本单元构成,在芯区两侧引入两个对称的葡萄柚空气孔,以增加光纤的双折射.应用全矢量有限元法,研究了光纤的双折射和限制损耗特性与结构参数的关系.通过优化光纤结构参数,在1800—2200 nm的波长范围内获得了具有单模传输特性的高双折射光纤,其模式双折射高达10-2,比普通保偏光纤高出两个数量级,与目前报道的采用椭圆空气孔微结构光纤获得的高双折射具有同样的量级.但与具有椭圆空气孔微结构光纤相比,提出的光纤结构更易于制作.研究结果为开辟2μm波段光器件的研究做出了有益的探索.     

Research on terahertz photonic crystal fiber characteristics with high birefringence

A new high birefringence photonic crystal fiber is proposed within the terahertz frequency region. It has two types of claddings, the inner is composed of six ellipse air holes arranged in a honeycomb array and the outer surrounded by circle holes. By using the full vector finite element method with anisotropic perfectly matched layers absorption boundary condition, the birefringence, chromatic dispersion and confinement loss of the fundamental mode are evaluated. The results show that the birefringence can achieve 10⁻³ when the wavelength increases from 600 μm to 900 μm. This structure will provide some reference value for the designing of high birefringence terahertz photonic crystal fiber.     

D-shape polymer optical fibres for surface plasmon resonance sensing

We experimentally studied three different D-shape polymer optical fibres with an exposed core for their applications as surface plasmon resonance sensors. The first one was a conventional D-shape fibre with no microstructure while in two others the fibre core was surrounded by two rings of air holes. In one of the microstructured fibres we introduced special absorbing inclusions placed outside the microstructure to attenuate leaky modes. We compared the performance of the surface plasmon resonance sensors based on the three fibres. We showed that the fibre bending enhances the resonance in all investigated fibres. The measured sensitivity of about 610 nm/RIU for the refractive index of glycerol solution around 1.350 is similar in all fabricated sensors. However, the spectral width of the resonance curve is significantly lower for the fibre with inclusions suppressing the leaky modes.     

基于椭圆孔包层和微型双孔纤芯的新型高双折射光子晶体光纤

设计了一种新型高双折射光子晶体光纤,即其包层引入椭圆形空气孔,且以三角晶格方式周期排列,纤芯引入亚波长尺寸(~0.16 μm)的微型双孔结构阵列.采用全矢量有限元法和各向异性完美匹配层边界条件分析了该型光子晶体光纤的双折射特性和色散特性,详细介绍了该光子晶体光纤在不同的椭圆率、椭圆归一化面积、微型双孔孔径、两小孔之间间距的情况下双折射和限制损耗随波长的变化曲线.模拟结果表明,通过同时在包层和纤芯引入非对称性,获得了较高的双折射(~10^-3量级)和极低(~10^-4 dB/km)的限制损耗.提供了一种新的光子晶体光纤设计方法,即通过同时在包层和纤芯引入新结构来同时获得高双折射和低损耗.     

单偏振光子晶体光纤

提出了一种能够在较宽波长范围内保持单偏振的光子晶体光纤,并利用频域有限差分法对其偏振特性进行了数值分析。在孔间距Λ取2.3μm,第一层较大空气孔直径dl取2.4μm,较小空气孔直径ds取1.4μm,包层中其它空气孔的直径d取0.6μm的条件下,这种单偏振光子晶体光纤在1.02-2.0μm波长范围内,保持较高的模式双折射。当较大空气孔直径dl取2.8μm,较小空气孔直径ds取1.4μm时,在1.35-2.0μm波长范围内,仅有一个偏振模能够存在,且波长1.31μm处的模式双折射度达到3.5×10-3。     

Designing Ultra-High-Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fibers with Circular Air Holes in the Cladding

Abstract

This article reports a new air-silica photonic crystal fiber structure of high birefringence (~10^?2). The birefringence is due to large axial anisotropy introduced in the fiber geometry by a preferred arrangement of circular air holes of different sizes in the cladding structure along orthogonal directions. A series study of birefringence and cut-off properties of the fiber that leads to optimization of geometrical parameters toward maximized birefringence achievable in the single-mode regime through this micro-structure is provided. Also, other inherently related modal properties of the fiber and the stack design toward preform realization are investigated. The findings should be useful in realizing high-performance high-birefringence fiber.     

Birefringence study of photonic crystal fibers by using the full-vectorial finite element method

Modal solutions of photonic crystal fibers with equal and unequal circular air holes in a hexagonal matrix are presented, by using a rigorous full-vectorial finite element-based approach. The effective indices, mode field profiles, spot-sizes, modal hybridness, modal birefringence and group velocity dispersion values have been determined and presented. The effects of the pitch-distance, hole diameter, structural asymmetry, air hole arrangement and the operating wavelength on the modal birefringence are also reported. It is shown that a significant value of birefringence can be achieved by using only circular air holes, which would be easy to fabricate, and by operating it close to its modal cutoff. PACS 42.81.Qb; 42.81.Gs; 42.25.Bs; 31.15.Pf     

菱形纤芯光子晶体光纤色散与双折射特性分析

针对光子晶体光纤多零色散点、高双折射的应用要求, 设计了一种新型结构的光子晶体光纤, 其纤芯由位于菱形四个角上的圆形空气孔组成. 通过有限元数值分析方法对该种结构光子晶体光纤的色散特性和双折射特性进行数值仿真, 得到色散与波长、色散与纤芯圆孔尺寸、双折射与波长、双折射与纤芯圆孔尺寸的关系. 研究结果表明:在满足光纤传输功率要求的条件下, 光纤的双折射在d₁<0.8 μupm 时的性能较好. 同时, 该种结构的光子晶体光纤在芯区直径满足d₁=0.4 μupm或 d₁=0.6 μupm时会出现两个零色散点, 这对进一步研制具有多零色散点的光子晶体光纤具有重要的意义.