炸药敏化剂的分子结构、电子结构和生成热的理论研究

在HF/6-31G*和B3LYP/6-31G*基组水平上, 对硝酸乙酯(EN)、硝酸正丙酯(NPN)、硝酸异丙酯(IPN)、硝酸异辛酯(EHN)和四甘醇二硝酸酯(TEGDN)五种炸药敏化剂进行理论计算, 研究了标题物的分子结构、电子结构和能量等方面的性质. 基于Mulliken布居和键长分析, 五种硝酸酯分子的热分解始于O2—N3键的断裂, 且由Mulliken电荷分布推知分子热解产生NO2气体. 在分析前线轨道能(EHOMO, ELUMO)和能量差(ΔE)的基础上对五种硝酸酯的相对热稳定性大小进行了评估. 由等键反应获得的EN、IPN、NPN、EHN和TEGDN的标准生成热分别是-155.972、-190.896、-175.279、-272.376和-790.733 kJ·mol-1.     

HTPB/增塑剂玻璃化转变温度及力学性能的分子动力学模拟

为了预测高分子粘结剂端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)与增塑剂癸二酸二辛酯(DOS)、硝化甘油(NG)的相容性及HTPB/增塑剂共混物的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)和力学性能,在COMPASS力场条件下采用分子动力学(MD)模拟方法对相容体系(HTPB-DOS)和不相容体系(HTPB-NG)进行了研究.结果表明,通过比较溶度参数差值(Δδ)的大小可以预测HTPB与增塑剂的相容性,即HTPB与DOS属于相容体系,而HTPB与NG不相容.通过温度-比容曲线可以得到HTPB、HTPB/DOS与HTPB/NG的Tg分别为197.54,176.30和200.03K.力学性能分析结果表明,添加DOS增塑剂后使HTPB的弹性模量(E),体积模量(K)和剪切模量(G)下降,材料刚性减弱,柔性增强,力学性能得到改善.本模拟方法可以作为预测聚合物/增塑剂共混物性能的有利工具,也可以为固体推进剂和高聚物粘结炸药的配方设计提供理论指导.     

端羟基聚丁二烯/增塑剂共混物相容性的分子动力学模拟

固体推进剂和炸药的力学性能在很大程度上依赖于配方中高分子粘结剂与增塑剂的相容性. 本文对相容和非相容两种体系进行了分子动力学(MD)模拟, 以考察分子模拟方法的实用性. 为预测固体推进剂中端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)与增塑剂癸二酸二辛酯(DOS)、硝化甘油(NG)的相容性, 采用MD模拟方法在COMPASS力场下, 对HTPB、DOS、NG和共混物HTPB/DOS、HTPB/NG的密度、内聚能密度及溶度参数等进行了模拟计算. 通过比较溶度参数差值(△δ)的大小、分子间径向分布函数和模拟前后体系密度变化情况均可以预测HTPB/DOS属于相容体系,而HTPB/NG属于不相容体系, 与实验结果一致. 径向分布函数分析同时揭示了HTPB/增塑剂组分之间的相互作用及本质. 本文的模拟方法可以作为预测聚合物与增塑剂相容性的有利工具, 也可以为固体推进剂和炸药的配方设计提供理论指导.     

端羟基聚丁二烯/增塑剂共混物相容性的分子动力学模拟和介观模拟

应用分子动力学(MD)和介观动力学(MesoDyn)模拟方法对固体推进剂中端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)与增塑剂癸二酸二辛酯(DOS)、硝化甘油(NG)的相容性进行了研究. 采用MD模拟方法在COMPASS力场下, 对纯物质、HTPB/增塑剂共混物的密度、内聚能密度、溶度参数和共混物分子间的Flory-Huggins作用参数及结合能等进行了模拟计算, 通过比较溶度参数差值(Δδ)的大小、模拟前后体系密度变化情况均可以预测HTPB与增塑剂的相容性, 结合能的分析揭示了HTPB/增塑剂共混物组分间的相互作用及本质. 将Flory-Huggins作用参数转化为MesoDyn模拟的输入参数, 采用MesoDyn模拟方法对HTPB/增塑剂共混体系的介观形貌与动力学演变过程进行了研究, 通过模拟得到的等密度图、自由能密度和有序度参数等可以判断共混体系的相容性. MD和MesoDyn模拟结果均表明: HTPB/DOS属于相容体系, 而HTPB/NG属于不相容体系, 其结论与实验结果一致.     

Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Triethylene Glycol Dinitrate

Introduction Triethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN) is a novel en-ergetic material containing two groups of NO2, which can be used as an energetic plasticizer ingredient in propellants because of its excellent proformance.1 It exhibits lower impact sensitivity, better thermostability, weaker poisonousness and volatility, and stronger effec-tiveness of plasticizing cellulose nitrate than nitroglyc-erine (NG). As a new plasticizer TEGDN has good ap-plication prospects in the near future. The…     

HTPB固体推进剂增塑剂选取分子模拟研究

固体推进剂中增塑剂要求同粘合剂体系相容性良好,并提高体系的低温性能.本文采用分子动力学(MD)方法,首先计算了端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)粘合剂及增塑剂癸二酸二辛酯(DOS)、己二酸二辛酯(DOA)、壬酸异癸酯(TOA)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)的溶度参数,以此从相容性角度选取推进剂增塑剂;计算数值基本吻合实验值,表明常用的增塑剂从相容性都能满足要求.其次模拟获取了HTPB及HTPB/增塑剂混合体系的比体积-温度关系得到了体系的玻璃化转变温度(Tg),揭示增塑剂对HTPB体系低温性能的影响.结果显示:(1)HTPB的Tg模拟值为202K,基本吻合实验值196K.(2)HTPB/DOS混合体系中,当增塑剂DOS的质量含量从12%、22%、29%到36%(摩尔含量分别为50%、66%、75%和90%)增加时,体系的Tg线性降低;TOA和DOP增塑的粘合剂体系(摩尔含量为75%)Tg也降低,而增塑剂DOA和DBP对体系的Tg影响不大.因此,基于相容性及提高粘合剂低温性能考虑,DOS、DOA和DOP作为HTPB的增塑剂优于TOA和DBP.     

四组分高能体系结合能和力学性能的分子动力学模拟

用分子动力学(MD)方法模拟研究了下列4种四组分高能混合体系的结合能和力学性能: 聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)/硝化甘油(NG)/1,2,4-丁三醇硝酸酯(BTTN)/二硝基偶氮氧化二呋咱(DNOAF)、GAP/ NG/ BTTN/三氢化铝(AlH₃)、聚乙二醇(PEG)/NG/BTTN/DNOAF和PEG/NG/BTTN/AlH₃. 结果表明, 在三组分粘合剂中加进DNOAF和AlH₃, 结合能均较大, 依次为45.35, 56.02, 48.75和65.96 kJ/kg, 预示体系稳定性和相容性均较好. 组分间的相互作用主要是非键力, 且含AlH₃体系的静电力更大, 其余体系以van der Waals力较大. 静态力学分析表明, 在4种混合体系中, PEG/NG/BTTN/AlH₃的拉伸模量、体模量(K)、剪切模量(G)、K/G 和柯西压(C₁₂－C₄₄)值均较大, 预示该体系的刚性、塑性和延展性均较好, 这可能与PEG的醚O和AlH₃的缺电子桥键之间存在特殊的配位键作用有关.     

硝化甘油在α-Al_2O_3(0001)和γ-Al_2O_3(110)表面吸附的理论计算

选取硝化甘油(NG)和氧化铝(Al_2O_3)分别作为推进剂中的含能增塑剂和燃料表面的模型,研究了含硝酸酯类增塑剂与推进剂中燃烧剂表面的微观作用机理.采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法和全电子双数值基组研究了NG在α-Al_2O_3(0001)和γ-Al_2O_3(110)表面的吸附作用.计算结果表明,NG可以在α-Al_2O_3(0001)和γ-Al_2O_3(110)表面发生强烈化学吸附;吸附导致相应的O—NO_2键被明显拉长并断裂,无能垒自发产生NO_2自由基,该解离过程放出大量的热,吸附能高达约175.7 kJ/mol;NG在完全羟基化的α-Al_2O_3(0001)和γ-Al_2O_3(110)表面上的吸附明显减弱,从强烈的化学吸附转变成以氢键作用为主的物理吸附,吸附能只有约50.0 kJ/mol;而在部分羟基化的α-Al_2O_3(0001)和γ-Al_2O_3(110)表面上可以同时发生物理吸附和化学吸附,且两种机制并不存在明显的协同或催化作用.     

柠檬酸镧催化双基推进剂的非等温热分解反应动力学

采用TG-DTG和DSC技术研究了含二缩三乙二醇二硝酸酯(TEGDN)和硝化甘油(NG)的混合酯、硝化棉(NC)和用作燃烧催化剂的柠檬酸镧组成的双基推进剂在常压和流动态氮气气氛下的非等温热分解反应动力学. 结果表明, 该双基推进剂的热分解过程存在2个失重阶段: 第I失重阶段为混合酯的挥发分解过程; 第II失重阶段为主放热分解反应, 机理服从三级化学反应, 减速型α-t曲线, 动力学参数: Ea=231.14 kJ·mol-1, A=10^23.29 s-1, 动力学方程为dα/dt=10^22.99(1-α)³ e^-2.78×104/T. 由外推起始点温度(Te)和峰顶温度(Tp)计算得出该双基推进剂的热爆炸临界温度值分别为Tbe=463.62 K, Tbp=477.88 K. 反应的活化熵(⊿S^≠)、活化焓(⊿H^≠)和活化能(⊿G^≠)分别为219.75 J·mol-1·K-1, 239.23 kJ·mol-1和135.96 kJ·mol-1.     

二乙酸甘油酯封端的齐聚L-丙交酯增塑改性聚L-丙交酯薄膜

以二乙酸甘油酯(GD)引发L-丙交酯(LLA)开环聚合合成了二乙酸甘油酯封端的齐聚L-丙交酯(OGLA),并以此为增塑剂,以溶液共混法制备了OGLA与高分子量聚L-丙交酯(PLLA)的共混膜.采用DSC研究了共混膜的T_g和结晶性变化,考察了共混膜的力学性能和渗出性.结果表明:随着OGLA含量的增加,共混物T_g下降,结晶度降低,柔性提高;与聚乳酸相比,随着OGLA含量的增加,拉伸强度、弹性模量有一定程度降低,但断裂伸长率有较大程度的提高,力学性能得到较好的平衡;OGLA增塑体系与GD增塑体系相比较,优势在于避免了小分子增塑剂的渗出.     

Semimicro spectrophotometric determination of nitroglycerine in propellants by use of 2,4-xylenol

A semimicro spectrophotometric method using 2,4-xylenol is proposed for the determination of nitroglycerine in propellants. The propellant is extracted with methylene chloride, the extract is diluted, and a 10-ml aliquot is evaporated just to dryness. Then 2,4-xylenol reagent and 63% v/v sulphuric acid are added to hydrolyse the nitroglycerine to nitrate and form 6-nitro-2,4-xylenol which is steam-distilled in a Parnas-Wagner Kjeldahl distillation apparatus into a water-ammonia-isopropyl alcohol mixture. The absorbance of the yellow solution of the anion of the 6-nitro-2,4-xylenol is measured. The calibration curve is prepared from potassium nitrate and an empirical factor (5.50) is used to convert from nitrogen content to nitroglycerine (the theoretical factor is 5.40). The 2,4-xylenol should be added before the sulphuric acid in order to prevent interference from diphenylamine and ethyl centralite. The method is designed for the usual nitrocellulose double-base propellants containing 8-50% of nitroglycerine.     

Molecular dynamics and quantum chemical studies on nitroglycerine

A constant temperature molecular dynamics study has been performed on PM3 (RHF) geometry optimized nitroglycerine molecule. The dynamics was carried out by using MM+ method at 550 K which is above the explosion point of nitroglycerine. Some molecular orbital characteristics of nitroglycerine at elevated temperatures were computed.     

Effect of MnC2O4 nanoparticles on the thermal decomposition of TEGDN/NC propellant

The effect of MnC₂O₄ nanoparticles on the thermal decomposition of double-base propellant composed of nitrocellulose (NC) and triethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN) has been investigated by TG/DSC?CMS?CFTIR coupling technique. The results show that the decomposition of TEGDN/NC propellant has two stages, the first stage is the volatility and decomposition of TEGDN, the second is the decomposition of NC. The addition of MnC₂O₄ nanoparticles gets the onset temperature of first stage higher, and makes the activation energy of decomposition of TEGDN grow by about 20?C30?kJ/mol. The catalytic also accelerates the total weight loss, and makes the peak temperatures of DSC curves higher. The activation energy of the second stage has a decrease of 20?C40?kJ/mol. MS and FTIR analysis show that the catalyst gets the gas products of macromolecular significantly reduce, while small molecules increase significantly. It also results in the decrease of H₂O, N₂O, and NO₂, and the increase of NO and HCN. Above all, the catalytic improves the thermal stability of TEGDN/NC propellant, make it more safety in storage, and make the decomposition easier and more thorough in main reaction zone.     

A theoretical study of explosive sensitizers

Quantum chemical calculations at the HF/6-31G^* and B3LYP/6-31G^* levels have been performed on five explosive sensitizers, ethyl nitrate (EN), n-propyl nitrate (NPN), isopropyl nitrate (IPN), 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) and tetraethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN). Theoretical study has made a detailed molecular-level investigation of the title compounds. Based on the Mulliken populations and bond lengths, the fission of the O₂–N₃ can be acceptable reasonably. Charge distribution analysis indicates that the five nitrates produce NO₂ gas during the dissociation of the O₂–N₃ weak bond. We also order the relative thermal stability of five nitrates on the basis of frontier orbital energy (E _HOMO, E _LUMO) and energy gap (ΔE = E _HOMO − E _LUMO).     

THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC NITRATES IN PHYTOCHROME-CONTROLLED GERMINATION OF Paulownia tomentosa SEEDS

The long light irradiation requirement in Paulownia tomentosa (empress tree) seeds can be substituted by organic nitrates such as nitroglycerine, isosorbide di- and mononitrate, and pentaerythri-tyl tetranitrate and a pulse of red light (5 min). The most effective was nitroglycerine (0.1 mM). Its effect depended on the time of application, i.e. a simultaneous presence of P_fr and these compounds was required. The effect decreased with delayed time of application after red light pulse. In seeds imbibed in nitroglycerine, an escape from far-red light reversible action was similar to that obtained for seeds which can be induced to germinate by a brief exposure to red light. However, the application of nitroglycerine to seeds after a far-red light pulse was ineffective. The effectiveness of organic nitrates also depended on the number of nitro groups in the compound. Isosorbide mononitrate was less effective than isosorbide dinitrate. Substances with structures similar to nitroglycerine, such as glycerol and glyceryl triacetate, in combination with the pulse of red light, failed to reduce the long light requirement.     

Preparation of PMMA/mesoporous diatomite nanocomposites by in situ SR&;NI ATRP

The catalytic effect of lead oxide nano- and microparticles (PbO) on the thermal behavior and decomposition kinetics of energetic formulations composed of nitrocellulose (NC), triethyleneglycol dinitrate (TEGDN) and diaminoglyoxime (DAG) was investigated by simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that lead oxide nano- and microparticles could significantly alter thermal pattern of the studied energetic compositions. The effect of lead oxide content on thermal behavior of energetic compositions was also studied, and the results revealed that addition of different amounts of lead oxide caused to shift in the DSC peaks. Moreover, the catalyst decreases activation energy of the decomposition stage of energetic composition at about 20–40 kJ mol^?1. However, the catalyst enhances decomposition temperature of TEGDN/NC/DAG energetic compositions. By the aid of DSC data resulted by non-isothermal methods, the thermokinetic parameters such as activation energy (E _a), frequency factor (A), the critical ignition temperature of thermal explosion, the self-accelerating decomposition temperature (T _SADT) and also thermodynamic parameters of the studied energetic compositions were calculated and compared.     

Thermal Behavior,Nonisothermal Decomposition Reaction Kinetics of Mixed Ester Double-base Gun Propellants

The thermal decomposition behavior and nonisothermal reaction kinetics of the double-base gun propellants containing the mixed ester of triethyleneglycol dinitrate（TEGDN） and nitroglycerin（NG） were investigated by thermogravimetry（TG） and differential thermogravimetry（DTG）, and differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） under the high-pressure dynamic ambience. The results show that the thermal decomposition processes of the mixed nitric ester gun propellants have two mass-loss stages. Nitric ester evaporates and decomposes in the first stage, and nitrocellulose and centralite II（C2） decompose in the second stage. The mass loss, the DTG peak points, and the terminated temperatures of the two stages are changeable with the difference of the mass ratio of TEGDN to NG. There is only one obvious exothermic peak in the DSC curves under the different pressures. With the increase in the furnace pressure, the peak temperature decreases, and the decomposition heat increases. With the increase in the content of TEGDN, the decomposition heat decreases at 0.1 MPa and rises at high pressure. The variety of mass ratio of TEGDN to NG makes few effect on the exothermic peak temperatures in the DSC curves at different pressures. The kinetic equation of the main exothermal decomposition reaction of the gun propellant TG0601 was determined as： dα/dt=1021.59（1-α）3e-2.60×104/T. The reaction mechanism of the process can be classified as chemical reaction. The critical temperatures of the thermal explosion（Tbe and Tbp） obtained from the onset temperature（Te） and the peak temperature（Tp） are 456.46 and 473.40 K, respectively. ΔS≠, ΔH≠, and ΔG≠ of the decomposition reaction are 163.57 J·mol^-1·K^-1, 209.54 kJ·mol^-1, and 133.55 kJ·mol^-1, respectively.     

硝酸酯分子几何构型的量子化学研究

运用MINDO / 3、MNDO 和AM1 三种半经验分子轨道(MO)方法, 通过SCF计算, 首次系统地获得了32个硝酸酯化合物分子的全优化几何构型。三种方法的计算结果与已报道的四个化合物(硝酸甲酯、吉纳、硝化甘油和太安)的实验结果相比, AM1法较好。所有硝酸酯的酯基(-ONO~2)具有近似不变的几何参数。直链烷基硝酸酯的键长和键角极为相近, 全部重原子均共平面。二元直链和四元硝酸酯具有对称的分子构型。