Application of SINDO1 to sulphur compounds

SINDO1 calculations are presented for ground state geometries, heats of formation, ionization potentials and dipole moments. These calculations are based on a new parametrization of SINDO1 for second-row elements which features inclusion of 3d orbitals and zero point energies. The comparison shows an improvement over MNDO, especially for hypervalent sulphur compounds.     

Application of SINDO1 to phosphorus compounds

SINDO1 calculations are presented for ground state geometries, heats of formation, ionization potentials and dipole moments. These calculations are based on a new parametrization of SINDO1 for second-row elements which features inclusion of 3d orbitals and zero point energies. The comparison shows an improvement over MNDO, especially for hypervalent phosphorus compounds.     

Application of SINDO1 to silicon,aluminum, and magnesium compounds

SINDO1 calculations are presented for ground state geometries, heats of formation, ionization potentials and dipole moments of silicon, aluminum and magnesium compounds. These calculations are based on a new parametrization of SINDO1 for second-row elements. Important features are the inclusion of 3d orbitals and the explicit evaluation of zero point energies. A comparison with MNDO data is presented.     

Application of SINDO1 to chlorine and sodium compounds

SINDO1 calculations are presented for ground state geometries, heats of formation, ionization potentials and dipole moments of chlorine and sodium compounds. These calculations are based on a new parametrization of SINDO1 for second-row elements which features inclusion of 3d orbitals and zero point energies. The comparison shows a substantial improvement over MNDO in geometries and heats of formation of hypervalent compounds and ionization potentials, whereas other properties are of similar quality.     

Structure and properties of small silicon and aluminum clusters

Small Si_n and Al_n clusters (n = 3–10) were studied with the semiempirical molecular orbital method (MO) method SINDO1. For each n, various structures were optimized to determine the most stable structure. To obtain good qualitative agreement with available ab initio calculations d orbitals had to be omitted from the basis set. Both silicon and aluminum tend to build three-dimensional structures rather than two- or one-dimensional structures, except for n = 3 or 4. The structure growth was studied by approaching various sites of stable structures with one or more atoms. It was found that silicon and aluminum exhibit different structure growth, and consequently, different most-stable structures. Ionization potentials, HOMO -LUMO energy differences, binding energies per atom, and average atomic valencies are presented.     

Electronic structure of crystalline uranium nitride: LCAO DFT calculations

The results of electronic structure calculations performed for the first time for crystalline uranium nitride and using a LCAO basis are discussed. For calculations we used the density functional method with the PW91 exchange correlation potential and a variety of relativistic core potentials for the uranium atom. The calculated atomization energy of the crystal agrees well with the experimental data and with the results of calculations with the plane wave basis. It is shown that a chemical bond in crystalline uranium nitride is a metal covalent bond. The metal component of the bond is due to the 5f electrons localized on the uranium atom and having energies near the Fermi level and the bottom of the conduction band. The covalent component of the chemical bond results from an overlap between the uranium 6d and 7s valence orbitals and the nitrogen 2p atomic orbitals. Inclusion of the 5f electrons in the core of the uranium atom introduces relatively minor changes in the calculated binding energy and electron density distribution.     

Bonding in heteronuclear transition-metal diatomics: NbIr

Bonding in transition-metal molecules presents novel features: (i) s electron bonding is overcome by multiple d electron bonding, (ii) intraatomic exchange favoring atomic magnetization competes with bonding that tends to pair the electrons, and (iii) in the heteronuclear dimers, the ionic terms may be important due to strong charge-transfer effects. The NbIr heteronuclear diatomic molecule shows all these features clearly. The cellular multiple scattering-x_αβ calculation presented in this paper shows the ground state to correspond to antiferromagnetic coupling between the highly magnetic Nb atom and the Ir atom. A one-electron charge transfer from Nb to Ir was found; the result is an ionic structure, Nb⁺Ir^?, for the dimer. The computed equilibrium distance, 4.100 a.u., corresponds to a region where d bonding strongly overcomes the s bonding, which alone would have stabilized the molecule at 5.950 a.u. At intermediate interatomic separations, 5.35 a.u., the NbIr system has a state in which all molecular orbitals are bonding with a high hybridization between the ns and (n ? 1)d electrons of each atom, resulting in a (almost entirely) covalent high multiple-bond formation for this meta-stable state of the dimer.     

Crystal-field splittings and optical spectra of transition-metal mixed-ligand complexes by effective Hamiltonian method

Many of the important properties of transition-metal complexes depend on the low-energy excitation spectrum formed by d-electrons of the central transition-metal atom. The spectra of this type are usually fit to the well-known crystal field theory or to the angular overlap model. The result of the fitting is a set of parameters which are considered as characteristics of the electronic structure of the complex such as strength of the ligand field or types and extent of metal-ligand bonding. We present here a short account of the effective Hamiltonian method recently developed to calculate the splitting of the d-levels by the ligands and the resulting d-d spectra of transition-metal complexes together with some results of its application to the mixed-ligand complexes with the general formula ML₄Z₂, where M = V, Co, Ni; L = H₂O, NH₃, Py; and Z = H₂O, NCS−,C −l. Particular attention is paid to the V(H₂O)₄Cl₂ and Co(H₂O)₄Cl₂ compounds. The former seems to have tetragonal structure, whereas for the latter, our method predicts a spatially degenerate ground state for the tetragonal arrangement of the ligands. That must lead to the Jahn-Teller distortion, which is actually observed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Theoretical investigation on the GaH molecule and its positive ion

The gallium monohydride (GaH) molecule and its positive ion were theoretically investigated by abinitio molecular orbital calculations with a flexible basis set including g-type functions on the Ga atom. Electron correlations among not only the valence electrons of Ga 4s4p and H 1s but also the semi-core electrons of Ga 3d were incorporated by a size-consistent scheme of the coupled pair approximation. The contribution of the 3d electron correlation was found to be considerable on spectroscopic constants of both GaH and GaH⁺, especially on the bond length. Received: 25 July 1997 / Accepted: 13 November 1997     

Transition metal complexes with open d-shell in semiempirical context. Application to analysis of Mössbauer data on spin–active iron(II) compounds

With use of cumulants of two-electron density matrices semiempirical methods are analyzed from a point of view of their suitability to describe qualitative features of electronic correlation important for calculation of electronic structure of the transition metal complexes (TMC). It is shown that traditional semiempirical methods relying upon the Hartree–Fock–Roothaan form of the trial wave function suffer from a structural deficiency not allowing them to distinguish the energies of the atomic multiplets of the TMCs' d-shells. On the other hand, the effective Hamiltonian of the crystal field (EHCF) previously proposed by the authors is shown to be suitable for further parameterization and has been successfully applied for calculations on polyatomic TMCs. Here we describe in details its recent modifications performed in relation to the SINDO/1 parameterization scheme and present the results of the calculations on spin-active Fe(II) complexes with nitrogen-containing polydentate ligands in relation with interpretation of the Mössbauer measurements performed on these complexes.     

Development and parametrization of sindo1 for second-row elements

The semiempirical MO method SINDO 1 is extended to second-row atoms from sodium to chlorine. The basis set has a provision to include d orbitals. To retain rotational invariance in a d orbital set, a number of hybrid integrals has to be included that invalidate the zero differential overlap (ZDO ) assumption even in a symmetrically orthogonalized basis set. The inclusion of d orbitals rendered the set-up of integral calculation of the original INDO method impractical. Instead of one subroutine for each integral, all explicitly calculated integrals (overlap, core, electronic repulsion) are now contained in a single subroutine under unifying aspects. The parametrization scheme includes pseudopotentials and adjusts the total energy under inclusion of zero point energies to experimental heats of formation of ground states. The vibrational frequencies for the calculation of zero point energies are obtained from calculated force constants and G matrix elements by a scaling procedure. The results for geometries, energies, and dipole moments are compared with MNDO data.     

Redox-Switchable Behavior of Transition-Metal Complexes Supported by Amino-Decorated N-Heterocyclic Carbenes

The coordination chemistry of the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand IMes^(NMe2)2, derived from the well-known IMes ligand by substitution of the carbenic heterocycle with two dimethylamino groups, was investigated with d⁶ [Mn(I), Fe(II)], d⁸ [Rh(I)], and d¹⁰ [Cu(I)] transition-metal centers. The redox behavior of the resulting organometallic complexes was studied through a combined experimental/theoretical study, involving electrochemistry, EPR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. While the complexes [CuCl(IMes^(NMe2)2)], [RhCl(COD)(IMes^(NMe2)2)], and [FeCp(CO)₂ (IMes^(NMe2)2)](BF₄) exhibit two oxidation waves, the first oxidation wave is fully reversible but only for the first complex the second oxidation wave is reversible. The mono-oxidation event for these complexes occurs on the NHC ligand, with a spin density mainly located on the diaminoethylene NHC-backbone, and has a dramatic effect on the donating properties of the NHC ligand. Conversely, as the Mn(I) center in the complex [MnCp(CO)₂ ((IMes^(NMe2)2)] is easily oxidizable, the latter complex is first oxidized on the metal center to form the corresponding cationic Mn(II) complex, and the NHC ligand is oxidized in a second reversible oxidation wave.     

Local many-electron states in transition metal oxides and their surface complexes with atomic and molecular oxygen

The local many-electron states in transition metal oxides (TMOs) are considered in the framework of the effective Hamiltonian of the crystal field (EHCF) method. The calculations are performed with use of the 5×5×5 clusters modeling TMOs with the rock salt crystal structure. The d-d excitation spectra are calculated and discussed with the aim of interpreting the experimental data on optical adsorption and electron energy loss spectra. The EHCF method is extended to account for the electron correlation in the d-shell and some electronic variables of ligands simultaneously. This approach is used to calculate the states of atomic and molecular oxygen on the surfaces of the TMOs. The possible role of geometric parameters of the adsorption complex is evaluated. The metal-oxygen distance and the exit of the metal ion from the surface plane are varied in a wide range. In the case of molecular oxygen different coordination forms are considered and for all adsorption systems the weights of different oxygen states (triplet, singlet, and charge transfer) are estimated.     

Hylleraas–Configuration Interaction calculations on the 11S ground state of helium atom

Hylleraas–Configuration Interaction (Hy–CI) calculations on the ground 1¹S state of helium atom are presented using s-, p-, d-, and f-Slater orbitals of both real and complex form. Techniques of construction of adapted configurations, optimization of the orbital exponents, and structure of the wave function expansion are explored. A new method to evaluate the two-electron kinetic energy integrals occurring in the Hy–CI method has been tested in this work and compared with other methods. The non-relativistic Hy–CI energy values are ≈10 picohartree accurate, about 2.2 × 10^?6 cm^?1. The Hy–CI calculations are compared with Configuration Interaction (CI) and Hylleraas (Hy) calculations employing the same orbital basis set, same computer code, and same computer machines. The computational required times are reported.     

Nodal surfaces of the wave functions of the hydrogen molecule in the triplet state 3Σu +

For molecular hydrogen in the triplet state ³Σ_u ⁺, the nodal surfaces of the wave function corresponding to the minimum basis set of Slater orbitals in the Hartree—Fock approximation and those of the wave function used in calculations by the diffusion quantum Monte Carlo method were plotted and analyzed. Taking account of the condition for antisymmetrical wave function of the triplet state ³ S of He atom, the Hartree-Fock approximation in the minimum basis set of one-electron orbitals is inappropriate for a priori determination of the nodal surfaces of many-electron wave functions (MWF). An MWF quantum chemical method developed by the authors is outlined. The alternative nodal surfaces for H₂ (³Σ_u ⁺) a priori specified in this method are presented.     

Quantum-chemical study of the geometric and electronic structure of the CoC2 molecule

DFT (B3LYP) calculations have been performed to study the CoC₂ molecule in its different geometric conformations and electronic states. The energies have been refined using ab initio multiconfigurational CASSCF/CASPT2 calculations. Both approaches are in a good semi-quantitative agreement between themselves and predict the symmetric triangular (C_2v) structure to be more stable than the linear (C_∞v) conformation. The ground state has been found to be a quartet, which can formally be regarded as an ionic Co²⁺–C₂²⁻ complex, resulting from a transfer of the two 4s electrons of the cobalt atom to the 3σ_g orbital of the C₂ ligand and distributing the remaining seven valence electrons over the split 3d orbitals.     

Ab initio calculations,using a small Gaussian basis set,of the electronic structure of the sulphate ion

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations of the electronic structure of the sulphate ion have been performed in which three Gaussian-type functions are used to simulate each member of a minimal basis of Slater-type orbitals. Comparative calculations on H₂S show that such a basis excellently reproduces the properties of the valence electrons given by calculations in a Slater basis. The expansion of the basis by the addition of sulphur 3d orbitals results in a large decrease in the molecular energy (1 a.u.) and has a pronounced effect on the ordering and energy of the molecular orbitals. The results of a number of semiempirical schemes are discussed in the light of these results.