共价有机框架(COFs)材料的结构控制及其在环境化学中的应用

近年来,共价有机框架(COFs)材料因其稳定的结构、高比表面积、大孔隙率、可修饰结构和易于功能化而受到了科学家们的广泛关注。通过控制COFs材料的孔径、形状和链接方式以及后合成修饰,功能性COFs材料在气体储存分离、传感器和药物传输等领域发挥了越来越重要的作用。尤其在环境化学领域,COFs材料的研究和应用已成为一热门课题。本文综述了COFs材料的结构控制、分类以及在环境污染物检测和去除中的应用,包括对重金属离子、放射性核素、有机污染物和气体污染物的吸附和催化等。通过改变构筑单体的大小和形状、引入特殊官能团和活性位点等方法,可以增强污染物与COFs材料的相互作用(氢键相互作用、π-π相互作用和范德华力等),使COFs材料在环境领域应用中有优异的表现。本文最后展望了COFs材料在环境领域的应用前景和今后的研究方向,希望能为该领域的研究提供参考。     

共价有机框架材料在固定化酶及模拟酶领域的应用

共价有机框架(Covalent Organic Frameworks, COFs)是一类由轻质元素通过可逆共价键连接而成的晶型多孔有机材料。因具有高比表面积、低密度、规则的孔隙和易于功能化等独特的性能和结构,COFs在气体吸附、化学传感和非均相催化等领域有着广泛的应用前景。近年来,COFs逐渐显现出在固定化酶和模拟酶领域的应用潜力,由于可以轻松定制COF上的官能团以保持COF与酶之间的特定相互作用,因此COF成为有吸引力的酶固定基质。此外,COF的连续且封闭的开放通道为渗透酶提供了良好的微环境。同时,探索了COF模拟酶的特征,通过“从下到上”的方法或后修饰策略设计了COF模拟酶。这不仅扩展了固定化酶载体材料的研究和应用范围,还为模拟酶仿生催化提供了新的研究思路。本文综述了COFs固定化酶和作为纳米材料模拟酶(纳米酶)在生物催化领域的研究进展,详细讨论了COFs载体的合成和功能化策略、固定化酶方式,以及COFs纳米酶的设计理念、催化活性和选择性等内容。最后总结了目前COFs在酶催化领域所面临的挑战和未来发展的机遇。     

Vinylene-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) with Symmetry-Tuned Polarity and Photocatalytic Activity

The polarity of a semiconducting molecule affects its intrinsic photophysical properties, which can be tuned by varying the molecular geometry. Herein, we developed a D_3h-symmetric tricyanomesitylene as a new monomer which could be reticulated into a vinylene-linked covalent organic framework (g-C₅₄N₆-COF) via Knoevenagel condensation with another D_3h-symmetric monomer 2,4,6-tris(4′-formyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine. Replacing tricyanomesitylene with a C_2v-symmetric 3,5-dicyano-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine gave a less-symmetric vinylene-linked COF (g-C₅₂N₆-COF). The octupolar conjugated characters of g-C₅₄N₆-COF were reflected in its scarce solvatochromic effects either in ground or excited states, and endowed it with more promising semiconducting behavior as compared with g-C₅₂N₆-COF, such as enhanced light-harvesting and excellent photo-induced charge generation and separation. Along with the matched energy level, g-C₅₄N₆-COF enabled the two-half reactions of photocatalytic water splitting with an average O₂ evolution rate of 51.0 μmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹ and H₂ evolution rate of 2518.9 μmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹. Such values are among the highest of state-of-the-art COF photocatalysts.     

共价有机框架材料的发展与应用:气体存储、催化与化学传感

共价有机框架材料（Covalent Organic Frameworks,COFs）是由有机结构单元通过共价键连接的具有周期性结构的多孔化合物。作为一类新型的结晶性有机多孔材料,由于其密度低、比表面积大、孔隙率高、结晶度好、稳定性高及结构单元可设计等特点受到科学界的广泛关注,在气体吸附与分离、光电、催化、药物传递、储能及化学传感与色谱分离等领域表现出良好的应用前景。本文对COFs材料的发展与应用研究进展进行了简要的综述,对COFs应用中尚待解决的问题进行了总结并对未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

Ionothermal Synthesis of Imide-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an extensively studied class of porous materials, which distinguish themselves from other porous polymers in their crystallinity and high degree of modularity, enabling a wide range of applications. COFs are most commonly synthesized solvothermally, which is often a time-consuming process and restricted to well-soluble precursor molecules. Synthesis of polyimide-linked COFs (PI-COFs) is further complicated by the poor reversibility of the ring-closing reaction under solvothermal conditions. Herein, we report the ionothermal synthesis of crystalline and porous PI-COFs in zinc chloride and eutectic salt mixtures. This synthesis does not require soluble precursors and the reaction time is significantly reduced as compared to standard solvothermal synthesis methods. In addition to applying the synthesis to previously reported imide COFs, a new perylene-based COF was also synthesized, which could not be obtained by the classical solvothermal route. In situ high-temperature XRPD analysis hints to the formation of precursor–salt adducts as crystalline intermediates, which then react with each other to form the COF.     

共价有机框架的合成及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用研究进展

共价有机框架(covalentorganicframeworks,COFs)是近年来开发的一种由有机单元连接而成的高结晶性多孔聚合物,由于具有良好的孔隙率、模块性、结晶性和生物相容性等特点在肿瘤治疗中显示出了良好的应用前景.本综述总结了已报道的COFs制备方法,包括溶剂热合成法、机械化学合成法、微波合成法、离子热合成法、界面合成法、室温合成法和纳米尺度COFs的合成方法,并根据对肿瘤作用机理的差异,将用于肿瘤治疗的COFs纳米载药系统归纳为药物化疗、光热治疗、光动力学治疗和联合治疗.此外还讨论了COFs在肿瘤治疗领域所面临的主要挑战和发展趋势.     

Conjugated Polyelectrolytes: Synthesis,Photophysics, and Applications

Ionic polymers in action : Conjugated polyelectrolytes are an emerging class of multifunctional polymers that feature π‐conjugated backbones festooned with ionic solubilizing groups. These materials have been exploited in a number of applications, including fluorescent biosensors, polymer light‐emitting diodes, and polymer solar cells. MV²⁺=methylviologen

     

Homochiral Covalent Organic Frameworks for Asymmetric Catalysis

Owing to their permanent porosity, highly ordered and extended structure, good chemical stability, and tunability, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as a new type of organic materials that can offer various applications in different fields. Benefiting from the huge database of organic reactions, the required functionality of COFs can be readily achieved by modification of the corresponding organic functional groups on either polymerizable monomers or established COF frameworks. This striking feature allows homochiral covalent organic frameworks (HCCOFs) to be reasonably designed and synthesized, as well as their use as a unique platform to fabricate asymmetric catalysts. This contribution provides an overview of new progress in HCCOF-based asymmetric catalysis, including design, synthesis, and their application in asymmetric organic synthesis. Moreover, major challenges and developing trends in this field are also discussed. It is anticipated that this review article will provide some new insights into HCCOFs for heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis and help to encourage further contributions in this young but promising field.     

共价有机框架材料催化剂

共价有机框架材料（covalent organic frameworks, COF）是功能材料领域研究的热点之一。COF具有孔道结构高度有序、孔径可调、比表面积较大、合成方法多样和易于功能化修饰等优点,是一类新兴的多相催化剂。目前,COF催化剂主要设计思路是：基于“自下而上”策略将非金属催化活性中心嵌入材料骨架来构筑本征型COF催化剂,或者以COF为载体,通过后修饰方式负载金属颗粒或离子构建多相催化剂。鉴于COF以上优势,预计COF催化剂在多相催化和手性催化领域中的应用也将取得更大的进展。本文综述了COF催化剂的合成和功能化策略,并展望了COF在多相催化领域中的应用前景。     

Covalent Organic Frameworks and Cage Compounds: Design and Applications of Polymeric and Discrete Organic Scaffolds

Porous organic materials are an emerging class of functional nanostructures with unprecedented properties. Dynamic covalent assembly of small organic building blocks under thermodynamic control is utilized for the intriguingly simple formation of complex molecular architectures in one‐pot procedures. In this Review, we aim to analyze the basic design principles that govern the formation of either covalent organic frameworks as crystalline porous polymers or covalent organic cage compounds as shape‐persistent molecular objects. Common synthetic procedures and characterization techniques will be discussed as well as more advanced strategies such as postsynthetic modification or self‐sorting. When appropriate, comparisons are drawn between polymeric frameworks and discrete organic cages in terms of their underlying properties. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of these materials for applications ranging from gas storage to catalysis and organic electronics.     

二维共价有机框架材料的可控合成及其光催化应用研究进展

通过模拟自然界光合作用, 将太阳能转化为方便存储的化学能是缓解未来能源短缺和环境污染问题的理想途径之一. 二维共价有机框架材料(2D COFs)是近年来发展起来的一类新型有机半导体材料, 具有结晶度高、结构精确以及化学组分灵活可调等优势, 在光催化领域展现出巨大应用潜力, 受到了研究者们的广泛关注. 对2D COFs的可控制备以及电子结构调控方法进行了系统总结, 并重点介绍了它们在光催化水分解、CO₂还原以及H₂O₂合成领域的最近研究进展, 讨论了材料结构和催化性能之间的关系, 最后对2D COFs在光催化应用领域存在的机遇和挑战进行了展望.     

Ionothermal Synthesis of Imide‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an extensively studied class of porous materials, which distinguish themselves from other porous polymers in their crystallinity and high degree of modularity, enabling a wide range of applications. COFs are most commonly synthesized solvothermally, which is often a time‐consuming process and restricted to well‐soluble precursor molecules. Synthesis of polyimide‐linked COFs (PI‐COFs) is further complicated by the poor reversibility of the ring‐closing reaction under solvothermal conditions. Herein, we report the ionothermal synthesis of crystalline and porous PI‐COFs in zinc chloride and eutectic salt mixtures. This synthesis does not require soluble precursors and the reaction time is significantly reduced as compared to standard solvothermal synthesis methods. In addition to applying the synthesis to previously reported imide COFs, a new perylene‐based COF was also synthesized, which could not be obtained by the classical solvothermal route. In situ high‐temperature XRPD analysis hints to the formation of precursor–salt adducts as crystalline intermediates, which then react with each other to form the COF.     

Recent Advances in Covalent Organic Frameworks for Catalysis

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as an emerging type of crystalline porous materials, have obtained considerable attention recently. They have exhibited diverse structure and attractive performance in various catalytic reactions. It is highly expected to have a systematic and comprehensive review summing up COFs‐derived catalysts in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, which is favorable to the judicious design of an efficient catalyst for targeted reaction. Herein, we focus on summarizing recent and significant developments in COFs materials, with an emphasis on both the synthetic strategies and targeted functionalization, and categorize it in accordance with the different types of catalytic reactions. Their potential catalysis applications are reviewed thoroughly. Moreover, a personal view about the future development of COFs catalysts with respect to the large‐scale production is also discussed.     

Metal–Covalent Organic Frameworks (MCOFs): A Bridge Between Metal–Organic Frameworks and Covalent Organic Frameworks

Many sophisticated chemical and physical properties of porous materials strongly rely on the presence of the metal ions within the structures. Whereas homogeneous distribution of metals is conveniently realized in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), the limited stability potentially restricts their practical implementation. From that perspective, the development of metal–covalent organic frameworks (MCOFs) may address these shortcomings by incorporating active metal species atop highly stable COF backbones. This Minireview highlights examples of MCOFs that tackle important issues from their design, synthesis, characterization to cutting‐edge applications.     

共价有机骨架的合成及其在气体吸附存储方面的应用

共价有机骨架(COFs)是一种新型的纳米结构材料,由于其独特的性质而受到人们的广泛关注.COFs的结晶.度高,孔径可调,比表面积大,具有良好的抗氧化性能和独特的分子结构,在能源、环境等方面得到了广泛的应用.COFs材料有较高的应用价值,促使人们不断努力研究其基本性质,并调控其结构和功能来提高性能.通过COFs的可设计性...     

Synthesis of Vinylene-Linked Thiopyrylium-, Pyrylium-, and Pyridinium-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks by Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation

The development of new vinylene-linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with special ionic structure and high stability is challenging. Herein, we report a facile, general method for constructing ionic vinylene-linked thiopyrylium-based COFs from 2,4,6-trimethylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate and other common reagents by means of acid-catalyzed Aldol condensation. Besides, pyrylium-, and pyridinium-based COFs also can be prepared from the same monomer under slightly different reaction conditions. The COFs exhibited uniform nanofibrous morphologies with excellent crystallinities, special ionic structures, well-defined nanochannels, and high specific surface areas.     

共价有机骨架聚合物(COFs)的应用研究进展

共价有机骨架聚合物(COFs)是一类结晶微孔聚合物,具有优异的孔性质、高的热及化学稳定性和大的比表面积,在气体储存、催化、光电材料等诸多领域中有重要的应用前景,已成为国内外的研究热点。本文主要综述了共价有机骨架聚合物对氢气、甲烷、二氧化碳等气体的吸附与储存,并介绍了共价有机骨架聚合物近几年在非均相催化、光电材料、重金属离子吸附、光催化制氢等方面的应用所取得的重要进展。文章最后总结了当前共价有机骨架聚合物遇到的一些问题,并对该领域未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

单分散共价有机框架纳米颗粒的室温快速制备

以稀土金属三氟甲磺酸盐作为新型的共价有机框架(COF)合成催化剂,成功制备了 4种不同结构的COF(COF-42、TPBDMTP、RT-COF-1、COF-LZU1)的单分散纳米级颗粒,并通过对反应条件的系统性调控,实现200～900 nm范围内精确控制COF的粒径。X射线衍射表征证明了产物良好的结晶性。此外,相较于传统的水热合成,该方法可在室温常压条件下操作,并且在0.5 h内快速得到产物。     

Topology-Templated Synthesis of Crystalline Porous Covalent Organic Frameworks

A strategy is presented for the synthesis of crystalline porous covalent organic frameworks via topology-templated polymerization. The template is based on imine-linked frameworks and their (001) facets seed the C=C bond formation reaction to constitute 2D sp² carbon-conjugated frameworks. This strategy is applicable to templates with different topologies, enables designed synthesis of frameworks that cannot be prepared via direct polymerization, and creates a series of sp² carbon frameworks with tetragonal, hexagonal, and kagome topologies. The sp² carbon frameworks are highly luminescent even in the solid state and exhibit topology-dependent π transmission and exciton migration; these key fundamental π functions are unique to sp² carbon-conjugated frameworks and cannot be accessible by imine-linked frameworks, amorphous analogues, and 1D conjugated polymers. These results demonstrate an unprecedented strategy for structural and functional designs of covalent organic frameworks.     

Covalent Organic Frameworks Based Photoenzymatic Nano-reactor for Asymmetric Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Amines

Bio-catalysis represents a highly efficient and stereoselective method for the synthesis of valuable chiral compounds, however, the poor stability and limited reaction types of free enzymes restrict their wide application in industrial production. In this work, to overcome these problems, a multifunctional photoenzymatic nanoreactor CALB@COF-Ir was developed through the encapsulation of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) in a photosensitive covalent organic framework COF-Ir . This bio-nanocluster serves as efficient catalysts in asymmetric dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of secondary amines to give a series of chiral amines in high yields (up to 99 %) and enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). The well-designed COF-Ir not only acts as safety cover to prevent CALB from deactivation but promotes racemization of secondary amines via photo-induced hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process. Photoelectric characterization and TDDFT calculation revealed that (ppy)₂Ir units in COF-Ir play crucial role in this photocatalytic system which enhance its photo-redox properties through facilitating the separation between photoelectrons (e⁻) and holes (h⁺). Furthermore, the heterogeneous photoenzymatic nanoreactor could be recycled for five rounds with slight decline of catalytic reactivity.