Accumulation of deuterium in radiation-damaged tungsten

Experimental studies have been performed to determine the effect of high-level radiation damage on the accumulation of deuterium and erosion of tungsten samples exposed to deuterium plasma. Tungsten samples were exposed first to fast helium ions having an energy of 3–4 MeV (providing from one to ten displacements per atom) and then to deuterium plasma up to a dose of 10²⁵ ion/m². The effects of deformation and modification of the surface microstructure have been observed. The concentrations of helium and deuterium have been measured by the methods of elastic nuclear proton backscattering and nuclear recoil detection of helium ions. A high concentration of deuterium in the damaged layer of a tungsten sample has been measured, and helium has been detected in a layer ～5 μm thick. The proposed method shows promise for determining the lifetime of materials used in fusion reactors and measuring the concentration of tritium accumulated in these materials.     

钨等离子体平均离化度研究

用SHML模型计算了在局域热力学平衡条件下钨等离子体在温度为0.3～10keV、密度为0.001～0.1 g.cm-3范围内的平均离化度,研究了钨等离子体平均离化度随温度、密度的变化规律.结果表明,钨等离子体的平均离化度随着密度的增加而减小,随着温度的升高而增大,并且在增大的过程中出现了三个平台.研究了电离势对离化度的...     

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采用射频(RF)等离子体对颗粒形状不规则的钨粉球化,研究了加料速率和钨粉分散方式对球化率的影响。通过用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)观测得到的被球化粉末的百分比评估了球化效率。通过对球化处理的钨粉的X射线衍射谱(XRD)的检测,验证了在球化过程中无氧化发生和其它杂质介入。当钨粉以极短暂时间(约几毫秒)快速穿越等离子体炬时,钨粉颗粒因受热而熔化成液滴,快速冷却后,形成致密的球形固态颗粒。     

射频等离子体制备球形钨粉研究

采用射频(RF)等离子体对颗粒形状不规则的钨粉球化,研究了加料速率和钨粉分散方式对球化率的影响。通过用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)观测得到的被球化粉末的百分比评估了球化效率。通过对球化处理的钨粉的X射线衍射谱(XRD)的检测,验证了在球化过程中无氧化发生和其它杂质介入。当钨粉以极短暂时间(约几毫秒)快速穿越等离子体炬时,钨粉颗粒因受热而熔化成液滴,快速冷却后,形成致密的球形固态颗粒。     

等离子体电解氧化过程中单个稳态微放电的热效应研究

详细回顾了有关等离子体电解氧化过程中单个稳态微放电热效应研究的现状；提出了处理过程中电解液/基体界面上离散气泡类型和数量上的变化造成了微放电外观的演化.基于微放电的圆柱形通道模型，并借鉴点热源的传热公式，估算了发生在通道内部及放电衰退过程中毗邻膜层的温度场，为膜层中存在的物相种类(MgAl₂O₄，Mg₂SiO₄等)及晶态类型提供了初步的理论分析. 关键词： 等离子体电解氧化 镁合金 微放电 热效应     

Experimental study of cyclic action of plasma on tungsten

We report on experimental results on multiple action of hydrogen, deuterium, and helium plasmas produced by a plasma gun and the Globus-M tokamak on tungsten. The surface temperature in the course of irradiation is measured with a bichromatic pyrometer with a time resolution of ?1 μs. The morphology of the surface layer is investigated and X-ray structure analysis of tungsten exposed to multiple radiations by the plasma under various conditions is carried out. A slight decrease in the lattice parameter in the sample subjected to the maximal number of irradiation cycles is detected. It is shown that the morphology of the tungsten surface irradiated by the hydrogen plasma from the gun and by the deuterium plasma from the Globus-M tokamak changes (the structure becomes smoother). The characteristic depth of the layer in which impurities have been accumulated exceeds 0.5 μm. This depth was the largest for the sample exposed to 1000 shots from the gun and 2370 shots from the tokamak. It is shown that the helium jet from the plasma gun makes it possible to simulate the action of helium ions on the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) diverter, producing a layer of submicrometer particles (bubbles).     

A steady-state fluid model of the coaxial plasma gun

The plasma layer in a coaxial plasma gun is considered as a shock front driven by expanding magnetic fields. Analytical steady-state solutions of the fluid equations yield the plasma properties, allowing the scaling of plasma focus devices.     

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通过参量转化，将杂质速率方程转化为具有三角对称系数矩阵的矢量方程，并进行了数值求解，得到了托卡马克等离子体中常见轻杂质特征参量 随等离子体温度的变化曲线。计算结果显示，对常见的轻杂质如氦、碳、氧、氖及氩等在1eV～10keV温度范围内特征参量基本分布在1015～1019m-3•s数量级范围内；平均特征参量数值与核电荷数Z没有明确的函数关系；在曲线最后两个峰值处，相应杂质的平衡时间基本一致；当等离子体中杂质主要以类氦、类氖离子形态(具有闭合壳层形态离子)存在时，对应温度下特征参量曲线达到极小值。     

N-shell ionization of tungsten by proton impact

The cross section for tungstenN-shell ionization by proton impact has been measured between 0.015 and 2.8 MeV. The measurements are compared with results from the semi-classical approach (SCA), which has been extended to 4d ionization.     

Influence of a plasma jet on different types of tungsten

The influence of a plasma producing nonstationary thermal loads akin to edge-localized modes in a tokamak on different types of tungsten is investigated. Tungsten is irradiated by a jet of a hydrogen plasma generated in a plasma gun. The plasma density and velocity are on the order of 10²² m^?3 and 100–200 km/s, respectively, and the irradiation time is 10 μs. Two plasma flux densities, 0.70 and 0.25 MJ/m², are used. Structural modifications in irradiated single-crystal and hot-rolled tungsten samples, as well as in V-MP and ITER_D_2EDZJ4 tungsten powders, are examined. It is found that the plasma generates a regular crack network with a period of about 1 mm on the surface of the single-crystal, hot-rolled, and V-MP powder samples, while the surface of the ITER_D_2EDZJ4 powder is more cracking-resistant. The depth of the molten layer equals 1–3 μm, and the extension of intense thermal action is 15–20 μm. The material acquires a distinct regular structure with a typical grain size of less than 1 μm. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that irradiation changes the crystal lattice parameters because of the melting and crystallization of the surface layer. The examination of the V_MP tungsten powder after cyclic irradiation by a plasma with different energy densities shows that high-energy-density irradiation causes the most significant surface damage, whereas low-energy-density irradiation generates defects that are small in size even if the number of cycles is large.     

钨丝阵等离子体Z箍缩的数值模拟

采用二维三温磁流体力学模型，模拟了“强光一号”加速器上钨丝阵箍缩实验.给出了等离子体密度和温度时空分布的特点，分析了磁场以及电流密度的演化，计算出的x射线功率随时间变化与实测结果基本相符.计算结果为等离子体的诊断提供了有用的信息.此外，还讨论了Z箍缩辐射磁流体力学数值模拟中的相关参数和数值方法问题. 关键词： 钨丝阵 Z箍缩 数值模拟     

射频感应等离子体制备球形钨粉的工艺研究

采用射频感应等离子体球化颗粒形状不规则的钨粉（平均粒度尺寸5～12 μm）,研究了加料速率、物料分散方式、钨粉颗粒大小等因素对球化率的影响。当加料速率大于95 g/min时,粉体的球化率随着加料速率的增大急剧减小,加料速率增大到135.75 g/min时,样品钨粉球化率仅为30%。当携带气量为0.12 m3/h 时,分散效果较佳,其球形度相应也较好,球化率几乎达到100%;随着钨粉球化率提高,其松装密度有所增大。通过对不同粒度分布的原粉进行球化处理,得出结论：钨粉原粉粒度分布均匀,则相应制备出的球形钨粉的粒度分布也比较均匀。     

射频感应等离子体制备球形钨粉的工艺研究

 采用射频感应等离子体球化颗粒形状不规则的钨粉（平均粒度尺寸5～12 μm）,研究了加料速率、物料分散方式、钨粉颗粒大小等因素对球化率的影响。当加料速率大于95 g/min时,粉体的球化率随着加料速率的增大急剧减小,加料速率增大到135.75 g/min时,样品钨粉球化率仅为30%。当携带气量为0.12 m3/h 时,分散效果较佳,其球形度相应也较好,球化率几乎达到100%;随着钨粉球化率提高,其松装密度有所增大。通过对不同粒度分布的原粉进行球化处理,得出结论：钨粉原粉粒度分布均匀,则相应制备出的球形钨粉的粒度分布也比较均匀。     

A model for steady-state large-volume plasma generation

A simple scheme for generating a uniform, steady-state, large-volume plasma is presented. The weakly magnetized plasma is created by direct ionization of the background gas by low-energy electrons generated from thermionic filaments. An annular arrangement of the filaments ensures a uniform plasma density in the radial direction as predicted by theory. Experiments have been performed to characterize the plasma generated in such a configuration. In order to explain the experimental observation, a bulk plasma theory based on plasma transport by means of cross-field diffusion is developed. As assumed in the theoretical model, the experimental measurements indicate a uniform plasma density along the axis. Both the theory and experiment indicate that the plasma density is a function of the square of the external magnetic field. The theory also predicts the plasma density to be proportional to the neutral density to the two-thirds power, in agreement with the experimental data. The experimental data agree well with theoretical prediction for a broad range of system parameters     

Electron impact excitation of high-lying states in the tungsten atom

The extended crossed-beam method has been used to study excitation of high-lying levels in the tungsten atom. 40 excitation cross sections of WI spectral lines have been measured for exciting electron energy 50 eV. Two optical excitation functions were recorded in the electron energy range 0–200 eV. The results obtained were used to calculate the total excitation cross sections of 24 odd WI energy levels. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 74, No. 3, pp. 283–288, May–June, 2007.     

Degradation of tungsten under the action of a plasma jet

The degradation of the surface and structure of single-crystal tungsten and sintered powder tungsten during the action of a pulsed plasma jet is studied. It is shown that the degradation of a tungsten target during the action of a plasma jet with an energy flux density of 0.25–1 MJ/m² is accompanied by surface evaporation and melting and the fracture of surface layers on scales of 150–250 μm. The results of a numerical simulation of the thermomechanical processes that occur in a tungsten target during the action of a plasma jet are presented. The degradation of tungsten during the action of a plasma jet is shown to proceed almost continuously from the action (evaporation, melting) to the times that are more than three orders of magnitude longer than the action time, which is caused by the thermomechanical processes occurring in the tungsten target. Moreover, the action of thermal stresses leads to structural and morphological changes throughout the sample volume, and these changes are accompanied by recrystallization in adiabatic shear bands.     

Boron carbide coating deposition on tungsten and testing of tungsten layers and coating under intense plasma load

A device intended for boron carbide coating deposition and material testing under high heat loads is presented. A boron carbide coating 5 μm thick was deposited on the tungsten substrate. These samples were subjected to thermocycling loads in the temperature range of 400–1500°C. Tungsten layers deposited on tungsten substrates were tested in similar conditions. Results of the surface analysis are presented.     

含钼涂层钨材料在氦等离子体作用下的前期表面形貌演变研究

为了研究纳米绒毛的生成过程及内在的物理机制,采用磁控溅射镀膜的方式在钨片上镀有钼涂层(Mo-W)。借助微观结构观察的手段分析了钨、钼块材以及钨-钼(Mo-W)样品在773K、1073K氦等离子体作用条件下的表面形貌演变过程。结果表明:钨、钼以及钨-钼(Mo-W)样品在氦等离子体作用下表面形貌演变规律基本一致;纳米绒毛及其珊瑚状前驱体是在尺寸相对较大的锥状结构上演化而来的。     

A study of the surface self-diffusion of tungsten induced by ion impact

Ion impact induced surface self-diffusion is studied with a field electron microscope using a new phenomenon, the matter transport of this diffusion caused by capillary forces. Studied is the blunting of the edges of a tungsten crystal by helium ion impact. The order of the coefficient D_i describing this diffusion is determined. D_i is about 10⁶ smaller than estimated by Dranova and Mikailovski. The influence of the ion impact surface roughening is discussed.     

Electron impact desorption of Xe from the tungsten (110) plane

The electron stimulated desorption of Xe adsorbed on the clean and on oxygen and CO covered tungsten (110) surfaces has been investigated. Only neutral Xe desorption was observed; for Xe on clean W a very small initial regime with cross section 10^?17cm² is followed by a slow decay with cross section 3×10^?19cm². The Xe yield varies nonlinearly with coverage, suggesting desorption from edges of islands or from sites with less than their full complement of nearest neighbor Xe atoms. Desorption from oxygen or CO covered surfaces results in an apparent desorption cross section identical to that of the underlying adsorbate. This results from a kicking off of Xe by electron desorbed O or CO. The true cross sections for these processes are ～10^?14cm² for Xe-0 and ～10^?15 cm² for Xe-CO. Some speculations about the mechanism, particularly the absence of ions are presented.