Thermal expansion of cobalt in various structural states

The temperature dependence of the thermal expansion of cobalt in various structural states was studied. It is shown that, in the temperature range wherein a coarse-grained sample elongates in a jumpwise manner, a sample with a nanocrystalline structure does not demonstrate such a behavior. The linear thermal expansion of the nanocrystalline sample over the entire temperature range of heating is explained by the fact that the hcp-fcc phase transformation does not occur in the nanocrystalline cobalt. The phase transformation occurs only after annealing of the nanocrystalline sample at 923 K for 30 min when the crystallites grow to a certain size. It is shown that the nanostructural state of cobalt is stable up to 793 K. Original Russian Text ? I.Sh. Valeev, V.I. Sergeev, Kh.Ya. Mulyukov, 2009, published in Fizika Tverdogo Tela, 2009, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 558–561.     

Phase transformations and vacancy formation energies of transition metals by positron annihilation

The technique of the coincidence count rate at the peak of the angular correlation curve (CCR) in positron annihilation has been applied to the investigation of vacancy formation energies in thermal equilibrium in nickel, cobalt, and iron. The monovacancy formation energyE ^1v/F has been determined to (1.55±0.05) eV and (1.34±0.07) eV for nickel and cobalt, and (1.60±0.10) eV for α-iron, and (1.40±0.15) eV for γ-iron, respectively. The structural phase transformations in cobalt (693 K) and iron (1183 K, 1663 K) are exhibited by discontinuities of the CCR. In the case of cobalt the CCR follows exactly the change of the thermal expansion at the transition temperature. The temperature dependence of the CCR in the prevacancy region is found to be proportional to the thermal expansion for all metals investigated.     

Energy of the elastic loading of anharmonic solids

This paper reports on the results of measurements of changes in the temperature of a solid under the adiabatic elastic loading (thermoelastic effect), the coefficient of thermal expansion, and the Young’s modulus of a rigid-chain vitrified polymer, namely, polyimide. It has been found that there are differences in the sign and magnitude of the changes in the energy of thermal origin in samples and the work of the external force. The energy of the thermoelastic effect has been explained in terms of the influence exerted by the anharmonic expansion of a solid, with the separation of the quasi-static potential and dynamic components of the thermal energy of the solid. The loading with an external force causes a redistribution of the thermal energy. A change in the temperature of the solid corresponds to a change in the dynamic component. An energy analysis of the adiabatically loaded anharmonic oscillator has confirmed the conclusion regarding the mechanism of energy transfer and revealed that, under loading, there is a redistribution of the kinetic and potential components of the internal energy of the oscillator.     

Thermal expansion in YbGaGe

Thermal expansion and magnetic susceptibility measurements as a function of temperature are reported for YbGaGe. Despite the fact that this material has been claimed to show zero thermal expansion over a wide temperature range, we observe thermal expansion typical of metals and Pauli paramagnetic behavior, which perhaps indicates strong sample dependence in this system.     

Investigation of the thermal expansion and heat capacity of the CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics

The thermal expansion of the CaCu₃Ti₄O₁₂ ceramics has been measured over a wide temperature range 120?C1200 K. The high quality of the samples under study has been confirmed by good agreement of the results of measurements of the heat capacity in the range 2?C300 K and in the vicinity of the phase transition of magnetic nature at 25 K with the data for the single crystal. No anomalies in the thermal expansion that can be associated with the phase transition at 726?C732 K assumed by other investigators have been found. The influence exerted on the thermal expansion by the heat treatment of the sample in a helium atmosphere and in air has been investigated.     

Thermal physical properties of ferroelectric ceramics PKR-7M near the diffuse phase transition

The thermal physical properties (heat capacity, thermal expansion coefficient, and deformation) of a relaxor piezoelectric ceramics based on the lead zirconate titanate PKR-7M have been studied in the temperature range 200–800 K. Diffuse anomalies have been revealed in the temperature dependences of the heat capacity and thermal expansion over wide temperature ranges 270–650 and 450–600 K, respectively. It has been shown that the anomalous behavior of the heat capacity is due to the manifestation of two-level states (Schottky anomalies). The results of the study have been discussed together with the data of structural studies.     

Phase-matched second-harmonic generation due to thermal expansion of TlGaSe2 layered crystal

Second-harmonic generation effects have been investigated in TlGaSe₂ layered crystal over a temperature range where ferroelectric phase exists. Pronounced periodical changes of the second-harmonic signal with temperature have been discovered. The observed effect is explained within the phase synchronism condition which changes with the temperature. The main mechanism of the thermal expansion of the sample in the observed phenomenon is explained.     

Dilatation anisotropy upon the phase transition in the rolled Ti-49.8% Ni alloy

The temperature dependence of the thermal expansion of the Ti-49.8% Ni alloy rolled at 773 K has been measured in three mutually perpendicular directions with respect to the rolling direction. It has been found that, upon phase transition of the martensitic type, the sample is elongated stepwise in two directions, and it is contracted in the third direction. The observed effect is due to the crystallographic texture. The dilatation jump during the phase transformation is determined by the joint action of the change in lattice parameters and the process of twinning.     

Thermal expansion of nanostructured PbS films and anharmonicity of atomic vibrations

The dependences of the coherent scattering region size and thermal expansion coefficient α of a PbS nanofilm on the annealing temperature in the range of 293–473 K and on the duration of annealing at a constant temperature of 423 K have been measured. It has been found that the thermal expansion coefficient α of the PbS nanofilm is almost twice as much as the coefficient α of coarse-grained lead sulfide. It has been shown that the large difference in the coefficients α is associated with the small size of particles in the film, which leads to an increase in the anharmonicity of atomic vibrations. The contribution from the small size of particles to the thermal expansion coefficient of the PbS nanofilm has been evaluated theoretically.     

Dependence of the magnetic and magnetoelastic properties of cobalt ferrite on processing parameters

The dependence of the magnetic and magnetoelastic properties of highly magnetostrictive cobalt ferrite on processing parameters has been investigated. The cobalt ferrite samples used in this study were prepared via conventional ceramic processing methods. The processing parameters of interest were sintering temperature, holding time at the sintering temperature and powder compaction pressure. It was observed that the crystal structure, composition and saturation magnetization of the samples studied did not vary with changes in processing parameters but coercive field decreased with increasing sintering temperature. The amplitude of peak to peak magnetostriction was dependent on the holding time and powder compaction pressure. The strain derivative on the other hand was found to depend on powder compaction pressure at any given sintering temperature or holding time. The results show how the magnetoelastic properties of cobalt ferrite can be varied by changing the processing parameters.     

Thermal expansion of cadmium fluoride crystals at high temperatures

The thermal expansion coefficient of cadmium fluoride crystals has been measured over the temperature range of 300 to 1070 K. The data fit well to measurements done by other authors in the range 80–300 K. At temperatures above 1070 K the thermal expansion coefficient shows an anomalous behaviour which has been attributed to the formation of cadmium oxide on the surface of the sample.     

Control of the structure and stress state of thin films and coatings in the process of their preparation by ion-plasma methods

A system analysis of the influence of the substrate temperature during deposition on two main factors (nanodimensionality of structural aggregates and high stresses) responsible for the nonequilibrium state of the materials of ion-plasma-deposited films and coatings has been performed. It has been shown that an increase in the temperature during deposition leads to a preferred growth of nanocrystallites in the direction of incidence of film-forming particles, which, in turn, results in the formation of an anisometric crystal structure. The main causes of the generation of high elastic stresses in ion-plasma condensates are the ion/atom bombardment in the process of deposition (which stimulates the development of compressive stresses) and the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of the condensate and substrate materials (which initiates the development of thermal stresses; the sign is determined by the difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of the condensate and substrate materials). An increase in the temperature during deposition results in the relaxation of compressive stresses stimulated by the ion/atom bombardment and in an enhancement of the influence of thermal stresses on the state of the ion-plasma condensate. This makes it possible to control the stress state of ion-plasma films and coatings by purposefully varying the substrate temperature during deposition.     

测定双层组合介质接触热阻

 当激光辐照双层固体组合介质的外表面时，在变物性及界面接触热阻不变的条件下，数值计算了介质内部温度场时空分布。实验测定该双层介质背面对应点的温度曲线，与数值计算的结果进行比较，从而确定介质界面间的接触热阻。     

钴卟啉溶液的光限幅特性研究

对大分子有机化合物钴卟啉的非线性光学特性在 4 5 7 9,4 88和 5 14 5nm三个连续激光波长下进行了研究。用单光束z scan技术测到三个曲线均是先出现峰值后出现谷值 ,按照Sheik bahae等人的理论该样品的非线性折射率为负值 ,即样品具有热自散焦效应。反饱和吸收特性的研究结果得到三个透射率T随入射激光功率的增大而减小的曲线 ,表明该样品在这三个波长下均呈现出反饱和吸收效应。众所周知 ,热自散焦效应和反饱和吸收效应都能导致光限幅。文章的实验结果也表明 :钴卟啉在三个波长下均具有光限幅特性 ,限幅阈值随着波长的减小而减小 ;其光学限幅效果好且限幅阈值低 ,是一种有较大潜在应用价值的新型光限幅材料。因此 ,可以利用这两种效应对钴卟啉的共同作用 ,制成新型光限幅器件     

Nucleogenic iron studied by emission Mössbauer spectroscopy in Co-metal

Results obtained by means of the emission Mössbauer spectroscopy in metallic cobalt are reported. The Mössbauer line of the 14.4-keV energy connecting the first excited state of the stable ⁵⁷Fe nucleus with its ground state was used. Radioactive ⁵⁷Co was used as the precursor of the above nuclear state. It was dissolved in the natural metallic cobalt with the concentration of about 40 at. ppm including nucleogenic iron generated during decay of the cobalt precursor. Mössbauer spectra were collected in the temperature range between room temperature (RT) and 1075 K with the sample kept under vacuum. A transition from the low temperature hexagonal phase to the face centered cubic high temperature phase at about 690 K has no influence on the iron magnetic hyperfine field arising due to the ferromagnetic ordering of the host. On the other hand, the electron charge density on the iron nucleus has some relatively narrow maximum in the vicinity of the transition temperature. There is some discontinuity in the recoilless fraction as well indicating that the high temperature cubic phase provides somewhat stronger bonds for the isolated iron impurity. The anharmonic behavior of the lattice vibrations could be seen in the cubic phase well above the transition point. No measurable electric quadrupole interaction was found in the hexagonal phase. The evolution of the magnetic hyperfine field with the temperature is reasonably described by the spin wave formalism provided strong magnon-magnon scattering is allowed for. On the other hand, charge density on the iron nucleus follows thermal expansion except some singularity in the vicinity of the transition point.     

低温大试样热胀系数测试

本介绍了用熔融石英引伸法测量硬质材料热胀系数的简便装置,并给出了试样在液氦温区到室温的测量结果,数据的一致性以及与已有献数据比较取得了不错的结果．     

折射率与电声子相互作用的关系

从微观出发研究电声子相互作用对折射率的影响。用半经典方法导出一个适用于晶态和无序度小的介质折射率公式和折射率温度系数公式。首次指出电声子相互作用引起的折射率温度系数,高温时为一常数,低温时与T~3成正比。并与实验作了对比,理论曲线与实验符合得很好。用得到的公式计算了好几种材料的温度系数。计算值与实验值相符合。     

聚环氧乙烷硫氰化钠络合物(PEO-NaSCN)离子导体电学性能的研究

本文研究了分子量为6.0×10³,1.2×10⁴和2.0×10⁴的PEO-NaSCN络合物的电学性能。分子量为6.0×10³和2.0×10⁴的样品,络合反应不完全,因而在第一次升温过程中,继续进行络合反应,导致电导率随温度变化的复杂行为。分子量为1.2×10³的样品,络合反应相当充分,因而电学性能不受热历史的影响,过量的PEO对电导率的大小及其随温度的变化行为有显著影响。分子量为1.2×10⁴的样品含有较多的过量的PEO,电导率最高,而且在PEO熔点附近,电导率突然增加。分子量为6.O×10³的样品,含的过量PEO最少,电导率最低,而且随温度连续变化。 关键词：     

碱金属卤化物键长、德拜温度和热膨胀系数的温度效应

以碱金属卤化物为研究对象,根据局域键平均近似方法,从热膨胀系数的定义出发,建立热膨胀系数和键长的温度效应函数表达式。定量获取碱金属卤化物的键长、刚性因子、德拜温度和热膨胀系数。结果表明：①碱金属卤化物的热膨胀系数与结合能成反比;②同类碱金属卤化物中,从氟碱化物到碘碱化物德拜温度逐渐减小而热膨胀系数逐渐增大;③碱金属卤化物的键长在其德拜温度的三分之一处,由非线性转变为线性热伸长。     

半掺杂钙钛矿Pr0.5Sr0.5CoO3中磁熵变的标度律研究

对半掺杂氧化钴Pr0.5Sr0.5CoO3在居里温度附近的磁熵变进行了研究。研究表明,磁熵变的最大值依赖于外磁场强度;半高宽也与磁场强度有关;相对制冷能力与磁场强度几乎呈线性关系。另外,在不同的温度和磁场强度下测得的磁熵变能够重新标度为一条普适的曲线。依据该唯象的普适曲线,能够较准确的计算出在不同温度和磁场强度下磁熵变的大小。