Transient displacement induced in shear wave elastography: comparison between analytical results and ultrasound measurements

It is now accepted that an effective way to investigate the elastic properties of soft tissues is to generate a localized transient acoustic radiation force and to follow the associated displacements in the time/space domain. Shear waves induced by this stress field are particularly interesting in this kind of medium because they are governed by the shear elastic modulus mu, which is directly linked to the Young modulus, and spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the transient motion induced must therefore be obtained in detail. We report here a model based on the elastodynamic Green's function formalism to describe these displacements. 3D simulation of radiation force in homogenous elastic media was performed and the displacement curves computed at different radial distances for different temporal force profiles. Amplitude and duration of displacement were found to be reliable parameters to characterize the elastic properties of the medium. Experimental measurements were performed in a homogeneous agar-gelatin tissue-mimicking phantom, and two transducers were used to generate the radiation force and follow the induced displacements. Displacements obtained from different lateral locations around the applied force axis were then used to reconstruct the shear-wave propagation in a scan plane as a function of time. The experimental displacements/curves agreed with the theoretical profiles obtained by the elastodynamic Green's function formalism.     

Distortion of waves with profile discontinuities in the medium with a periodic transverse inhomogeneity distribution

For the purpose of describing the joint influence of nonlinear effects and refractive inhomogeneities on the evolution of intense acoustic waves, a model of the medium the local velocity of sound of which is periodic in the transverse direction and decreases in the propagation direction, which generalizes the known models of the layered medium and of the infinitesimally thin phase screen, is proposed. An exact solution is found for the wave with arbitrary initial conditions: time profile and transverse profile. The spatial wave structure in the inhomogeneous medium is calculated; it is shown that narrow high-amplitude regions are formed and the rate of nonlinear effect accumulation changes. It is shown that the amplitude of the wave at long distances from the source may differ little from its initial value due to compensation for the effects of nonlinear attenuation and of focusing by inhomogeneities. Possibilities of amplification of intense waves depending on the proportion between parameters of the wave and those of the inhomogeneous medium are studied.     

2019年中国声学学会青年人才托举工程项目交流会在南昌召开

为改善电磁超声换能器(electromagnetic acoustic transducer,EMAT)激发横波的特性,提出一种基于正交试验的优化方法,并利用有限元仿真软件COMSOL Multiphysics建立了横波EMAT的有限元模型,应用正交试验和极差分析法,分析了线圈各参数对电磁超声横波的近场长度和半扩散角的影响,比较了线圈各参数影响程度的大小。结果表明,激励电流的频率和线圈的尺寸对横波的传播特性有着明显影响,提高频率会使得横波的近场长度增大及半扩散角减小;其次,减小导线的宽度及间距,以缩小线圈尺寸能有效改善横波的传播特性。     

宽带相控线阵声源在套管井外地层辐射声场的指向性

套管井中的声传播涉及到波在柱状多层介质中的传播问题。通过数值计算对比了宽带相控线阵声源在套管井外均匀地层中产生的纵横波声场的指向性。结果表明,在任意胶结状况下,均可实现向套管井外地层定向辐射纵横波的技术;与地层中纵波的传播特征不同的是在主瓣偏转角方向横波幅度随着偏转角的增大逐渐增加,且在主瓣辐射方向的横波幅度受套管井胶结状况的影响较纵波小;采用玻璃钢套管代替钢套管,会进一步减弱地层声场受胶结状况的影响,这有利于实现在套管井外地层较大范围内的精确定向辐射声波的技术。     

Theoretical investigation of an acoustic wave in molecular magnets via electromagnetically induced transparency

Using the Schrödinger-Maxwell equations, we theoretically investigate the propagation properties of a transverse acoustic wave in a crystal of molecular magnets in the presence of two strong ac resonant magnetic fields and a weak acoustic wave. The acoustic wave can freely propagate in the magnetic molecule medium (under appropriate conditions) due to quantum interference. Furthermore, using the slowly varying envelope approximation, we discuss the propagation equation of the acoustic wave, which includes the high order nonlinear term. The results show that a crystal of molecular magnets can support the propagation of acoustic wave solitons via electromagnetically induced transparency. We also obtain the analytical expressions for the phase shift and absorption coefficient of the acoustic wave within certain parameters.     

An Investigation of the Effects of Internal Waves on Sound Propagation in a Stratified Medium with a Sloping Bed

Internal waves usually cause temporal and spatial changes of density and consequently affect the acoustic wave propagation in the ocean. The purpose of this study is a laboratory investigation of the effects of internal waves generated by oscillation of a cylinder in a large stratified glass tank with a sloping bed on the sound waves propagation. Results showed that sound waves are affected by internal waves that depend on the slope angle to the direction of internal wave propagation angle ratio. When the ratio is subcritical or supercritical, the acoustic signal is much reduced as compared to the case with no sloped bottom. This can be explained in terms of the internal waves energy reaching the sloped bed and their reflections.     

Analysis of laser-generated ultrasonic force source at specimen surface and display of bulk wave in transversely isotropic plate by numerical method

Taking into account the effects of thermal diffusion and optical penetration, as well as the finite width and duration of the laser source, the laser-generated ultrasonic force source at surface vicinity is presented. The full acoustic fields of laser-generated ultrasonic bulk wave are obtained and displayed in transversely isotropic plate. The features of laser-generated ultrasound bulk waves are analyzed. The features of laser-generated ultrasonic bulk wave are in good agreement with the theoretical results (the phase velocity surfaces), demonstrating the validity of this simulation. The numerical results indicate that the features of laser-generated ultrasound waveforms in anisotropic specimen, different from the case in isotropic materials, have a close relation with the propagating plane and propagation direction. This method can provide insight to the generation and propagation of laser-generated ultrasonic bulk wave in transversely isotropic material.     

Numerical Simulation of Shear-Horizontal-Wave-Induced Electromagnetic Field in Borehole Surrounded by Porous Formation

Seismoelectric fieM excited by purely torsional loading applied directly to the borehole wall is considered. A brief formulation and some computed waveforms show the advantage of using shear-horizontal （SH） transverseelectric （TE） seismoelectric waves logging to measure shear velocity in a fluid-saturated porous formation. By assuming that the acoustic field is not influenced by its induced electromagnetic field due to seismoeleetric effect, the coupling governing equations for electromagnetic field are reduced to Maxwell equations with a propagation current source. It is shown that this simplification is valid and the borehole seismoelectric conversion efficient is mainly dependent on the electrokinetic coupling coefficient. The receivers to detect the conversion electromagnetic field and to obtain shear velocity can be set in the borehole fluid in the SH-TE seismoelectric wave log.     

双横波声速法检测单向受压混凝土构件永存应力

该文力求寻找一种高效准确检测混凝土构件永存应力的方法.基于声弹性理论提出了一种双横波声速法检测单向受压混凝土构件永存应力的方法,该方法通过测试受力构件第一波速和第二波速,以第一波速和第二波速的平方差为基础构建综合声学参数来检测单向受压混凝土构件永存应力.所述第一波速为声波传播方向与应力方向垂直、质点振动方向与应力方向平...     

跑道线圈换能器在铁路重载货车探伤中的应用*

针对在线车轮超声探伤系统的工程应用,研究了跑道线圈电磁超声换能器由洛伦兹力换能机制在钢中产生的辐射声场。根据外磁场和线圈配置,将表面力源近似为非均匀的水平剪切力源,数值计算得到了此力源的辐射声场指向性图,并与实验结果进行比对,结果表明辐射的水平偏振横波具有中间强两侧弱的指向性,对理解跑道形电磁线圈超声换能器的辐射声场和在重载货车车轮辋裂缺陷探伤中的工程应用具有一定的指导意义。     

三维浅海环境下孤立子内波对低频声能流的传播影响

针对三维浅海环境下孤立子内波对低频声信号传播特性的影响问题,基于Oxyz坐标系下的三维浅海低频声场有限元计算方法,以声能流为研究对象,仿真分析了内波存在对低频声信号传播特性的影响规律.研究结果表明:受内波影响,在xOz平面,声能流垂直分量的传播偏转角度呈现周期性的起伏规律;随着声源深度的增加,内波对声能流偏转角度的影响...     

Acoustic heating produced in the thermoviscous flow of a Bingham plastic

This study is devoted to the instantaneous acoustic heating of a Bingham plastic. The model of the Bingham plastic’s viscous stress tensor includes the yield stress along with the shear viscosity, which differentiates a Bingham plastic from a viscous Newtonian fluid. A special linear combination of the conservation equations in differential form makes it possible to reduce all acoustic terms in the linear part of of the final equation governing acoustic heating, and to retain those belonging to the thermal mode. The nonlinear terms of the final equation are a result of interaction between sounds and the thermal mode. In the field of intense sound, the resulting nonlinear acoustic terms form a driving force for the heating. The final governing dynamic equation of the thermal mode is valid in a weakly nonlinear flow. It is instantaneous, and does not imply that sounds be periodic. The equations governing the dynamics of both sounds and the thermal mode depend on sign of the shear rate. An example of the propagation of a bipolar initially acoustic pulse and the evolution of the heating induced by it is illustrated and discussed.     

带宽对平顶高斯宽带激光传输特性的影响

研究了横向分布为平顶高斯模式的宽带激光在自由空间的传输特性,分析了频带宽度对其强度分布的影响。首先推导了平顶高斯模式宽带激光的每一频率分量在自由空间的传输公式,然后将频率域的传输公式通过傅里叶变换得到时间域的传输公式。基于推导的公式通过数值算例给出了不同频带宽度激光光束的强度分布结果,详细分析了空间模式的变化和时空耦合现象。研究结果表明：随着传输距离增大,平顶高斯空间模式趋于高斯分布。同时随着带宽增大,平顶高斯模式宽带激光表现出更强的时空耦合现象,并导致其空间横向分布发生明显变化。变化的主要特征为波前的强度分布随带宽增大而变窄,波后的强度分布则随带宽增大而远离轴中心向外扩展。     

带宽对平顶高斯宽带激光传输特性的影响

研究了横向分布为平顶高斯模式的宽带激光在自由空间的传输特性,分析了频带宽度对其强度分布的影响。首先推导了平顶高斯模式宽带激光的每一频率分量在自由空间的传输公式,然后将频率域的传输公式通过傅里叶变换得到时间域的传输公式。基于推导的公式通过数值算例给出了不同频带宽度激光光束的强度分布结果,详细分析了空间模式的变化和时空耦合现象。研究结果表明:随着传输距离增大,平顶高斯空间模式趋于高斯分布。同时随着带宽增大,平顶高斯模式宽带激光表现出更强的时空耦合现象,并导致其空间横向分布发生明显变化。变化的主要特征为波前的强度分布随带宽增大而变窄,波后的强度分布则随带宽增大而远离轴中心向外扩展。     

Theoretical Analysis of Shear Wave Interference Patterns by Means of Dynamic Acoustic Radiation Forces

Acoustic radiation forces associated with high intensity focused ultrasound stimulate shear wave propagation allowing shear wave speed and shear viscosity estimation of tissue structures. As wave speeds are meters per second, real time displacement tracking over an extend field-of-view using ultrasound is problematic due to very high frame rate requirements. However, two spatially separated dynamic external sources can stimulate shear wave motion leading to shear wave interference patterns. Advantages are shear waves can be imaged at lower frame rates and local interference pattern spatial properties reflect tissue's viscoelastic properties. Here a theoretical analysis of shear wave interference patterns by means of dynamic acoustic radiation forces is detailed. Using a viscoelastic Green's function analysis, tissue motion due to a pair of focused ultrasound beams and associated radiation forces are presented. Overall, this paper theoretically demonstrates shear wave interference patterns can be stimulated using dynamic acoustic radiation forces and tracked using conventional ultrasound imaging.     

Classical simulation of relativistic quantum mechanics in periodic optical structures

Spatial and/or temporal propagation of light waves in periodic optical structures offers a unique possibility to realize in a purely classical setting the optical analogues of a wide variety of quantum phenomena rooted in relativistic wave equations. In this work a brief overview of a few optical analogues of relativistic quantum phenomena, based either on spatial light transport in engineered photonic lattices or on temporal pulse propagation in Bragg grating structures, is presented. Examples include spatial and temporal photonic analogues of the Zitterbewegung of a relativistic electron, Klein tunneling, vacuum decay and pair production, the Dirac oscillator, the relativistic Kronig–Penney model, and optical realizations of non-Hermitian extensions of relativistic wave equations.     

Sound propagation through a subsonic jet due to a source near the duct exit

Matched asymptotic solutions are constructed for the acoustic potentials of a periodic point source located in a two-dimensional subsonic jet near the exit of the duct with the ratio of the duct thickness to the acoustic wave length as the small parameter. The leading term of the far field solution has the same directionality effect as that for an infinite jet without the duct and that when the plane at the duct exit is considered to be a plane of symmetry. However, the intensity is different because of the wave propagation into the duct and is dependent on the location of the source.     

Characteristics of Biot waves produced by a vibration exciter in a fluid-saturated medium

Results of a theoretical calculation of the directional characteristics of elastic waves excited by an oscillating point force in a fluid-saturated porous medium are presented. Based on Boit’s theory and the theory of elementary acoustic sources, the wave amplitude and radiation power are calculated for two kinds of longitudinal waves and the transverse wave. An analysis of the spatial angular characteristics of elastic waves is performed for two types of rock, namely, water-and gas-saturated sandstones. The angular distributions of vibrations in the solid and liquid (gaseous) phases of the medium and the frequency dependences of the radiation power associated with each of the three types of acoustic waves are presented in graphical form.     

Angular spectrum approach for the computation of group and phase velocity surfaces of acoustic waves in anisotropic materials

The decomposition of an acoustic wave into its angular spectrum representation creates an effective base for the calculation of wave propagation effects in anisotropic media. In this method, the distribution of acoustic fields is calculated in arbitrary planes from the superposition of the planar components with proper phase shifts. These phase shifts depend on the ratio of the distance between the planes to the normal component of the phase slowness vector. In anisotropic media, the phase shifts depend additionally on the changes of the slowness with respect to the direction of the propagation vector and the polarization. Those relations are obtained from the Christoffel equation. The method employing the fast Fourier transformation algorithm is especially suited for volume imaging in anisotropic media, based on holographic detection in transmission of acoustic waves generated by a point source. This technique is compared with measurements on crystals performed by phase-sensitive scanning acoustic microscopy.     

Computation of aeolian tone from a circular cylinder using source models

The generation of aeolian tones from a two-dimensional circular cylinder situated in a uniform cross-flow is investigated. The major emphasis here is placed on identifying the important noise generation mechanisms. Acoustic-viscous splitting techniques are utilized to compute modelled acoustic source terms and their corresponding acoustic fields. The incompressible Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation is used to compute the near-field viscous flow solution, from which modelled acoustic source terms are extracted based on an approximation to the Lighthill’s stress tensor. Acoustic fields are then computed with an acoustic solver to solve the linearized Euler equations forced by the modelled source terms. Computations of the acoustic field based on the approximated Lighthill’s stress tensor are shown to be in good agreement with those computed from the surface dipole sources obtained using Curle’s solution to the acoustic analogy. It is shown in this paper that the stress tensor source term in the streamwise direction makes a comparable, but slightly larger contribution to the overall radiated field, compared with that due to the stress tensor in the direction normal to the mean flow. In addition, it is shown that shear sources, which arise due to the interaction between the fluctuating velocity and the background steady mean velocity, make the greatest contribution to the acoustic field, while the self-noise sources, which represents the interaction between the fluctuating velocities, is shown to be comparably negligible.