N掺杂Bi2O2CO3/氧化石墨烯分级结构的合成及其可见光催化性能研究

以柠檬酸铋铵分子为前驱体,采用一步水热法直接合成了原位N掺杂Bi2 O2 CO3分级微球(由二维级别纳米片组装而成的三维级别的维度分级结构)及其与氧化石墨烯(GO)的复合材料.柠檬酸铋铵在水热过程分解出的NH4+为N掺杂唯一来源,柠檬酸根在水热过程中分解产生CO32-,部分Bi3+被还原成Bi单质.通过N掺杂以及GO的引入,使Bi2 O2 CO3的光响应范围扩展至可见光,降低了Bi2O2CO3的禁带宽度.Bi单质使复合材料具备更低的电子-空穴复合率.可见光照射下,N掺杂Bi2 O2 CO3分级微球表现出良好的光催化去除NO的性能.引入氧化石墨烯和Bi单质后,光催化活性进一步得到提升.     

铁酸铋微晶玻璃的析晶行为及介电性能研究

采用整体析晶法制备了铁酸铋微晶玻璃,通过XRD、DSC、FT-IR、Raman、SEM与电性能测试,研究了不同熔融温度对微晶玻璃的物相组成、微观结构及介电性能的影响.研究结果表明,不同熔融温度的微晶玻璃由非晶态的Bi2O3、Fe2O3和晶态的BiFeO3、Bi2Fe4O9组成.在较低的熔融温度时,微晶玻璃中还存在晶态的Bi2O3.在较高的熔融温度时,存在Bi25FeO40相.1070℃熔融的微晶玻璃于600℃晶化12h后,晶粒尺寸均匀,相比于BiFeO3陶瓷具有更高的介电常数(～ 100),更低的介电损耗(～0.14).铁酸铋微晶玻璃特殊的结构降低了漏导电流,测得饱和的电滞回线,饱和极化强度为1.0 μC/cm2.     

Ag/Bi2S3/Bi2WO6复合催化剂合成及光催化性能研究

以硝酸铋、钨酸钠和硫脲为起始原料,采用一步水热法成功合成Bi2 S3/Bi2 WO6光催化剂,采用光还原法在Bi2S3/Bi2 WO6表面沉积贵金属Ag.采用XRD、XPS、FESEM、TEM和UV-Vis-DRS等手段对Bi2S3/Bi2WO6和Ag/Bi2S3/Bi2WO6进行表征,并以罗丹明B和苯酚作为模型污染物对其光催化性能进行研究.结果证明,耦合Bi2S3可以提高Bi2WO6催化剂的光催化活性,Ag沉积使得其光催化性能进一步提高,且Ag的沉积量与催化剂的活性关系密切,其中5; Ag/Bi2S3/Bi2WO6的光催化效果最好.此外,结合活性物种检测和能带结构分析,对Ag/Bi2S3/Bi2WO6的光催化活性增强机理进行了分析.     

蛋挞状Bi_2WO_6催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和Na2WO3·2H2O为原料,CTAB为结构导向剂,在混合溶剂热法条件下合成了由纳米片组成的蛋挞状Bi2WO6晶体的新颖结构。采用XRD、FESEM、HRTEM、Raman、BET、UV-DRS等对产品进行表征。结果表明,产物为正交晶系钨铋矿型结构的蛋挞状Bi2WO6晶体,结晶度良好,其直径约为0.5~1μm。相比未添加CTAB制备的片状Bi2WO6颗粒,蛋挞状Bi2WO6样品的拉曼光特征峰、紫外-可见光吸收边发生红移,其能带隙减小至2.48 eV,比表面积增大。可见光催化降解甲基橙溶液的结果表明,蛋挞状Bi2WO6光催化效率高,可见光或太阳光照射15 min、浓度为10 mg·L-1甲基橙溶液的脱色率为100%,COD去除率为98.2%,循环使用5次之后其光催化活性并没有明显降低。     

硫化铋纳米管的制备及性能研究

以NaBiS2为前驱物采用水热法合成了硫化铋纳米管,运用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、紫外-可见-近红外分光光度计(UV-Vis-NIR)、荧光分光光度计(PL)等检测手段对样品进行表征.结果表明制备的Bi2S3为正交相纳米晶,产物形貌受到反应物比例、温度、时间等因素影响,Bi2S3纳米管的形成是固体-溶液-固体转化过程.紫外-可见-近红外吸收光谱表明Bi2S3纳米管对900nm以下的光有较强的吸收,当激发波长为519 nm时,Bi2S3纳米管在778 nm处有一个较强的荧光发射峰.     

模板剂对微波水热合成CdS微晶相组成、形貌及光学性能的影响

采用微波水热法,以CdCl2·H2O和Na2S2O3·5H2O为镉源和硫源,分别以柠檬酸、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、六亚甲基四胺(乌洛托品)和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为模板剂,合成了不同微观形貌的硫化镉微晶.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、EDS、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等对样品的物相、形貌和元素组成进行了分析.结果表明:通过添加不同模板剂制备了球形、花状和棒状硫化镉微晶,制备的硫化镉微晶结晶良好;紫外-可见吸收光谱分析表明,产物均发生了不同程度的蓝移.     

微波水热温度对合成Bi2MoO6微晶形貌和光学性能的影响

以硝酸铋和钼酸钠为起始原料,采用微波水热法制备了片状的Bi2MoO6微晶。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis)分别对产物的物相组成、形貌和光学性能进行分析。结果表明:随着微波水热温度的升高,衍射峰的强度增强,产物的结晶程度逐渐提高,晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,Bi2MoO6微晶由不规则的形状转变成规则的片状结构;紫外-可见吸收光谱分析表明,Bi2MoO6微晶在紫外光区具有优异的吸收性能,且随微波水热温度的降低,其吸收边出现略微蓝移,禁带宽度逐渐增大。     

葡萄糖的加入量对C/Bi2WO6微晶的结构及可见光催化性能的影响

以葡萄糖(C6H12O6),分析纯硝酸铋(Bi(NO3)3·5H2O)和钨酸钠(Na2 WO4·2H2O)为原料,在简单的微波水热-煅烧条件下成功制备了形貌可控的交叉薄片状C/Bi2 WO6微晶.研究了反应体系中前驱物的不同摩尔比对产物的结构形貌以及光催化性能的影响.采用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、EDS能谱分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM),Perkin Elmer Larnbda 950型紫外可见漫反射光谱仪和康塔公司NOVA 2200e型表面空隙度分析仪分别对产物的结构、形貌,光学性能以及氮吸附-脱附等温线进行表征.结果表明:当前驱物葡萄糖,硝酸铋和钨酸钠的摩尔比为1∶10∶5时,合成了形貌可控且具有较好可见光催化性能的C/Bi2WO6微晶,其禁带宽度为3.055 eV,在可见光照射240 min后对罗丹明B的降解效率可达到94.8;.     

电沉积法制备Bi2S3薄膜研究

采用阴极恒电压法在ITO导电玻璃表面沉积了Bi2S3薄膜,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、原子力显微镜(AFM)对制备的薄膜进行了表征.研究了pH值、沉积时间、沉积液浓度等工艺因素对薄膜的影响.结果表明:电沉积制备Bi2S3薄膜的过程中,合适的Bi3+与S2O32-的浓度水平是至关重要的;在电沉积溶液pH=6.5,沉积时间为20 min,沉积电压为1 V,加入柠檬酸三钠作络合剂的情况下,得到沿(240)晶面生长良好的Bi2S3薄膜,薄膜组成均匀致密;增加沉积溶液pH值,薄膜的结晶程度逐渐提高,红外透过比提高.     

水热法制备PEG-400辅助下的Bi3+敏化NaLa(WO4)2:Eu3+荧光粉及其发光性能研究

本文通过PEG-400辅助水热合成了NaLa(WO4)2:Eu3+-Bi3+红色荧光粉,并且运用XRD、SEM、EDS、PL等测试手段对荧光粉体的结构、形貌、荧光性能进行了表征.实验结果表明:在pH=7.0~10.0范围内,可以制备出纯相的NaLa(WO4)2:Eu3+-Bi3+.当Eu3+的掺量达到5mol;,产品呈现为分散性较好的四方状微晶,粒径为5~6 μm.增加Bi3+的掺量,产物形貌向圆球状转变.在λex=396 nm的波长激发下,粉体发出强烈红光,此时的Eu3+位于NaLa(WO4)2晶体中非反演对称中心位置.当Bi3+的掺杂量为0.8mol;时,Eu3+的荧光强度提升了近4.2倍,持续增加Bi3+掺量,会出现浓度猝灭现象.不仅如此,关于铋离子桥:WO2-4 →Bi3+→Eu3+的级联能量传递机理也进行了探究.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.