低β162.5 MHz taper型HWR腔的机械性能分析（英）

北京大学正在设计=0.09, 频率为162.5 MHz taper型的二分之一波长射频超导谐振腔（HWR腔）, 这种腔针对高流强质子束（约100 mA）和氘束（约50 mA）的加速而设计。对于这种超导腔而言机械性能分析是十分重要的, 可以通过机械性能分析来估计由于腔体的形变带来的频率偏移。用ANSYS分析了由于液氦压力不稳定造成的麦克风效应以及洛伦兹力造成的腔体失谐, 并且对沿腔体轴线方向的调谐进行了分析。模拟结果显示这只腔压力敏感系数为31.1 Hz/kPa, 洛伦兹力系数为－0.41 Hz/(MVm-1)2。 腔体的调谐范围达到177 kHz, 足够补偿腔体可能的频率偏移。腔体的机械性能满足腔体正常运行的要求。     

CSNS-II超导椭球腔失谐研究

中国散裂中子源二期束流功率升级到500 kW，直线加速器H-的能量增益由现在的80 MeV提高到300 MeV以上，其中150 ~ 300 MeV能量段采用648 MHz β_g=0.60的5-cell超导椭球腔结构。超导椭球腔具有加速梯度高、结构简单、后处理容易等优点，缺点是结构强度弱、易失谐。本文主要研究该椭球腔的失谐特性。利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件进行了计算分析，在两端固定边界条件下，裸腔的氦压敏感性系数K_P=–45.705 Hz/mbar(1 mbar=100 Pa)，洛伦兹力失谐因子K_L=1.574 Hz/(MV/m)2。增加加强环并优化其位置来改善氦压敏感性系数和洛伦兹力失谐因子，通过计算分析最终确定选择双加强环方案来减小椭球腔的失谐。两个加强环位置分别取在75和120 mm的位置，腔体失谐的改善最大，K_P=6 Hz/mbar，K_L=0.43 Hz/(MV/m)2。为了更准确地计算椭球腔的氦压敏感性系数和洛伦兹力失谐因子，本文引入调谐刚度边界条件进行失谐分析，在椭球腔调谐器端设置30 kN/mm边界条件，另一端固定，计算得到氦压敏感性系数为4.8 Hz/mbar，洛伦兹力失谐因子1.99 Hz/(MV/m)2，满足工程要求。另外，用CST软件对椭球腔的动态洛伦兹力失谐进行了初步分析，用软件Workbench计算了椭球腔的振动本征频率，结果显示，振动本征频率离射频脉冲重复频率及环境振动频率较远，不易发生共振失谐。     

新型低beta超导腔调谐算法分析与测试

为了使腔体在复杂电磁环境下处于谐振状态,保持超导腔加速电压的幅度相位稳定,研发了一种应用于自激锁相模式的腔体新型调谐算法。利用正交电压Q值控制调谐器调谐,从而消除了输入和输出间的相位误差,给出了理论推导过程与该算法的可靠性分析。该算法已应用于中国科学院近代物理研究所ADS项目超导加速器中,简化了传统控制模式中的信号采样数量,提高了系统控制精度与抗干扰能力,使腔体克服了在调谐过程中由于功率上冲引起的氦压波动。保证了超导腔在工作状态下,频率稳定在162.5 MHz,频率误差小于17 Hz。For the purposes of keeping the resonant cavity steady in a complex electromagnetic environment and maintaining stable amplitude and phase, a new tuning algorithm for superconducting RF cavity operated in self-excited phase-locked mode has been developed. The quadrature voltage was employed to control the tuner under the phase-locked condition, so as to eliminate phase measurement between the input and the output. This paper demonstrates the principle of this "Minimum Q" tuning algorithm and presents an analysis of the stability of the system. The algorithm is applied to the superconducting accelerator of the Institute of Modern Physics' ADS project. The "Minimum Q" tuning algorithmnot only simplifies the number of signal sampling but also improves the control accuracy and anti-interference ability of the system, while enables the cavity to overcome the helium pressure fluctuation which caused by power overshoot. It ensures that the frequency of the superconducting cavity is stable at 162.5 MHz, and the frequency error is less than 17 Hz.     

An active interferometer in the regime of frequency modulation

The problem of regimes of an active interferometer—a cavity with an amplification cell, excited by an external signal—is solved for the case in which the frequency of the cavity is modulated. If the modulation frequency is larger than the phase-matching bandwidth, upon tuning the cavity frequency, there are ranges of detuning where the mean beat frequency is constant and proportional to the modulation frequency, and peaks of width proportional to the phase-matching bandwidth arise in the output power in these detuning ranges.     

量子真空计量标准中的非极性稀薄气体折射率测量研究

为进一步提高真空量值的复现性和准确性,最新研究采用量子技术实现对真空量值的测量与表征.该方法利用Fabry-Perot谐振腔实现腔内气体折射率的精密测量,并反演出气体密度,进而获得对应的真空量值,其中气体折射率的测量是影响真空量值准确性的关键.本文基于第一性原理,利用从头计算理论计算了在已知压力和温度条件下的氦气折射率,给出腔内气体压力与折射率关系的表达式,并利用基于Fabry-Perot激光谐振腔的真空测量装置,通过双腔谐振激光拍频精确测量了充气前后谐振激光频率的变化,测出了氦气折射率,并分析了测量不确定度.将理论计算值与实验测量值进行了对比分析,得出了制约准确度提高的主要因素,并提出了修正方法.     

Experimental study of efficiency optimization in a three-cavitygyroklystron amplifier

An experimental study quantifying the effects of both penultimate cavity tuning and magnetic field profiling on the saturated efficiency of a three-cavity gyroklystron amplifier has been performed at a frequency of 4.5 GHz. As predicted by theory, it is observed that the penultimate cavity detuning in the gyroklystron is in the opposite direction from a conventional klystron for enhanced efficiency operation. This is a result of the opposite energy dependence of the bunching mechanism for the two interactions. Magnetic field profiling has also been shown to have a very strong effect on the amplifier efficiency, both through beam loading effects in detuning the penultimate cavity and through enhanced energy extraction in the output cavity. The measured efficiency of the gyroklystron is observed to improve from 5% to 21% by profiling the magnetic field along the device, and then from 21% to 29% by penultimate cavity detuning with an optimized magnetic field profile     

Lorentz detuning and tuning system study of 3+1/2cell DC-SC photo-injector for PKU-FEL

A 3+1/2cell DC-SC photo-injector for PKU-FEL facility is under development, which is an upgrade design of the successful 1+1/2cell DC-SC photo-injector. The Lorentz detuning and tuning structure for the 3+1/2cell superconducting cavity is presented in this paper. The Lorentz force detuning coefficient is 7.2 Hz/(MV/m)2 with double stiffening rings for the half cell and single stiffening rings between the adjacent TESLA cells. With the special stiffening structure, the 3+1/2cell whole cavity needs only one tuner. The influences of the tuning on frequency shift, field flatness and average gradient are discussed in this paper. The simulation results show that the stiffening rings' design is successful.     

Quantum theory of cavity-assisted sideband cooling of mechanical motion

We present a quantum-mechanical theory of the cooling of a cantilever coupled via radiation pressure to an illuminated optical cavity. Applying the quantum noise approach to the fluctuations of the radiation pressure force, we derive the optomechanical cooling rate and the minimum achievable phonon number. We find that reaching the quantum limit of arbitrarily small phonon numbers requires going into the good-cavity (resolved phonon sideband) regime where the cavity linewidth is much smaller than the mechanical frequency and the corresponding cavity detuning. This is in contrast to the common assumption that the mechanical frequency and the cavity detuning should be comparable to the cavity damping.     

非共振耗散腔耦合系统的发射光谱

研究了非共振耗散二能级双原子与双单模腔耦合系统发射光谱的性质。探讨了原子和腔场之间的失谐、腔场衰减率及原子失相对该系统发射光谱的影响。结果表明,体系的腔场谱呈现出三重峰结构,原子发射谱呈现出二重峰结构。非共振情况时,腔场谱和原子发射谱的图像皆为非对称图像。在原子与腔场失谐时,与共振情况相比,峰位发生了明显的漂移,且中峰明显增大。增大腔场与原子的失谐,会引起边峰向低频段漂移,并改变其光谱强度;增大原子与腔场的失谐,可以使光谱整体向低频段漂移,并改变其所有峰的光谱强度。随着腔场衰减率的增大,共振情况下,会导致边峰的强度减小;失谐情况下,会导致所有峰的强度均减小。随着原子失相的增大,共振或失谐情况下,会使光谱所有峰的强度均减小。     

自由旋涡气动窗口自适应光学波前校正初步研究

自由旋涡气动窗口能有效地替代高能激光器传统晶体输出镜 ,起到密封激光器低腔压的作用。利用现有的 37单元室内自适应光学系统 ,对自由旋涡气动窗口的输出激光波前畸变进行自适应光学波前校正。给出了自适应光学系统对气动窗口畸变波前的校正原理 ,采用直接斜率法在设计状态下对畸变波前进行了校正实验。结果表明 ,该自适应光学系统能够较好地校正工作在设计状态下的自由旋涡气动窗口对输出激光所引起的波前畸变     

自由旋涡气动窗口自适应光学波前校正初步研究

 自由旋涡气动窗口能有效地替代高能激光器传统晶体输出镜，起到密封激光器低腔压的作用。利用现有的37单元室内自适应光学系统，对自由旋涡气动窗口的输出激光波前畸变进行自适应光学波前校正。给出了自适应光学系统对气动窗口畸变波前的校正原理，采用直接斜率法在设计状态下对畸变波前进行了校正实验。结果表明，该自适应光学系统能够较好地校正工作在设计状态下的自由旋涡气动窗口对输出激光所引起的波前畸变。     

Chaos in an electromagnetically induced transparent medium inside an optical cavity

We theoretically predict and experimentally demonstrate chaotic behaviors in a system comprising of three-level atoms inside an optical ring cavity. This electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) system is driven to chaos through period-doubling route by reducing the frequency detuning of the coupling laser beam. The chaos occurs in a different parametric regime as previously predicted and is believed to be caused by the enhanced dispersion and nonlinearity due to induced atomic coherence in such EIT system.     

Generation of continuous-variable entanglement in a three-level system

A single three-level atom interacting with a two-mode cavity is studied. The generation of output entanglement and output squeezing is investigated. It shows that this system can serve as an output-entanglement source. By tuning the pump field or the detuning, strong entanglement can be generated.     

Coherent control of optical bistability in tunnel-coupled double quantum wells

We analyze optical bistability (OB) behavior based on intersubband transitions in an asymmetric coupled-quantum well (CQW) driven coherently by a probe laser field and a control laser field by means of a unidirectional ring cavity. We demonstrate that OB can be controlled by tuning the energy splitting between two tunnel-coupled electronic levels, the intensity of the control field, and the frequency detuning of the probe and control fields. The influence of the electronic cooperation parameter on the OB behavior is also discussed. This investigation may be used for optimizing and controlling the optical switching process in the CQW solid-state system, which is much more practical than that in atomic system because of its flexible design and the controllable interference strength.     

Tunable Photon Blockade in Coupled Second-order Nonlinear Cavities

The unconventional photon blockade with weak χ ⁽²⁾ nonlinearity in a system consists of two single-mode cavities driving by two external fields is studied in this paper. The photon statistical properties, described by the second-order correlation function, are discussed, and the exact optimal conditions for strong photon anti-bunching is analytically derived. The optimal frequency detuning and nonlinear interaction strength for the strong photon anti-bunching are also obtained, which are in good agreement with numerical simulations. We find that the unconventional photon blockade effect can be controlled by tuning the relative phase between two complex driving fields when the two cavity modes are driven simultaneously. Our results provide a promising scheme for the coherent manipulation of photon blockade through tuning the relative phase between the two driving fields, which makes the experimental realization more flexible.     

谐振腔侧边1×5介质柱调谐光子晶体滤波器

在正方格二维光子晶体结构中设计了基于可调谐谐振腔的带通滤波器,通过改变1×5谐振腔侧边调谐介质柱位置调节谐振腔与波导系统工作时传输的波段,用CMT理论分析了输入端耦合衰减率及输入端失谐因子对滤波器的影响。借助FDTD方法得到了滤波器波长传输谱,结果表明:当滤波器结构工作于1320~1810 nm波长段时,输出端38个通帯的-3 dB带宽Δλ范围为4.18~11.15 nm,通带峰值波长可调宽度为186.56 nm。该微型滤波器适于光电通信粗波分解复用WDDM系统设计和光集成设计等方面。     

Optical bistability via tunable Fano-type interference in asymmetric semiconductor quantum wells

We analyze hybrid absorptive-dispersive optical bistability (OB) behavior via tunable Fano-type interference based on intersubband transitions in asymmetric double quantum wells (QWs) driven coherently by a probe laser field by means of a unidirectional ring cavity. We show that OB can be controlled efficiently by tuning the energy splitting of the two excited states (the coupling strength of the tunnelling), the Fano-type interference, and the frequency detuning. The influence of the electronic cooperation parameter on the OB behavior is also discussed. This investigation may be used for optimizing and controlling the optical switching process in the QW solid-state system, which is much more practical than that in atomic system because of its flexible design and the controllable interference strength.     

MULTIGRATING NONDEGENERATE OSCILLATION AND PHASE SHIFT IN THE LINEAR SPPCM

The nondegenerate four-wave mixing in a linear self-pumped phase-conjugate mirror with arbitrary-chosen complex coupling constants has been studied by numerical methods. The frequency detuning and the phase-conjugate reflectivity versus cavity path length detuning for different complex coupling constants are discussed in detail. It is found that multigrating operation in some cases can enlarge the interval of cavity path length detuning to be compensated for by frequency detuning and improve the phase-conjugate beam generation. The phase relation between the output phase-conjugate beam and the input beam is calculated and the result is in agreement with the experimental results.     

Quantum Discord Dynamics of Three Qubits in Non-Markovian Environments

We investigate the dynamics of palrwise quantum discord （QD） for a mixed three-qubit W-type state in three independent non-Markovian reservoirs at zero temperature, each of which is modeled by a leaky cavity with Lorentzian spectral density. The influence of the environment＇s amount of non-Markovianity, the detuning between the qubit frequency and the cavity centre frequency, and the purity of the initial state on the QD dynamics are analyzed in detail. It is found that in the non-Maxkovian regime the system-reservoir interactions induce QD revivals and oscillations no matter whether the detuning is zero or not. Moreover, QD can be preserved for a long time if the non-Markovian condition and the detuning condition are satisfied simultaneously.     

Comparison of the Techniques for Multipactor Discharge Damping in Coupling Cells of CDS Accelerating Structure

In the CDS structure proposed to substitute the first cavity of the main part of the linac at the Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the appearance of a multipactor discharge (MP) in coupling cells at the operating level of the accelerating field was detected. Earlier, an option for MP damping by alternating neighbor accelerating cell frequency detuning was considered. This option complicates the cavity section tuning. An option for MP removal by changes in the coupling cell geometry inducing the destruction of phase conditions of the electron cloud resonance motion was studied. The analytical estimation and results of numerical simulations are presented. In conditions of the first cavity of the INR linac, the options considered were compared with respect to the efficiency of MP damping and the enhanced resistivity to the increase of the secondary emission yield.