Catalytic performances of kaoline and silica alumina in the thermal degradation of polypropylene

Polypropylene was cracked thermally and catalytically in the presence of kaoline and silica alumina in a semi batch reactor in the temperature range 400℃～550℃ in order to obtain suitable liquid fuels.The dependencies between process temperatures,types of catalyst,feed compositions and product yields of the obtained fuel fractions were found.It was observed that up to 450℃ thermal cracking temperature,the major product of pyrolysis was liquid oil and the major product at other higher temperatures(475℃～550℃) ...     

Hydrogen production from the aqueous phase derived from fast pyrolysis of biomass

Hydrogen production from the aqueous phase derived from fast pyrolysis of biomass was carried out by catalytic steam reforming in a fluidized bed reactor. The effects of reaction conditions such as reaction temperature, steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) and weight hourly space velocity of the aqueous phase (WHSV) on the results of hydrogen yield, potential hydrogen yield and carbon selectivity of product gases were investigated. The effect of reaction temperature on the carbon deposition on catalyst was also studied. The hydrogen yield of 64.6%, potential hydrogen yield of 77.6% and the carbon selectivity for product gases of 84.3% can be obtained at the optimized conditions of reaction temperature 800 °C, S/C 10 and WHSV 1.0 h⁻¹.     

HZSM-5上生物质催化裂解的近期研究进展

概述了近期的HZSM-5对生物质和生物油催化裂解的研究进展,重点介绍了催化剂的应用、生物油提质的方法和反应机理.     

基于裂解气质联用分析的生物质逐级热解研究

为探究生物质快速热解反应历程,利用裂解气质联用仪对生物质进行逐级热解实验,考察在不同温度区间热解液体产物组分的分布规律。实验结果表明,生物质的化学组成和热解温度区间对热解液体产物都有重要影响。桉木在25℃~400℃热解液体产物较少,主要是吡喃和芳香类化合物,其中5,6-二氢-4-羟基-吡喃-2-酮相对峰面积随温度升高而降低;在450℃~500℃热解液体产物种类和产量均较多,主要以酮类和芳香类化合物为主。玉米芯热解规律和桉木的相似,但在25℃~350℃主要以呋喃类化合物为主,主要热解液体产物是2,3-二氢-苯并呋喃和2-甲氧基-4-乙烯基苯酚,在400℃~450℃热解液体产物以酮类化合物为主。生物质主要化学组分在不同温度区间热解得到不同液体产物,对其进行选择性热解,能够有效实现生物质资源的综合利用。     

减压蒸馏生物油与乙醇在ZSM-5/MCM-41上共催化裂化

采用减压蒸馏生物油为原料,与无水乙醇2:3(质量比)混合,在固定床中ZSM-5/MCM-41分子筛上共催化裂化,考查了反应温度和质量空速(WHSV)对裂化产物的影响。对ZSM-5/MCM-41进行了NH₃-TPD、BET、N₂吸附-脱附等表征,对裂化气体产物通过气相色谱仪分析,减压蒸馏生物油和精制生物油采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行定量分析。结果表明,反应温度500 ℃、WHSV 3.75 h^-1为反应优化工况。此反应条件下,精制生物油酸类物质从减压蒸馏生物油中的25.6%降至反应后的0.1%,效果显著,且精制生物油产率为46.8%,气体产物中CO₂和CO的浓度共9.5%。     

Ni/Zr-MOF催化剂的制备及其在生物质热解中的应用

通过均匀沉淀法制备了以锆-金属有机骨架化合物(Zr-metal organic framework,Zr-MOF)为载体的Ni/Zr-MOF催化剂,并用于湿污泥和秸秆混合催化热解实验。采用元素分析、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、热重分析(TG)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和N_2吸附-脱附等温(BET)对载体和催化剂进行表征分析,通过一系列实验来探讨热解温度、秸秆添加量和Ni负载量对于湿污泥和秸秆混合催化热解制备富氢合成气的影响。结果表明,Zr-MOF载体颗粒均匀呈八面体,比表面积高达805.93 m~2/g,平均孔径为20.14 nm,为介孔结构。Ni/Zr-M OF催化剂具有较高的热稳定性和催化活性。与不添加催化剂相比,使用Ni/Zr-MOF催化剂在500℃下热解,H_2的产量从0.39 mol/kg显著提高到12.65 mol/kg。随着热解温度的升高,催化剂出现团聚现象,同时在反复使用之后其表面产生了少量的积炭,导致催化剂催化活性逐渐降低。因此,Ni/Zr-MOF催化剂适用于生物质低温催化热解。     

生物质催化热解制取轻质芳烃

以轻质芳烃苯、甲苯、二甲苯和萘(BTXN)为目的产物,采用双颗粒流化床反应器对3种木材生物质进行了热解实验. 结果表明,木材生物质的初次热解终止温度低,有利于低温催化转化. 生物质中92%的挥发分在673 K时已释放完全,且生物质在初期热解得到的焦油经过二次分解反应可以转化为其它产物,通过有效控制生物质热解二次气相反应,能够改变其产物的分布,从而获得不同的目的产物. 生物质的催化加氢热解实验结果表明,催化剂种类和热解温度对加氢热解产物收率及其分布均有影响, BTXN是热解或加氢热解过程中二次气相反应的中间产物. 为了获得高产率的BTXN, 必须选择加氢活性适度的催化剂. 当CoMo-S/Al2O3催化剂作为流化介质进行加氢热解时,在863 K时, BTXN的收率可达6 3%(干燥无灰质量基准), 而NiMo/Al2O3催化剂表现出了很强的加氢活性, CH4的收率高达99 5%.     

Catalytic pyrolysis of atmospheric residue on a fluid catalytic cracking catalyst for the production of light olefins

Catalytic pyrolysis of Chinese Daqing atmospheric residue on a commercial fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst was investigated in a confined fluidized bed reactor. The results show that the commercial FCC catalyst has good capability of cracking atmospheric residue to light olefins. The analysis of gas samples shows that the content of total light olefins in cracked gas is above 80%. The analysis of liquid samples shows that the content of aromatics in liquid samples ranges from 60% to 80%, and it increases with the enhancement of reaction temperature. The yield of total light olefins shows a maximum with the increase of reaction temperature, the weight ratios of catalyst-to-oil and steam-to-oil, respectively. The optimal reaction temperature, the weight ratios of catalyst-to-oil and steam-to-oil are about 650℃, 15 and 0.75, respectively.     

Catalytic pyrolysis of polypropylene to synthesize carbon nanotubes and hydrogen through a two-stage process

A two-stage reaction process was used to convert polypropylene (PP) into multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and hydrogen-rich gas. The proposed process consisted of two stages: catalytic pyrolysis of PP over HZSM-5 zeolite in a screw kiln reactor and the subsequent catalytic decomposition of pyrolysis gases over a nickel catalysts in a moving-bed reactor for producing MWCNTs and hydrogen. The resultant gas mainly consisted of hydrogen and methane. SEM and TEM images revealed that carbon products in the moving-bed reactor were in the form of MWCNTs. XRD and TGA characterization indicated that high decomposition temperature resulted in the formation of more highly crystalline nanotubes. The influence of pyrolysis temperature (550-750 °C) and decomposition temperature (500-800 °C) on the performances of the two-stage reaction system were investigated. The MWCNT yield and hydrogen concentration increased with an increase in the decomposition temperature and reached a maximum at 700 °C. With increasing pyrolysis temperature the yield of pyrolysis gas increased while the liquid yield decreased. The yield of MWCNTs in the moving-bed reactor was determined by both the quantity and quality of the pyrolysis gas.     

生物质焦油的催化裂解研究

对稻壳热解过程中产生的焦油进行了催化裂解研究。实验装置主体由裂解炉和固定床催化裂解反应器组成。研究得出催化裂解条件（温度、停留时间等）对焦油脱除的影响规律，并分析了生物质焦油催化裂解过程中发生的反应和焦油催化裂解机理。研究表明，白云石对焦油的催化裂解有较好的效果，随着温度和停留时间的增加，其催化裂解率提高。     

Influences of Temperature and Coal Particle Size on the Flash Pyrolysis of Coal in a Fast-entrained Bed

IntroductionCoal is the major primary energy source in China,which accounts for about three quarters of the total en-ergy consumption.Most of coal in China contains a rel-atively high content of volatile substances.The reserveof lignite accounts for about…     

热解重油加氢裂化制取高芳潜石脑油的研究

以哈密热解焦油重质馏分悬浮床加氢裂化后的轻质油为原料,对其性质进行了分析,轻质油保留了煤的基本单元结构特点,富含芳烃类和环烷烃类化合物,氮含量较高;采用200 mL固定床精制-裂化串联装置,对轻质油原料进行了加氢裂化制取石脑油的研究;反应压力15 MPa下,考察了不同温度对加氢裂化反应的影响。结果表明,适宜的裂化段温度为390℃,此温度下,180℃馏分转化率为53.69%,氢耗5.13%,180℃石脑油收率56.8%,裂化后石脑油主要以C_(6-9)类烃类物质为主,其中,环烷烃含量为71.99%,芳烃含量3.13%,芳潜值70.1;以最佳工艺条件下产出裂化石脑油为原料,进行了催化重整制取BTXE的研究,采用石油系中间基石脑油作为对比,裂化石脑油重整后BTXE类物质总产率为55.85%,较石油基石脑油生成量高25.53%,彰显了煤基油的优势和特点,验证了煤热解重油裂化石脑油是制取BTXE类物质良好的原料。     

煤热解与甲烷蒸汽重整耦合过程焦油在碳基镍催化剂上的原位催化提质（英文）

本研究采用Ni/KD-9催化剂，对CP-SRM过程焦油进行原位催化提质研究。结果表明，在650℃热解温度下，CPSRM在5Ni/KD-9催化作用下的焦油产率为24.4%，略低于不进行催化提质的焦油产率，而轻质焦油产率（18.9%）是未提质时的1.4倍。相比未提质焦油，用5Ni/KD-9提质后焦油中的C₂、C₃和C₄烷基取代苯含量分别增加0.5、0.6和4.0倍；酚和萘的含量也明显提高。采用同位素示踪方法结合典型组分质谱图，探究了催化提质过程的反应机理。结果表明，5Ni/KD-9可以同时催化焦油裂解和甲烷蒸汽重整（SRM）,SRM过程产生的小分子自由基，如·CH_x，·H和·OH可以与焦油裂解产生的自由基结合，从而避免焦油的过度裂解。     

甘油三酯裂解制备可再生液体燃料油研究

以碳酸钠为碱性催化剂,采用TG、DTG、DSC分析确定大豆油为原料的裂解特性。通过对四种典型裂解产物的跟踪测定,确证碱性催化剂能够改变大豆油裂解时的反应历程。分析结果表明,裂解温度在400℃~500℃,热解方式为快速热解。采用自行研制的小型滴流床反应器催化裂解大豆油。比较了不同催化剂的催化裂解性能,发现碱性催化剂具有较高的脱羧能力。在较佳催化裂解工艺条件下,所得燃料油酸值较低(30 mg KOH/g)。通过FT-IR、GC-MS以及燃料性能的分析,其组分和成分与0号柴油相似,热值43 M J/kg,黏度2.6 mm2/s,密度0.84 g/cm3。     

利用Py-GC/MS研究温度和时间对生物质热解的影响

以稻壳为原料,采用Py-GC/MS装置对其在不同热解条件下进行快速热解,并对热解气进行在线检测分析,考察了热解温度和时间对生物质热解性质的影响.结果表明,低于450 ℃,随着温度的升高,生物质热解产物种类及其产率均增加,但低温条件下产物种类较少,有利于产物的分离提纯;高于450 ℃,生物质热解产物种类基本稳定,仅在产率上有所变化,当550 ℃时,收率最大.随着热解温度的升高,其对应的最佳热解时间缩短,且生物质低温热解时间延长时热解比高温解热时间缩短时热解更充分.     

温度对稻草流化床快速热解液相产物影响的研究

研究了温度对稻草流化床快速热解中热解油产率的影响,利用GC/MS、FT-IR考察了不同热解温度(300℃~600℃)及冷凝温度(22℃、-4.4℃)下,稻草经过热解所获得的热解油组成。结果表明,稻草在400℃热解温度下可获得最高热解油产率43.1%;冷凝温度对热解油的品质有较大影响,降低冷凝温度能够增加热解油中有机物的含量,热解油中的水分含量随之降低,同时热解油的热值也随之得到提高。     

Gas Evolution from the Pyrolysis of Jordan Oil Shale in A Fixed-bed Reactor

Jordan oil shale from El-Lajjun deposit was pyrolysed in a fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor and the influence of the pyrolysis temperature between 400 to 620°C and the influence of the pyrolysis atmosphere using nitrogen and nitrogen/steam on the product yield and gas composition were investigated. The gases analysed were H₂, CO, CO₂ and hydrocarbons from C₁ to C₄. The results showed for both nitrogen and nitrogen/steam that increase the pyrolysis bed temperature from 400 to 520°C resulted in a significant increase in the oil yield, after which temperature the oil yield decreased. The alkene/alkane ratio including ethene/ethane, propene/propane, and butene/butane ratios, can be used as an indication of pyrolysis temperature and the magnitude of cracking reactions. Increasing alkene/alkane ratio occurring with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The alkene/alkane ratio for nitrogen/steam pyrolysis atmosphere was lower than the one found under nitrogen atmosphere. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

催化裂化生物质焦油构成变化

利用层析法对生物质焦油进行分析,比较了不同来源、不同裂化工况处理后焦油族分构成的差异,并对催化裂化过程机理进行探讨。生物质原料组成的不同导致热解焦油构成的差异,木屑焦油中芳香类和极性物的质量分数高于稻杆和稻壳焦油,热解温度越高产生的焦油芳香性越大。催化裂化后,芳香类族分在焦油中的质量分数增长近1倍,其他族分的质量分数出现不同幅度的下降,裂化温度950℃以上时,芳香类的质量分数已达50％。芳香类的转化速度较小,还存在其他族分向芳香类的转化,引起裂化后焦油芳香化程度增大,且这种趋势随焦油转化程度的增大而更为明显。     

粉粒流化床中松木生物质热解特性的研究

通过冷模实验考察了双颗粒流化床的流化特性。结果表明,在适宜的气速范围内,双颗粒流化床层内部可保持较好的流化状态。松木生物质在粉粒流化床反应器中的热解和催化热解实验结果表明,生物质热解时挥发分的释放存在一个最快的温度区域,生物质中约92%的挥发分在723 K时即可释放完全。773 K时,生物质热解产物中的无机气体(IOG)、低碳烃气体(HCG)和碳氢化合物液体(HCL)的收率之和只有3.1%。随着热解温度的升高,IOG、HCG和HCL的收率均逐渐增加,1 173 K时,其收率之和达到58.7%,且产物主要以CO为主。CoMo-B催化剂可有效促进生物质催化加氢热解产物的二次气相反应,在863 K下可得到6.3%,轻质芳烃化合物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯和萘)是1 173 K下非催化过程的两倍。     

Thermal and catalytic degradation of pyrolytic oil from pyrolysis of municipal plastic wastes

Thermal and catalytic degradation of pyrolytic oil obtained from the commercial rotary kiln pyrolysis plant for municipal plastic waste was studied by using fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst in a bench scale reactor. The characteristics of raw pyrolytic oil and also thermal and catalytic degradation of pyrolytic oil using FCC catalyst (fresh and spent FCC catalyst) under rising temperature programming was examined. The experiments were conducted by temperature programming with 10 °C/min of heating rate up to 420 °C and then holding time of 5 h. During this programming, the sampling of product oil was conducted at a different degradation temperature and also different holding time. The raw pyrolytic oil showed a wide retention time distribution in GC analysis, from 5 of carbon number to about 25, and also different product characteristics with a comparison of those of commercial oils (gasoline, kerosene and diesel). In thermal degradation, the characteristics of product oils obtained were influenced by reaction temperature under temperature programming and holding time in the reactor at 420 °C. The addition of FCC catalyst in degradation process showed the improvement of liquid and gas yield, and also high fraction of heavy hydrocarbons in oil product due to more cracking of residue. Moreover, the characteristic of oil product in catalytic degradation using both spent and fresh FCC catalysts were similar, but a relatively good effect of spent FCC catalyst was observed.