一种金属单晶电极制备方法的建立和Cu2+在铂单晶上UPD过程的研究

同种材料而表面结构不同的电极往往有完全不同的电化学性能.使用在原子水平上表面结构明确的单晶电极不仅有助于对电极表面吸脱附过程、电场作用下表面结构重组、双电层微观结构、分子水平上的反应机理等基础理论进行深入研究,且对高选择性、高效电催化剂的研制也有指导意义.单晶电化学研究的基础就是制备定向不同的单晶电极.本文建立了金属单晶电极制备方法,并报道了Cu²⁺在Pt单晶电极上UPD(欠电位沉积)过程的研究结果.     

锆系Laves相储氢合金电极的性能研究

Ｚｒ（Ｖ０．２Ｍｎ０．２Ｍｏ０．０６Ｎｉ０．５４）２．４合金经ＨＦ溶液处理后，合金表面由富Ｚｒ和富Ｍｎ层转变成富Ｎｉ层，从而使电极初期活化周期明显缩短，电极表面氢吸附性能改善。表面反应电阻减小。本文探讨了上述电极表面反应机理，即表面Ｎｉ的催化、氢吸附和氢转移机理，对阻抗谱进行拟合，给出了相应的电极反应等效电路。     

循环伏安法用于钇在钼和镍电极上的电极过程研究

使用了较为简单的数学方法,对不溶性反应产物的电极过程的循环伏安理论公式进行了推导。并将推导结果应用于LiCl—KCl—YCl_3熔盐体系,钇在钼电极上的电极过程研究,获得了很好的结果。同时还对钇在镍电极上阴极还原进行了研究,循环伏安结果表明钇和镍能够拖成金属间化合物。能谱及X射线衍射结果表明,金属间化合物的组成为Ni_2Y。     

全钒液流电池性能及其电极材料的研究

应用循环伏安法研究石墨板、柔性石墨和PAN基碳布经双氧水处理又经热处理后在钒盐硫酸溶液中的电化学性能,并以处理过的上述电极组装成流动型钒电池.结果表明,电极经处理,其表面反应可逆性增强,峰电流增大,电化学性能明显得到提高.用处理过的石墨电极组装的钒电池其充电电流可达20 mA/cm2以上,放电电流达15 mA/cm2.扫描电镜显示,石墨电极经处理后表层结构发生改变,比表面积增大.     

钴的添加形式对氢氧化镍电极性能的影响

研究了钴元素分别以Co ,CoO ,Co +CoO三种形式作为添加剂并分别以与Ni(OH) 2 用机械混合的方式添加到电极活性物质中时对镍电极性能的影响 ,用循环伏安法和电化学交流阻抗法对实验结果进行分析 .结果表明 :对于机械混合的添加方式 ,Co ,CoO和Co +CoO三种形式的钴添加剂均可在一定程度上改善镍电极的性能 .其中 ,当钴以CoO的形式添加时镍电极的性能最好 .这是因为三种形式的添加剂均在一定程度上改善了活性物质Ni(OH) 2 的结构、增强了电极中质子的传输能力 ,从而提高了镍电极反应的可逆性 ,强化了镍电极的析氧极化 ,并提高了镍电极的充电效率 ,其中CoO的作用效果最明显 .     

双荼电极参比电位采样快扫伏安方法

报道一种双铂盘工作电极、相应的毛细管参比电极和竖直工电化学池设计并用于快速循环伏安测量。双工作电极包括一个常规工作电极,一个辅助工作电极。后者在使用中接地,仅提供参比电位来控制工作电极的电位。参比毛细管尖端安设在接近辅助工作电极的位置上;用０．３ｍｍ直径Ｐｔ盘工作电极,在电位扫描速度高达１０ｋＶ／ｓ都可以得到类似于１００％ｉＲ补偿的伏安曲线,而不必使用ｉＲ补偿电路。本文围绕高扫速伏安法中工作电极电     

碳纳米管阵列电极的构建及电化学研究

本文提出一种改进的氧化铝模板法制备碳纳米管阵列电极:首先结合气相化学沉积和磁控溅射在氧化铝模板中制得碳纳米管阵列电极,然后用HF溶液将沉积了碳纳米管的氧化铝模板阻挡层除去,控制溶出时间即可得到不同溶出长度的碳纳米管阵列电极.循环伏安测试表明,锂离子在该阵列电极中的嵌入脱出反应主要发生在碳纳米管的端口处.此外,还应用固定频率交流阻抗法,研究了不同溶出时间的碳纳米管阵列电极的电容性质.     

石墨烯修饰玻碳电极用于循环伏安法测定抗坏血酸

采用Hummers法制备了纳米石墨烯,并将该纳米材料分散在蒸馏水中得到悬浮液,取5μL的悬浮液滴涂在玻碳电极表面,制备石墨烯修饰电极。用循环伏安法研究了在pH 4.0磷酸盐电解质中,在-0.4～0.8V(vs.Ag/AgCl)电位范围内,抗坏血酸在修饰电极上的电化学行为。结果表明:抗坏血酸在修饰电极上在0.173V处可见明显的氧化峰,且氧化峰电流显著高于在裸玻碳电极上的氧化峰电流;并可有效排除肾上腺素、尿酸、多巴胺等物质的干扰。据此提出了用循环伏安法测定抗坏血酸的方法。抗坏血酸的线性范围为8.00×10-6～1.0×10-3 mol.L-1,检出限(3S/N)为1.0×10-7 mol.L-1。方法用于维生素C片的分析,回收率在96.3%～104.4%之间。     

MnO2电极的循环伏安光电化学测量

用循环伏安法的光电化学现场测量研究了γ-MnO_2在充放电过程中的电化学和光电化学性质, γ-MnO_2本身的光电流为正值, 在阴极还原过程中光电流不断减小, 由正值变为负值。说明γ-MnO_2是n型半导体, 阴极还原过程相当于对γ-MnO_2进行了p型掺杂。     

n型碲化镉单晶光电化学电池的研究II:金属离子修饰与光电化学催化

n-CdTe单晶表面用H2PtCl6或RuCl3溶液浸渍,显著提高了电池的效率及稳定性.除选择金属离子种类外,电极预处理及浸渍时间对修饰作用也有很大影响.固体表面分析表明,在PtCl6^2^-溶液中短时间浸渍的电极表面上有大量铂岛,能减少表面缺陷并催化界面反应.在RuCl3溶液中浸渍,将可使Ru^3^+离子吸附于电极表面,有利于光电化学反应.PdCl2溶液浸渍或长时间PtCl6^2^-溶液处理均得到不利的结果.     

镉离子选择电极交流阻抗谱研究:载流子传输活化能和响应机制

研究了用相敏检测技术对以硫化镉/硫化银混晶压片膜为敏感膜的镉离子选择电极在不同温度下交流阻抗谱的测试. 提出了镉离子选择电极的等效电路及相应的电化学参数. 报导了由拟合后的阻抗谱求算不同温度下的膜本体阻抗, 并由此推断电极敏感膜片中载流子传输活化能. 比较了不同组成膜片的传输活化能的差异. 参照了固体电解质理论, 结合X衍射图谱的解析, 对其响应机理进行探讨.     

长链香豆素LB膜对n-Si/Ni液结上的光致电荷转移的影响

本文研究了由硬脂酸香豆素制得的LB膜对n-Si/Ni电极性能的修饰作用.该LB膜沉积方式是Z型的,成膜之后吸收蓝移(由343nm移至325nm).在60mW·cm^-2溴钨灯光照下,n-Si/Ni/3LB/Fe(CN) /Pt电池的光电转换效率增大了一倍,稳定性亦有明显改善.交流阻抗测量表明,光照使n-Si/Ni/3LB电极的电解电阻大大减小,实验结果表明,硬脂酸香豆素LB膜对n-Si/Ni电极上的光致电荷传递过程的修饰作用是良好的.     

Potentiometric characterization of weak acids by multiple sample addition II. The effect of chemical interferences and the practical performance of linearization methods

Potentiometric multiple addition of a sample containing a pure weak acid to a solution of supporting electrolyte has been previously shown [C. Maccà and A. Merkoci, Talanta, 41 (1994) 2033] to be formally suitable for the determination of the dissociation constant and concentration of the sample acid. Linear equations have been developed for the treatment of experimental data to yield, simultaneously or separately, the chemical parameters of the acid solution. These equations are now tested on real samples together with analogous equations for titrations, and the results are compared with those obtained with rigorous statistical methods. For the determination of the acidity constant with samples of known concentration, multiple samples addition is comparable with titration. When the sample concentration is unknown and must be determined simultaneously to the acidity constant, the results obtained by linearized multiple sample addition can be seriously affected by impurities present, even at low level, either in the sample or in the supporting solution. Linear equations accounting for the effects of basic or acidic impurities in the sample or in the supporting solution are developed. Sample addition is confirmed to be a useful complement to pH-metric titration for the determination of acidity constants of moderately weak acids by non-linear regression; linearization of data is a convenient technique for screening purposes and a powerful means of detecting and correcting some common pitfalls, interferences and contaminations, whose effects are enhanced in linearized sample addition.     

The importance of radiochemistry for the characterization of NORM and of environments contaminated by NORM

Naturally occuring radioactive materials (NORM) are present in the environment and they can be concentrated by technical activities, particularly those involving natural resources. This article describes radioanalytical problems arising in the accurate determination of natural radionuclides in NORM and in the environment contaminated by NORM. The solution of these problems is of particular importance since the results can be used to estimate the dose to workers and to the population. A special emphasis is given to the reliability of the radiochemical methods and procedures applied for the detection and measurement of alpha or beta emitters by radiometric or non-radiometric techniques.     

Automated development of analytical chemical methods : The determination of senun calcium by the cresolphthalein complexone method

The cresolphthalein complexone method for serum calcium determination was investigated by means of a modified Technicon Autoanalyzer II under computer control. Simplex optimization of reagent concentrations, followed by response-surface mapping in the region of the optimum produced a method yielding 8.5% greater calcium sensitivity and 15% lower baseline absorbance than the standard method, with comparable insensitivity to interferences, and only a very slight sacrifice in linearity; a comprehensive operational understanding of the chemical system was also obtained.     

The role of Fe(II) in the increased medicinal potency of curcumin analyzed by electrochemical methods

The formation of complexes of curcumin and Fe(II) was studied in aqueous media at pH 5.7 ± 0.1 by polarography, amperometry and spectrophotometry. The polarogram indicated formation of complexes between curcumin and Fe(II). Curcumin produces a well-defined direct current polarogram and differential pulse polarogram in 0.1 M ammonium tartrate (supporting electrolyte) at pH 5.7 ± 0.1. The stoichiometry of the Fe(II)-curcumin complex is 1 : 1. Anticancer studies on the drug and its metal complex have been performed against sarcoma cells (in-vitro), revealing the complex to be more potent in anticancer activity compared to the parent drug.     

The impact of the nucleoside oxidation on the susceptibility to chemical carcinogens studied by first principle and semiempirical quantum chemistry methods

The B3LYP/aug-cc-pvdz and AM1-CI quantum chemistry calculations were used for estimation of adiabatic and vertical ionization potential values of 22 hydroxyl radical modified purine and pyrimidine model nucleosides. Most of studied derivatives are characterized by higher values of IP compared to canonical guanosine, which is known to be the main target for oxidizing agents and chemical carcinogens in cellular DNA. However, three derivatives, namely fapy-guanosine, 8-oxoguanosine and 2-oxoadenosine are characterized by lower IP values than canonical guanosine. Thus, 6,8-diketo- and 6-enol-8-keto-tautomer of 8-oxoguanosine, 6-enol- and 6-keto tautomers of fapy-guanosine as well as 2-keto form of 2-oxoadenosine may be potential hot spot centers for chemical carcinogens. The IEFPCM calculations confirm above conclusion even in the polar environment.     

The fractal calibration method applied to the characterization of polymers in solvent mixtures and in mixed gel packings by SEC

The size-exclusion chromatographic (SEC) behaviour of different solvent/polymer systems in three packing sets has been analysed from fractal considerations. The three-column sets studied are specifically formed by: (i) 'pure' micro-styragel, (ii) 'mixed' TSK Gel H(HR + XL + HR) and (iii) mixed TSK Gel H(XL + HR + XL). The experimental data reveals that in most of the systems assayed the classical universal calibration (UC) is not fulfilled, denoting the existence of secondary effects accompanying the main SEC mechanism. In order to obtain an accurate characterization of different polymers eluted in solvent mixtures and/or mixed packings, the use of a reliable and trusted calibration curve is required. In this sense, two alternative procedures have been analysed: the specific (SC) and the fractal (FC) calibrations. The results have evidenced that the use of the FC instead of the classical universal method diminishes up to nine times (in the case of the micro-styragel set) the mean deviation on the calculated molar mass with respect to the value given by the supplier. In the case of TSK Gel-based sets, the mean deviation is reduced to the half. The SC curve made with standards of the sample under study also reduces the mean deviation values but needs a broad set of narrow standards, whereas the fractal approach only needs one polymeric sample to build up the calibration curve.     

The spectrophotometric multicomponent analysis of a ternary mixture of ascorbic acid, acetylsalicylic acid and paracetamol by the double divisor-ratio spectra derivative and ratio spectra-zero crossing methods

The double divisor–ratio spectra derivative and ratio spectra–zero crossing methods were applied to the analysis of an effervescent tablet containing the title compounds without using a chemical separation procedure. In the use of both methods, the calibration graphs were linear in the range of 8–28 μg ml⁻¹ for three compounds. Comparison of the results obtained by the two methods indicates that both methods gives the best results.