二碘化钐参与及二茂钛催化的氮α-位碳自由基偶联反应及其在含氮杂环合成中的应用

氮α-位碳-碳键的构造是含氮有机化合物合成中的基本方法。通过氮α-位的碳正离子(亚胺鎓)、碳负离子和碳自由基中间体是实现这一目标的主要途径。相对而言,通过氮α-位碳自由基中间体构造碳-碳键可在较温和的中性条件下进行,且可实现对亚胺鎓离子的极性反转,因而是对正、负离子极性反应的重要补充。作为温和的单电子还原剂,Kagan试剂(二碘化钐)可还原多种含氮有机物产生氮α-位自由基,进而发生自由基偶联反应,在形成氮α-位碳-碳键的方法学发展中扮演了重要的角色。本文综述了二碘化钐参与的氮α-位自由基偶联反应在有机合成中的研究进展,重点归纳评述了二碘化钐参与的亚胺、硝酮、氮杂半缩醛、酰亚胺和酰胺等底物与醛/酮及与缺电子烯烃的自由基偶联反应,为了探讨、克服二碘化钐在相关反应中的局限性,也介绍了二茂钛催化的氮α-位碳自由基偶联反应的最新进展。此外,还重点评述了这些合成方法在含氮活性化合物、生物碱和中间体的简捷合成中的应用。     

α-卤代酮和羰基化合物在碘化钾/金属盐作用下的碳-碳双键形成反应

软硬酸碱原理可应用于解释α-卤代酮的一些还原脱卤反应。例如,碘负离子(软路易斯碱)和某些硬路易斯酸,如三氯化铝、三氯化铁、三氟化硼、三价铈和质子酸等的复合作用对α-卤代酮的脱卤。在三碘化铈或者三氟化铈/碘化钠等作用下,使α-卤代酮脱     

α-卤代酮和羰基化合物在碘化钾/金属盐作用下的碳-碳双键形成反应

本工作研究了α-卤代酮与羰基化合物之间在易得试剂碘化钾和某些硬路易斯酸的金属盐, 如三氯化铝, 四氯化钛等复合作用下形成碳碳双键, 生成(E)-α,β-不饱和羰基化合物的反应。     

1,1-二卤代-1-烯烃的制备及其在有机合成中的应用

1,1-二卤代-1-烯烃是有机化学中常见的合成片断,在合成化学中已得到了广泛的应用。该综述介绍了这一类化合物常见的制备方法以及反应的适用范围,并详细讨论了该类化合物在有机合成中的应用：(1)1,1-二卤代-1-烯烃在镁、有机锂、锌/溴化亚铜、二碘化钐、零价钯等金属或金属试剂作用下,发生α-消除反应生成烯基卡宾中间体的反应;(2)1,1-二卤代-1-烯烃在合成杂环以及核苷类似物等方面的应用。对于这类化合物在钯催化下的分子内(间)的偶联反应以及利用分子内的双环碳钯化反应,合成环状化合物等等方面的研究进展,也进行了详细的讨论。     

钐试剂在合成中的应用I. 金属钐作用下烯丙基和苄基卤代物与羰基化合物的反应

本文研究了金属钐作用下的Barbier型反应。结果表明, 经氯化汞活化的金属钐对酮类化合物与烯丙基或苄基卤代物的反应很有效, 可高产率地生成叔醇。此反应有很好的区位选择性和化学选择性, 与α, β-不饱和酮的反应未发现1, 4-加成产物生成, 与环上有卤素(Br, Cl)取代的芳香酮反应, 取代基不受影响。产物的形成可能通过了有机钐中间体。     

钐试剂在合成中的应用 Ⅰ.金属钐作用下烯丙基和苄基卤代物与羰基化合物的反应

本文研究了金属钐作用下的Barbier型反应。结果表明,经氯化汞活化的金属钐对酮类化合物与烯丙基或苄基卤代物的反应很有效,可高产率地生成叔醇。此反应有很好的区位选择性和化学选择性,与α,β-不饱和酮的反应未发现1,4-加成产物生成,与环上有卤素(Br,Cl)取代的芳香酮反应,取代基不受影响。产物的形成可能通过了有机钐中间体。     

钐试剂在合成中的应用I. 金属钐作用下烯丙基和苄基卤代物与羰基化合物的反应

本文研究了金属钐作用下的Barbier型反应。结果表明, 经氯化汞活化的金属钐对酮类化合物与烯丙基或苄基卤代物的反应很有效, 可高产率地生成叔醇。此反应有很好的区位选择性和化学选择性, 与α, β-不饱和酮的反应未发现1, 4-加成产物生成, 与环上有卤素(Br, Cl)取代的芳香酮反应, 取代基不受影响。产物的形成可能通过了有机钐中间体。     

二碘化钐促进的 β-碲代酯(腈)的合成

本文报道在室温, 中性介质中研究二碘化钐在合成中的应用. 在二碘化钐作用下,二碲醚发生Te-Te键还原断裂, 生成碲负离子物种, 后者再与α,β-不饱和酯(腈)发生Michael加成, 得到β-碲代酯(腈), 产率较高.     

α-卤代酮的脱卤新方法

报道了一种以乙醇为溶剂,在锌粉和甲酸铵催化下的α-卤代酮的脱卤新方法。该体系也适用于α,α-二卤代酮和卤代苄的脱卤反应,产物结构结构经~1H NMR,IR和MS(ESI)确证。     

三碘化钐催化的一锅法合成α-胺基腈化合物

在三碘化钐催化下,羰基化合物(醛、酮)、胺(伯胺、仲胺)和三甲基氰硅烷(TMSCN)能进行Strecker反应,以良好的收率得到相应的α-氰基化合物.在该反应条件下,底物中的官能团(硝基、碳碳双键和卤素等)不受影响.     

Application of samarium reagents in organic synthesis

Application of samarium diiodide, samarium triiodide, Sm0/auxiliary system and organosamarium reagents in organic synthesis was reviewed.     

Polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by samarium diiodide in the presence of hexamethylphosphoramide

The paper presents the polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) initiated by samarium diiodide (SmI₂) combining with hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) for the first time. The effects of various parameters, such as reaction temperature, AN/Sm and HMPA/Sm molar ratios, reaction time on the polymer yield and its molecular weight were discussed. On the basis of both IR and NMR analysis of resulted polymers, a single-electron-transfer initiation mechanism of AN as radical anion was proposed for this polymerization, which was further sustained by the copolymerization of AN with ε-caprolactone and 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene carbonate, respectively.     

A convenient pathway to Sm(II)-mediated chemistry in acetonitrile

In this communication we show that the instability of samarium diiodide (SmI(2)) in acetonitrile is a consequence of ionization of the reductant in this solvent. Samarium triflate (Sm(OTf)(2)) is exceptionally stable in acetonitrile for periods over six months and can be used with appropriate additives to initiate a ketyl-olefin coupling reaction in high yield.     

Highly selective photoinduced perfluoroalkylation of vinylsilanes and its application to synthesis of water-shedding polysilanes

The functionalization of polysilanes is an important subject in materials science because functionalized polysilanes are expected to exhibit potentially innovative properties. This research aims at the addition of a water-shedding property to polysilanes by introducing perfluoroalkyl groups into their skeleton. The photoinduced iodoperfluoroalkylation of various vinylsilanes takes place successfully upon irradiation with a xenon lamp: vinylmonosilanes undergo iodoperfluoroalkylation with perfluoroalkyl iodides (R_fI) regioselectively, and the corresponding perfluoroalkylated silanes are obtained in moderate to high yields. Detailed optimization of the photoinduced iodoperfluoroalkylation has been investigated to apply this method to the functionalization of polysilanes. Polysilanes having vinyl groups can be synthesized by the reductive coupling of dichlorovinylsilanes with samarium diiodide (SmI₂) and samarium metal (Sm) upon irradiation with visible light. The synthesized vinylpolysilanes and R_fI (about 1.0 mM CHCl₃ solution) are coated on a glass plate sequentially, and then the following photoirradiation with light of a wavelength over 300 nm successfully adds an excellent water-shedding property to the glass plate.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Samarium （Ⅲ） Containing Poly-（N-vinylacetamide） Complex

Poly (N-vinylacetamide) (PNVA) was synthesized by the free radical polymerization and its samarium (Ⅲ) binary complex was prepared and characterized by means of IR, UV-vis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and fluorescence spectra. The fluorescent intensity of samarium (Ⅲ) characteristic emission was increased significantly due to efficient energy transfer from polymeric ligand to Sm (Ⅲ) ion in the complex.     

An Unusual Heterobimetallic Disiloxanediolate Cluster of Samarium(III)

The reaction of samarium(II) diiodide with in situ prepared disodium‐1,1,3,3‐tetraphenyl‐1,3‐disiloxanediolate, [(Ph₂SiONa)₂O], afforded the unusual heterobimetallic samarium(III) disiloxanediolate cluster [Me₃SiO{μ‐Na(THF)}₃Sm{μ‐(Ph₂SiO)₂O}₃Na(THF)] ( 1 ) in low yield. A single‐crystal X‐ray structure determination of 1 revealed the presence of a polycylic inorganic ring system in which the samarium atom is not only chelated by three [(Ph₂SiO)₂O]^2? ligands but is also part of a SmNa₃O₄ heterocubane cage.     

An Aldol-Like Reaction Mediated by SmI2

α-Haloketone reacted with aldehydes to form α, β-unsaturated ketones accompanied by dehalogenation in the presence of SmI₂. Mechanism involving samarium enolate intermediate formed in situ from α-haloketone with both SmI₂ and Sm(III)/I species was proposed.     

钐配合物有序分子膜的激光诱导荧光研究

用Langmuir-Blodgett(LB)膜方法组装了可发红色荧光的钐配合物有序分子膜。用时间分辨技术得到了其激光诱导荧光光谱,并分析了荧光光谱的精细结构,计算了有序分子膜中钐离子的能级常数,测定了配合物中心离子的荧光寿命,从分子内及分子间能量转移机理上研究了分子存在状态、膜中组分对钐配合物荧光寿命及能级常数的影响。     

Samarium diiodide promoted formation of 1,2-diketones and 1-acylamido-2-substituted benzimidazoles from N-acylbenzotriazoles

N-Acylbenzotriazoles, when treated with samarium diiodide in THF, undergo self-coupling reaction to afford 1,2-diketones in good to excellent yields; while when treated with samarium diiodide in CH₃CN, they undergo ring-opening reaction to afford 1-acylamido-2-alkyl (or aryl) benzimidazoles in reasonable to good yields. A plausible mechanism was suggested.     

二碘化钐作为预催化剂的有机反应

二碘化钐是二价稀土试剂中的代表化合物,在有机合成中用途广泛.综述了近年来催化量二碘化钐促进的有机反应,介绍了二碘化钐作为预催化剂在催化有机反应方面所体现的反应活性及选择性.