Imaging large scale plasma disturbances in the inner heliosphere

Many radiogalaxies scintillate due to density variations in the solar wind. By observing large numbers of radio galaxies on a regular daily basis scintillation can be used to map the structure and movement of major disturbances in the solar wind between the Sun and the Earth. Such global information about weather patterns in the solar wind adds an important new dimension to space research and aids the interpretation of in situ observations from spacecraft. The observational method is described and some new insights into solar-terrestrial physics are discussed.Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Published in Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 541–547, May, 1994.     

Behavior of the intensity of galactic and anomalous cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere and large-scale electric fields

The behavior of the intensity of anomalous and galactic cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere is compared. The previous hypothesis, according to which the lowest energy galactic cosmic rays affected by large-scale electric fields far beyond the termination shock wave of the solar wind may contribute to the behavior of the anomalous component intensity, is analyzed.     

Local disturbances of lightning and seismic origin in the radiation belt

The results from observing bursts of high-energy charged particle fluxes in near-Earth space, caused by local disturbances of the radiation belt and particles precipitating from it, in the ARINA (on board the RESURS-DKI satellite since 2006) and VSPLESK (on board the International Space Station since 2008) satellite experiments are presented. New features were revealed in the geographic distribution of particle bursts, indicating that most high-energy electron bursts are interrelated with thunderstorm and seismic activities, at that some bursts are observed in regions of tectonic faults. Results from observing high-energy electron precipitation from the radiation belt over Japan during the powerful seismic event that began on March 11, 2011, are analyzed.     

Satellite orbits and their geophysical implications

Small changes in the orbits of satellites near to the earth have revealed new information about the earth's gravitational field and atmosphere. This article explains the main properties of satellite orbits and describes the discoveries which have been made with their help in the following branches of geophysics: the figure of the earth and the gravitational field; the density of the upper atmosphere and its variations, which have proved to be linked with solar activity; and, finally, other properties of the atmosphere, such as temperature and winds.     

Cosmic rays in the heliosphere

Summary This is a rapporteur paper for the XXIV International Cosmic-Ray Conference covering topics of anomalous cosmic rays, shock acceleration, modulation and transport theory, cosmic-ray gradients, corotating interaction regions, coronal-mass ejections, and solar neutrinos. Among the highlights of the meeting are —conclusive proof that most anomalous cosmic rays are singly charged,—undisputed detection of anomalous cosmic-ray hydrogen,—discovery of unexpectedly large anisotropies of pickup ions,—observation of pronounced solar rotational modulation of cosmic-ray fluxes to the highest heliolatitudes (∼80°) probed by the Ulysses spacecraft, and—new measurements of modulation effects sensitive to particle charge sign. Rapporteur talk given at the XXIV International Cosmic-Ray Conference, Rome, August 28–September 8, 1995.     

The spectrum of cosmic-ray particles and their origin

An analysis of all the direct measurements of the spectrum for all cosmic-ray particles over the energy range 0.1–10 TeV reveals an anomaly in the spectrum in the form of a step if the spectrum is represented as E^βI₀(E). The pattern of the anomaly unequivocally implies a proton spectrum with a knee at energy close to 1 TeV. The qualitative difference between the spectra of protons and nuclei with Z≥2 (the latter have a purely power-law spectrum over a wide energy range) leads us to conclude that the acceleration conditions for protons and nuclei are different. We consider the process characteristic only of protons that may be responsible for the emergence of a knee in the proton spectrum.     

On the origin of anomalous soft photons in muon-proton interactions at high energy

We present arguments supporting the conjecture that anomalous prompt photons observed recently in muon-proton interactions by the European Muon Collaboration (EMC) at CERN are of the same dynamical origin as low mass lepton pairs produced in hadronic collisions. The EMC data are found to be in a qualitative agreement with the soft annihilation model. The conjecture implies that the rate of anomalous photon production depends quadratically on the rapidity density of secondary hadrons in the rapidity region of the photon. A study of this dependence is suggested as a crucial test of the conjecture.     

On the origin of the anomalous sign reversal in the Hall effect in Nb thin films

We re-visit the anomalous sign reversal problem in the Hall effect of the sputtered Nb thin films. We find that the anomalous sign reversal in the Hall effect is extremely sensitive to a small tilting of the magnetic field and to the magnitude of the applied current. Large anomalous variations are also observed in the symmetric part of the transverse resistance R_xy. We suggest that the surface current loops on superconducting grains at the edges of the superconducting thin films may be responsible for the Hall sign reversal and the accompanying anomalous effects in the symmetric part of R_xy.     

To the origin of anomalous torque acting on a rotating magnetized ball in vacuum

The magnitude of the anomalous torque acting on a rotating magnetized ball in vacuum is specified. Its value is shown to depend on the magnetic field structure inside the body.     

Higher cocycles in anomalous gauge theories and their consistency conditions

We derive consistency conditions for all cocycles related to the 5-dimensional Chern-Simons action. We show that the Jacobi identity plays two different roles, it is satisfied by the 2-cocycle and violated by the 3-cocycle, and we discuss the different operators appearing in it. Then we generalize this structure to arbitraryn-cocycles, and hence suggest a meaning for them in field theory.     

A geomathematical approach to the analysis of some geophysical fields and their spatial forecasting

Summary A map of spatial anomalies resulting from a geophysical survey, or, indifferently, a single profile, could be decomposed into periodical components. In the method exposed here the analysis is differently performed than in the Fourier one. Our device presents some strong analogies with the time series analysis. In fact, the actual periodicities of the field structure are put in evidence instead of some fictitious ones. The spectral analysis (or other filter devices) is available in order to define the wave-length of the components. Amplitudes and spatial phases are calculated later, by applying the least-squares method to the observed values. The reliability of such a decomposition must be controlled. The results are tested in a comparison between the observed and the synthetic field (i.e. a ?theoretical? field) obtained by means of the synthesis of the components. The consequent computation of the variance has given a measurement of the agreement. The aim of such a decomposition seems to be not only as tructural analysis of the observed field. Components could be extrapolated beyond the analysed area: their synthesis is able to forecast the geophysical field in the space; so also some inaccessible parts of an area are searched.

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Riassunto Una mappa di anomalie spaziali ricavata da un rilievo geofisico, o, indifferentemente, da singoli profili, può essere scomposta in componenti periodiche. Nel metodo qui esposto, l'analisi è attuata altrimenti rispetto a quella di Fourier. Il metodo da noi usato presenta alcune forti analogie con l'analisi di serie temporali. Infatti, sono messe in evidenza le reali periodicità presenti nella struttura del campo e non quelle fittizie. L'analisi spettrale (od altri metodi di filtraggio) è valida al fine di definire la lunghezza d'onda delle componenti. Ampiezze e fasi spaziali sono calcolate, successivamente, mediante l'applicazione del metodo dei minimi quadrati ai valori osservati. La validità di una tale scomposizione deve essere controllata. Si sono verificati i risultati confrontando il campo osservato con quello sintetico (o campo ?teorico?) ottenuto mediante la sintesi delle componenti. Il successivo calcolo della varianza ha fornito una misura dell'accordo tra i due. Lo scopo di una tale scomposizione non è solo quello di un'indagine strutturale del campo osservato. Le componenti possono essere estrapolate oltre l'area indagata: la loro sintesi è in grado di prevedere, nello spazio, il campo geofisico; in tal modo anche zone inaccessibili di un'area costituiscono oggetto d'indagine.

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Рэзюме Карта пространственных аномалий, полученная из геофизического исследования, может быть разложена по периодическим компонентам. В этой работе предлагается улучшенный метод анализа. Предложенный метод аналогичен анализу временных рядов. Фактические периодичности полевой структуры положены в основу, вместо фиктивных. Спектральный анализ (или друтие фильтрующие устройства) позволяют определить длину волны компонент. Затем вычисляются амплитуды и пространственные фазы, используя метод наименьших квадратов для наблюдаемых величин. Проверяется надежность предложенного метода разложения. Полученные результаты сравниваются с наблюденным и ?теоретическим? полем, полученным посредством синтеза компонент. Последующее вычисление дисперсии указывает на согласие. Цель предложенного разложения, по-видимому, не только структурный анализ наблюденного поля. Полученные компоненты могут быть экстраполированы за пределы анализированной области: их синтез позволяет предсказать геофизическое поле в пространстве, что позволяет исследовать также некоторые недоступные части пространства.

     

The invariant charges of the Nambu-Goto theory: Their geometric origin and their completeness

We give an alternative construction of the reparametrization invariant non-local conserved charges of the Nambu-Goto theory which elucidates their geometric nature and their completeness property.     

The origin of anomalous temperature dependences of intensities of spin-forbidden d-d transitions in octahedral complexes

It is shown that anomalous temperature dependences of intensities of spin-forbidden d-d transitions, observed in octahedral magnetically-ordering complexes in a paramagnetic phase and in particular in hexagonal RbMnCl₃, investigated by the authors, can be accounted for by a pair-vibrational mechanism, which represents two simultaneous events: breaking of selection rules for spin during pair absorption by exchange coupled ions and breaking of those for parity during an ordinary electronic transition in one of the ions of the pair due to excitation of odd-parity vibrations.     

Intensity of x-ray solar radiation and the value of the anomalous absorption of radio waves during periods of sudden ionospheric disturbances

An experimental statistical dependence is obtained between the intensity of the x-ray radiation of the sun in the range 1–8 å (I_1–8) and the value of the anomalous absorption of radio waves at a frequency of I=13 MHz during periods of sudden ionospheric disturbances. This dependence has the form ₁₃ I _1–8 ^0.8 cos , and can be used for the operative classification of bursts of x-ray radiation. Its character is explained by a decrease in the coefficient of the losses of electrons with a rise in the intensity of the x-ray radiation.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 21, No. 11, pp. 1558–1562, November, 1978.I wish to thank E. A. Benediktov and V. V. Belikovich for their interest in the work and their critical evaluation of its results.     

Dual squeezed states in an atom-photon cluster and their manifestations

The general kinetic equation for an isolated two-level atom and a high-Q cavity mode in a heat bath exhibiting quantum correlations (entangled bath) is applied to the analysis of the squeezed states of the collective system. Two types of collective operators are introduced for the analysis: one is based on bosonic commutation relations, and the other, on the commutation relations of the algebra obtained by a polynomial deformation of the angular momentum algebra. On the basis of these relations, formulas for observables are constructed that identify squeezed states in the system. It is shown that, under certain conditions, the collective system exhibits dual squeezing within the relations for boson operators, as well as for the operators constructed from the angular momentum algebra. Such squeezing is demonstrated under a projective measurement of an atom and for an entanglement swapping protocol. In the latter case, when measuring two initially independent atomic systems, depending on the type of measurement, two cavity modes collapse into a nonseparable state, which is described either by a nonseparability relation based on boson operators or by a relation based on the operators of the algebra of the quasimomentum of the collective system consisting of these two modes.     

Intermolecular interactions in solutions of Rhodamine S and their spectroscopic manifestations

Journal of Applied Spectroscopy -