4-甲氧基-7H-呋喃[3,2-g][1]苯并吡喃-7-酮制备的新方法

以间苯三酚为起始原料,通过醚化反应、碘化反应、Pechmann反应、偶联反应、水解反应和脱羧反应合成了目标产物4-甲氧基-7H-呋喃[3,2-g][1]苯并吡喃-7-酮。经红外光谱、质谱、核磁共振测试技术对各化合物的结构进行了表征。优化了醚化反应和碘化反应的工艺条件,并探索了通过选择性碘化反应、Pechmann反应和偶联反应来合成目标化合物的可行性。反应均在常压下进行,反应条件温和,后处理相对简单,为呋喃香豆素类化合物的制备提供了新方法。     

1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯甲酰基吡唑啉酮/PdCl2在温和条件下催化Suzuki偶联反应的研究

考察了商品化的简单非膦配体1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯甲酰基吡唑啉酮在有氧温和条件下的Suzuki偶联反应活性,探讨了反应温度、反应时间、溶剂以及碱对反应的影响。结果表明,该配体在优化的反应条件下能高效催化不同溴代反应物和氯代反应物与苯硼酸的交叉偶联反应;提高反应温度、延长反应时间和引入质子性极性有机/水混合溶剂有利于偶联反应的进行。     

2-甲基-1,8-萘啶衍生物的甲基溴代反应

报道了2-甲基-1,8-萘啶衍生物的甲基溴化反应,以N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺(NBS)为溴化剂、红外光为引发剂,得到单溴代产物2-溴甲基-1,8-萘啶衍生物及其二溴代副产物2-二溴甲基-1,8-萘啶衍生物,对比了两种不同的反应条件,通过对影响甲基溴化产物产率的反应条件进行优化改进,得到单溴代产物的较优合成条件为：NBS的用量为原料的1.2倍,500 W红外灯为光源,反应时间为2 h。 该反应条件下,单溴代产物的产率可达到54.6%。     

间二氟苯溴化反应产物的气相色谱-质谱分析

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)法对间二氟苯溴化反应产物的组成与结构进行了分析,并对间二氟苯溴化反应的选择性及反应条件进行了初步探讨。结果表明:间二氟苯的溴化反应具有较强的选择性,其主要反应产物为1-溴-2,4-二氟苯,副产物为1-溴-2,6-二氟苯、1-溴-3,5二氟苯及二溴代间二氟苯等溴化物。该反应的反应条件对产物组成有较大影响。     

相转移条件下Cu(Ⅰ)催化的末端炔的偶联反应研究

本文报道端炔与烯(炔)丙基衍生物在Cu(Ⅰ)催化和相转移条件下发生偶联反应合成1,4-烯炔、二炔化合物的方法。考察了溶剂、催化剂、反应底物、反应时间和温度等多种因素对偶联反应的影响, 用正交试验法优选出最佳反应条件,此反应条件具有条件温和、催化剂用量少、收率高、无烯(炔)丙基重排副产物生成等特点。用此方法合成了十一种1,4-烯炔、二炔化合物。     

相转移条件下Cu(Ⅰ)催化的末端炔的偶联反应研究

本文报道端炔与烯(炔)丙基衍生物在Cu(Ⅰ)催化和相转移条件下发生偶联反应合成1,4-烯炔、二炔化合物的方法。考察了溶剂、催化剂、反应底物、反应时间和温度等多种因素对偶联反应的影响, 用正交试验法优选出最佳反应条件,此反应条件具有条件温和、催化剂用量少、收率高、无烯(炔)丙基重排副产物生成等特点。用此方法合成了十一种1,4-烯炔、二炔化合物。     

荧光增白剂4,4′-二(4-磺酸钠苯乙烯基)二苯甲酮的合成

用Heck反应合成了4,4′-二(4-磺酸钠苯乙烯基)二苯甲酮.对Heck反应条件进行了改进,使用壳聚糖负载钯为催化剂并考察了催化剂的回收再利用情况.通过研究影响该反应的各种因素,如反应时间、反应温度、原料配比等,优化了实验条件,得到了较好的结果.     

机械研磨法合成5-(2-硝基烷基)米氏酸衍生物

以5-亚烃基米氏酸衍生物与硝基烷烃类化合物在固相机械研磨条件下,在碱存在下,反应合成5-(2-硝基烷基)米氏酸衍生物,探讨了碱、反应物料比等条件对产物产率的影响,优化反应条件为:等物质的量的甲醇钠,反应温度50℃,反应时间30 min.该方法适用于合成多种5-(2-硝基烷基)米氏酸衍生物,为γ-氨基丁酸衍生物的合成提供...     

无催化剂、无溶剂条件下合成螺氧化吲哚衍生物

报道了在无催化剂、无溶剂条件下,靛红、丙二腈和1,3-二羰基化合物在80℃反应温度下,通过"一锅煮"三组分反应合成了螺氧化吲哚衍生物-该法具有反应条件温和、操作简单、产率较高和对环境友好等优点.     

α,γ-二羰基丁酸酯的不对称氢化反应研究

进行了基于二茂铁结构的手性金属配合物催化剂催化4-芳基-2,4-二羰基丁酸酯的不对称氢化反应探索。考察了手性配体结构、反应溶剂、反应温度和H_2压力对反应的影响。在最佳条件下进行了6种4-芳基-2,4-二羰基丁酸酯的AH反应,并以高达88%的分离产率和69%ee获得相应反应产物。     

Contributions to the Chemistry of the Binary Compounds of the Transition Elements

Phase and structural relationships of the sulfur, selenium, and tellurium compounds of the 4d and 5d transition elements of groups IV to VII of the periodic system are discussed. Homologous elements behave very similarly with respect to the chalcogens, and this is particularly the case for niobium and tantalum, and for molybdenum and tungsten. However, zirconium, niobium, and molybdenum have a greater tendency towards formation of chalcogen-poor phases than their homologues hafnium, tantalum, and tungsten. Subchalcogenides are known only for zirconium and niobium. The number of phases and the tendency towards formation of solid solutions are considerably smaller among the tellurides than among the sulfides and selenides. The crystal structures of the telluride phases also differ from those of the sulfide and selenide phases of analogous composition. In addition, a review of the phase and structural relationships of the arsenic and antimony compounds of the 4d and 5d transition elements of groups V to VII is given.     

LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES MODIFIED BY ETHYLENE COPOLYMERS： EFFECTS OF FUNCTIONALIZED SEGMENTS ON MORPHOLOGY

Melt extrusion was used to prepare binary nanocomposites of ethylene copolymers and organoclay and trinary nanocomposites of low-density polyethylene （LDPE）, ethylene copolymer and organoclay. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） were used to analyze the structure of the clay phase and the morphology of the nanocomposites. Influences of the comonomer in the copolymer and the content of the copolymer on the morphology of the resulting nanocomposites were discussed. The binary and the trinary composites may form intercalated or exfoliated structures depending on the interaction between the copolymer and the clay layers and the content of the copolymer.     

纳米粒子的精准组装

纳米材料由于其独特的光、电、磁、力学等性质,成为了构建功能材料与器件的理想基元。实现纳米粒子的精确组装,是探究粒子之间的耦合聚集性质和制备宏观功能器件的基础。但是由于纳米粒子的小尺寸以及在溶液中运动的随机性与复杂性,精准控制纳米粒子组装体的形貌以及在空间中的相对位置仍存在巨大挑战。为了将纳米粒子组装成理想的有序结构,许多控制粒子组装的策略与方法得到发展。本文首先概述了纳米粒子自组装的控制方法与典型形貌,着重分析了影响粒子精准排布的因素与控制方法,并对纳米粒子及其组装体的光学性质与器件应用的最新研究进展进行了讨论,最后对目前纳米粒子精准组装所面临的挑战以及未来发展的方向进行了展望。     

电流变液中悬浮颗粒的体积与形状的变化

基于偶极近似,运用电极化方法,定量研究了电流变液中悬浮颗粒在外电场作用下其体积和形状的变化,并计算了其体积和形状的相对变化率.研究结果表明:悬浮颗粒的体积和形状的相对变化率均与电场强度的平方成正比,并与ER本身的性质有关.一般情况下,颗粒的体积和形状的相对变化率分别为8.4%和12.5%,对总体积变化率的贡献为1.68%.这种变化对于ER系统的电涨和电热都作出了贡献,仅当将颗粒当作刚性球时,其自由能才与电场强度的平方成正比.     

Spectrophotometric determination of the dissociation constants of crown ethers with grafted acridone unit in methanol based on Benesi-Hildebrand evaluation

As potential chromo- and fluorophores for optical sensors a number of acridone grafted crown ethers containing NO2 group(s) and/or Br or Cl atom(s) in the aromatic rings (compounds) were studied by spectrophotometric method. In the first step of this work the acid-base and complexing properties of these compounds as well as those of the acridone, thioacridone and 4,5-dinitroacridone were investigated. Compounds proved to be very week acids and therefore the conventional spectrophotometric method based on the measurement of the ratio of the protonated/deprotonated forms of the compounds was not applicable for the determination of the dissociation constants (pKa values). Thus, a new spectrophotometric approach was elaborated for the pKa determination of these compounds, which is based on spectrophotometric titration in methanol with strong base and the titration results were evaluated by the Benesi-Hildebrand method. (In the studies with TEAOH, TMAOH and LiOMe, the complex formation between the ionophores and the cations of the bases could be excluded.) As it was expected, the experimentally determined pKa values depended on the nature of the substituents of the acridone moiety and pKa values ranged between 12.6 and 14.9. The lower pKa value of thioacridone compared to the acridone can be explained by the larger size of the sulfur atom. The outstandingly larger pKa value for 4,5-dinitroacridone can be attributed to the formation of intramolecular hydrogen-bonds between the ortho-position nitro group and the NH proton. As a trend, the strong electron withdrawing nitro substituents decreased considerably the pKa values of compounds and compared to that of the halogen (Cl and Br) atoms (for example compounds and) of weaker withdrawing effect.     

3,7-二硝基亚氨基-2,4-二氮杂双环[3,3,0]辛烷的放热分解反应动力学

The kinetic parameters of the exothermic decomposition reaction of the title compound in a temperature-programmed mode have been studied by means of DSC. The DSC data obtained are fitted to the integral, differential and exothermic rate equations by linear least-squares, iterative, combined dichotomous and least-squares methods, respectively. After establishing the most probable general expression of differential and integral mechanism functions by the logical choice method, the corresponding values of the apparent activation energy (Ea), pre-exponential factor (A) and reaction order (n) will be obtained by the exothermic rate equation. The results show that the empirical kinetic model function in differential form and the values of Ea and A of this reaction are (1-α)0.44, 230.4 kJ/mol and 1018.16 s-1, respectively. With the help of the heating rate and obtained kinelic parameters, the kinetic equation of the exothermic decomposition reaction process of the title compound is proposed. The critical temperature of thermal explosion of the compound is 302.6℃. The above-mentioned kinetic parameters are quite useful for analyzing and evaluating the stability and thermal change rule of the title compound.     

PROPERTIES AND MORPHOLOGY OF UNSATURATED POLYESTER/ACRYLATE-TERMINATED POLYURETHANE/ORGANOMONTMORILLONITE NANOCOMPOSITES

Unsaturated polyester resin （UPR）/acrylate-terminated polyurethane （ATPU）/organo-modified montmorillonite （OMMT） nanocomposites were prepared by the in situ intercalative polymerization method. Samples were prepared by the sequential mixing, i.e. mixture of the ATPU and styrene （S） and OMMT were prepared in the first step; UPR was then added to the pre-intercalates of ATPU/S/OMMT. Results indicate that the mechanical properties and thermal properties of UPR/ATPU/OMMT nanocomposites greatly depend on the amount of ATPU and OMMT. Results show that the addition of ATPU could increase the impact strength of UPR/ATPU composites, but the tensile strength, flexural strength and heat resistance of the materials are obviously decreased. When the weight ratio between UPR, ATPU and OMMT were 82：15：3, the impact strength and heat distortion-temperature of nanocomposite were greatly improved, meanwhile there was little change for other properties of the nanocomposites. The synergistic enhancement effects of ATPU and OMMT on the composites were observed. The structures and morphology of the composites were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.     

Applications of Thermal Analysis and Coupled Techniques in Pharmaceutical Industry

Thermal analysis methods are well-established techniques in research laboratories of pharmaceutical industry. The robustness and sensitivity of instrumentation, the introduction of automation and of reliable software according to the industrial needs widened considerably the areas of applications in the last decade. Calibration of instruments and validation of results follow the state of the art of cGMP as for other analytical techniques. Thermal analysis techniques are especially useful for the study of the behavior of the poly-phasic systems drug substances and excipients and find a unique place for new delivery systems. Since change of temperature and moisture occur by processing and storage, changes of the solid state may have a considerable effect on activity, toxicity and stability of compounds. Current requirements of the International Conference of Harmonisation for the characterization and the quantitation of polymorphism in new entities re-enforce the position of thermal analysis techniques. This challenging task needs the use of complementary methods. Combined techniques and microcalorimetry demonstrate their advantages. This article reviews the current use of thermal analysis and combined techniques in research and development and in production. The advantage of commercially coupled techniques to thermogravimetry is emphasized with some examples. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Statistical Theory of Stable and Meta-stable Transition for Crystallization and Fusion of Homopolymers Ⅵ. Statistical Dynamics of Polymeric Crystallization by Molecular Segregation-Dependence of Crystal Growth Rate on the Grown Mechanism and Concentratio

First a short review on the dependence of crystal growth rate on the growth mechanism and concentration is present. Based on the structural model of micronucleus and crystal constituent chains, and the feature of statistical dynamics for polymeric crystallization by molecular segregation, a general method for characterizing number the growth rate and micro crystal constituent chains and the size growth rate for crystals was proposed. According to this method, a set of quantitative expressions for correlating the growth rate in number and size with the four types of growth (folding, extending and combination of folding and extending), the crystalline temperature and the crystalline concentration was derived. Then combined the concentration index is combined with the fraction of conformation for segments, a new correlation of the concentration index to the temperature of crystallization and the flexibility of polymeric chain is theoretically obtained. The dependences of the index on the different types of growth are also studied. Finally the relationships between the growth rate for crystals and the concentration of solution were verified by the experimental validating the predictions made by the theory.