Preparation of mesoporous Ce<Subscript>1 − <Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>Fe<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> mixed oxides and their catalytic properties in methane combustion

Mesoporous Ce_{1 ? x} Fe _x O₂ mixed oxide catalysts of different molar ratios (x = 0.1–0.5) were prepared by the citric acid sol-gel method and the microwave technique. The activities of Ce_{1 ? x} Fe _x O₂ mixed oxides on methane combustion were investigated, and the structure and reductive properties were characterized by XRD, BET, DRS, and TPR. The data showed that Ce_{1 ? x} Fe _x O₂ mixed oxides prepared were mesoporous material. When x ≤ 0.2, the transition metal Fe incorporated into the lattice of CeO₂ to form cubic Ce_{1 ? x} Fe _x O₂ solid solutions, and mixed phases of cubic Ce_{1 ? x} Fe _x O₂ solid solutions and α-Fe₂O₃ existed when x > 0.2. Ce_{1 ? x} Fe _x O₂ solid solutions show higher activity for methane combustion than pure CeO₂, especially for Ce_0.9Fe_0.1O₂.     

The Effect of Nb Loading on Catalytic Properties of Ni/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 Catalyst for Methane Partial Oxidation

In this study,the effect of Nb loading on the catalytic activity of Ce_(0.75)Zr_(0.25)O_2-supported Ni catalysts was studied for methane partial oxidation.The catalysts were characterized by BET,H_2 chemisorption,XRD,TPR,TEM and tested for methane partial oxidation to syngas in the temperature range of 400-800℃at atmospheric pressure.The results showed that the activity of methane partial oxidation on the catalysts was apparently dependent on Nb loading.It seemed that the addition of Nb lowered the catalytic activity for methane partial oxidation and increased the extent of carbon deposition. This might be due to the strong interaction between NiO and Nb-modified support and reduction of surface oxygen reducibility.     

Characterization and CO oxidation catalytic behavior of CuO/CeO2 catalysts

Summary Effects of the lattice oxygen mobility, Pt dispersion and the surface features of Pt/Ce_1-xPr_xO_2-y samples on their performance in the selective oxidation of methane into syngas, in the steam and dry reforming of methane at short contact times are considered.     

Autothermal Reforming of Methane over Ni Catalysts Supported on CuO-ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3

Ni catalysts supported on various mixed oxides of Al2O3 with rare earth oxide and transitional metal oxides were synthesized. The studies focused on the measurement of the autothermal reforming of methane to hydrogen over Ni catalysts supported on the mixed oxide ZrxCe30-xAl70Oδ (x=5, 10, 15). The catalytic performance of Ni/Zr10Ce20Al70Oδ was better than that of other catalysts. XRD results showed that the addition of Zr to Ni/Ce30Al70Oδ prevented the formation of NiAl2O4 and facilitated the dispersion of NiO. Effects of CuO addition to Zr10Ce20Al70Oδ were also investigated. The activity of Ni catalyst supported on CuO-ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 was somewhat affected and the Ni/Cu5Zr10Ce20Al65Oδ showed the best catalytic performance with the highest CH4 conversion, yield of H2, selectivity for H2 and H2/CO production ratio in operation temperatures ranging from 650 to 750℃.     

Caracterisation De Catalyseurs ZrxCe1–xO2 et Etude De Leur Reactivite Dans L'Oxydation Des Suies Par ATD/ATG

Thermal analysis has been used to investigate the crystallization of Zr_xCe_1-xO₂ mixed oxides, prepared by co-precipitation of corresponding hydroxides. For x≤0.5, small crystals of CeO₂, were formed at low temperatures (373 K). For x>0.5an exothermic peak at 420°C (693 K) was observed after calcination under a flow of air ofhydroxide samples. This peak was associated with the formation of a Zr_xCe_1-xO₂ solid solution (XRD) in a tetragonal phase (Raman). The solids calcined at 700°C (973 K) present a reactivity towards the carbon black oxidation. The thermal analysis coupled with a gas chromatograph (GC) were used to follow this reactivity. Simultaneous study of the activity (thermal analysis) and the selectivity (GC) in CO or CO₂ of the different catalysts revealed an important parameter: acatalyst-soot particle contact. We also obtained a more precise comparison of Zr_xCe_1-xO₂ oxides in the catalytic soot combustion. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The influence of La2O3 and TiO2 on NiO/MgO/α-Al2O3

Summary The effect of La₂O₃ and TiO₂ on product selectivity, methane conversion and coke formation over NiO/MgO/ α -Al₂O₃ catalyst were studied in a simultaneous steam and CO₂ reforming of methane to syngas. La₂O₃ and TiO₂ were added to the catalyst via incipient wetness impregnation and bulk precipitation techniques and catalyst activity was tested in a fixed bed quartz reactor. Results reveal that although the addition of these oxides has no effect on the product selectivity and methane conversion, but can reduce coke formation on the surface of the catalysts as it can enhance the mobility of lattice oxygen anions. The results further show that the catalysts prepared by bulk precipitation technique decrease the coke formation more effectively.     

合成方法对Rh/CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3催化剂的结构、表面性能及DeNOx活性的影响

用沉积沉淀法合成两种不同系列的CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3混合氧化物(ZrO2和La2O3沉积CeO2粒子(标记为A-x)以及CeO2和La2O3沉积ZrO2粒子(标记为B-x)),并用作Rh催化剂的载体。XRD、拉曼、TPR、XPS和O2脉冲等表征结果显示出不同的沉积顺序将导致不同的结构和氧化还原性能,且B-x具有更高的氧迁移性、储氧能力和表面Ce浓度。当其负载Rh后,Rh/B-x催化剂具有更高的NO和CO转化率及N2选择性,且Ce的最佳含量为50at%。这可能归因于Rh负载于富铈表面形成更多有利于NO分解的表面Ce3+活性位。     

纳米CexFe1-xO2固溶体的模板法制备及其乙醇水蒸气重整催化性能

以超高比表面炭材料为模板,硝酸盐为氧化物前体,通过改进的模板路线制备了具有较高比表面积的纳米CexFe1-xO2固溶体.采用X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、物理吸附和透射电镜对制备的样品进行了表征.结果表明,α-Fe2O3,CexFe1-xO2固溶体和CeO2的粒子尺寸为5~15nm,CeO2中部分Ce4 离子被Fe3 离子取代,从而形成了CexFe1-xO2固溶体.乙醇水蒸气重整反应结果显示,CexFe1-xO2固溶体比相应的α-Fe2O3和CeO2具有更高的催化活性和对氢气的选择性.     

Electrocatalysis and redox behavior of Pt2+ ion in CeO2 and Ce0.85Ti0.15O2: XPS evidence of participation of lattice oxygen for high activity

Electronic states of CeO₂, Ce_1????em>x Pt _x O_2????em>δ , and Ce_{1????em>x????em>y} Ti _y Pt _x O_2????em>δ electrodes have been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as a function of applied potential for oxygen evolution and formic acid and methanol oxidation. Ionically dispersed platinum in Ce_1????em>x Pt _x O_2????em>δ and Ce_{1????em>x????em>y} Ti _y Pt _x O_2????em>δ is active toward these reactions compared with CeO₂ alone. Higher electrocatalytic activity of Pt²⁺ ions in CeO₂ and Ce_1????em>x Ti _x O₂ compared with the same amount of Pt⁰ in Pt/C is attributed to Pt²⁺ ion interaction with CeO₂ and Ce_1????em>x Ti _x O₂ to activate the lattice oxygen of the support oxide. Utilization of this activated lattice oxygen has been demonstrated in terms of high oxygen evolution in acid medium with these catalysts. Further, ionic platinum in CeO₂ and Ce_1????em>x Ti _x O₂ does not suffer from CO poisoning effect unlike Pt⁰ in Pt/C due to participation of activated lattice oxygen which oxidizes the intermediate CO to CO₂. Hence, higher activity is observed toward formic acid and methanol oxidation compared with same amount of Pt metal in Pt/C.     

Pt/CexZr1-xO2 催化剂在含硫合成气中催化水煤气变换反应活性

 采用浸渍法制备了 Pt/Ce_xZr_1-xO₂ 催化剂, 通过 X 射线衍射和程序升温还原等方法对催化剂进行了表征, 并在固定床反应器中评价了催化剂在合成气和含硫合成气中的水煤气变换活性. 结果表明, 铈锆固溶体的氧化还原能力强于 CeO₂, Zr 的掺杂明显改善了 CeO₂ 的孔道结构, 其担载的 Pt 催化剂具有更高的金属分散度, 因而活性更高. 两种催化剂在含硫合成气中的催化活性较无硫合成气中的均有所降低, 且 H₂S 浓度越大, 催化剂活性下降越多, 但这种因吸附硫而引起的失活是可逆的, 即催化剂重新暴露在无 H₂S 重整气的还原性气氛下活性能基本恢复.     

Comparison of LaFeO3, La0.8Sr0.2FeO3, and La0.8Sr0.2Fe0.9Co0.1O3 perovskite oxides as oxygen carrier for partial oxidation of methane

Comparison of LaFeO3, La0.8Sr0.2FeO3, and La0.8Sr0.2Fe0.9CO0.1O3 perovskite oxides as oxygen carrier for partial oxidation of methane in the absence of gaseous oxygen was investigated by continuous flow reaction and sequential redox reaction, Methane was oxidized to syngas with high selectivity by oxygen species of perovskite oxides in the absence of gaseous oxygen. The sequential redox reaction revealed that the structural stability and continuous oxygen supply in redox reaction decreased over La0.8Sr0.2Fe0.9Co0. 1O3 oxide, while LaFeO3 and La0.8Sr0.2FeO3 exhibited excellent structural stability and continuous oxygen supply.     

Al的加入对CeZr固溶体催化剂结构及其乙苯脱氢活性的影响

为进一步提高铈锆固溶体储放氧性能,增强乙苯二氧化碳氧化脱氢反应性能,采用共沉淀法合成出氧化铝质量比为50%的铈锆铝氧化物催化剂。通过现代仪器分析表征技术,研究了Al加入对铈锆固溶体复合氧化物晶体结构、储放氧能力的影响。结果表明,Al的加入可起到"扩散阻碍"作用,且有效抑制铈锆固溶体晶粒长大,使得铈锆铝氧化物催化剂比表面积较铈锆固溶体增加了51.8 m~2/g,储放氧性OSC值提高了69.4μmol/g,将铈锆铝氧化物催化剂用在乙苯氧化脱氢5 h反应中,发现乙苯转化率提高了10%。     

Effects of Fe-doping of ceria-based materials on their microstructural and dynamic oxygen storage and release properties

The structural/textual characteristics and dynamic oxygen storage capacity (DOSC) of Fe_0.1Ce_0.9O_x and Fe_0.1Ce_0.6Zr_0.3O_x samples prepared by sol–gel method are investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman, Hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and mass spectrometry with CO/O₂ transient pulses. The dynamic oxygen storage capacity and rate are largely promoted by Fe doping, and their thermal stability is enhanced by Fe and Zr co-doping. The DOSC (at 673 K) are ordered as: Fresh: Fe_0.1Ce_0.6Zr_0.3O_x (566.6 μmol/g) > Fe_0.1Ce_0.9O_x (551.8 μmol/g) > Ce_0.67Zr_0.33O₂ (287.5 μmol/g) > CeO₂ (140.3 μmol/g); Annealed_1,173K: Fe_0.1Ce_0.6Zr_0.3O_x (101.6 μmol/g) > Ce_0.67Zr_0.33O₂ (45.3 μmol/g) > Fe_0.1Ce_0.9O_x (44.9 μmol/g) > CeO₂ (43.3 μmol/g). The H₂-TPR results showed that Fe-incorporation improve the total oxygen storage capacity (TOSC) of mixed oxide and low temperature activity. The TOSC are ordered as: Fe_0.1Ce_0.9O_x (1.53 mmol/g) > Fe_0.1Ce_0.6Zr_0.3O_x (1.42 mmol/g) > Ce_0.67Zr_0.33O₂ (1.16 mmol/g) > CeO₂ (0.88 mmol/g). XRD and Raman results indicate that Fe_0.1Ce_0.9O_x and Fe_0.1Ce_0.6Zr_0.3O_x are characterized with the fluorite-type cubic structure similar to CeO₂. TPR and XPS analyses reveal that the introduction of Fe into ceria and ceria-zirconia mixed oxides strongly modified the structural and textural properties, which influenced the kinetics of bulk oxygen diffusion.     

Structure and Catalytic Properties of Ceria-based Nickel Catalysts for CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Reforming of Methane

Carbon dioxide reforming (CDR) of methane to synthesis gas over supported nickel catalysts has been reviewed. The present review mainly focuses on the advantage of ceria based nickel catalysts for the CDR of methane. Nickel catalysts supported on ceria–zirconia showed the highest activity for CDR than nickel supported on other oxides such as zirconia, ceria and alumina. The addition of zirconia to ceria enhances the catalytic activity as well as the catalyst stability. The catalytic performance also depends on the crystal structure of Ni–Ce–ZrO₂. For example, nickel catalysts co-precipitated with Ce_0.8Zr_0.2O₂ having cubic phase gave synthesis gas with CH₄ conversion more than 97% at 800 °C and the activity was maintained for 100 h during the reaction. On the contrary, Ni–Ce–ZrO₂ having tetragonal phase (Ce_0.8Zr_0.2O₂) or mixed oxide phase (Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂) deactivated during the reaction due to carbon formation. The enhanced catalytic performance of co-precipitated catalyst is attributed to a combination effect of nano-crystalline nature of cubic Ce_0.8Zr_0.2O₂ support and the finely dispersed nano size NiO _x crystallites, resulting in the intimate contact between Ni and Ce_0.8Zr_0.2O₂ particles. The Ni/Ce–ZrO₂/θ–Al₂O₃ also exhibited high catalytic activity during CDR with a synthesis gas conversion more than 97% at 800 °C without significant deactivation for more than 40 h. The high stability of the catalyst is mainly ascribed to the beneficial pre-coating of Ce–ZrO₂ resulting in the existence of stable NiO _x species, a strong interaction between Ni and the support, and an abundance of mobile oxygen species in itself. TPR results further confirmed that NiO _x formation was more favorable than NiO or NiAl₂O₄ formation and further results suggested the existence of strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) between Ni and the support. Some of the important factors to optimize the CDR of methane such as reaction temperature, space velocity, feed CO₂/CH₄ ratio and H₂O and/or O₂ addition were also examined.     

Syngas production in a novel perovskite membrane reactor with co-feed of CO2

Partial oxidation of methane（POM） co-fed with CO₂ to syngas in a novel catalytic BaCo_0.6Fe_0.2Ta_0.2O_3-δ oxygen permeable membrane reactor was successfully reported.Adding CO₂ to the partial oxidation of methane reaction not only alters the ratio of CO/H₂,but also increases the oxygen permeation flux and CH₄ conversion.Around 96%CH₄ conversion with more than 93%CO₂ conversion and 100%CO selectivity is achieved,which shows an excellent reaction performance.A steady oxygen permeation flux of 15 mL/（cm² min） is obtained during the 100-h operation,which shows good stability as well.     

The oxidation of carbon monoxide on a catalyst with a spinel structure containing Mg ferrite

The oxidation of carbon monoxide on xMgO · yFe₂O₃ catalysts was studied over the temperature range 440–660 K. The catalysts contained 5, 40, and 75 at % Fe and the spinel MgFe₂O₄ and MgO phases. Complete CO conversion on compact and deposited (on γ-Al₂O₃) catalysts containing 75 at. % Fe occurred at 650–660 K. The kinetics of interaction of CO with adsorbed oxygen was studied on catalysts with 5 and 40 at % Fe below and above the Curie point (T _c = 593 ± 10 K). The differences in the reaction orders with respect to gaseous CO and adsorbed oxygen below and above T _c were explained as follows. In the ferromagnetic state of the active MgFe₂O₄ phase, oxidation involved adsorbed oxygen localized at oxygen vacancies in the environment of Fe³⁺ ions, whereas, in the paramagnetic state, superexchange interactions were absent in spinel structure fragments.     

Relationship between oxygen species and activity/stability in heteroatom (Zr,Y)-doped cerium-based catalysts for catalytic decomposition of CH3SH

CeO₂, Ce_1–xZr_xO₂, and Ce_1–xY_xO_2–δ (x = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00) have been rapidly synthesized to estimate their catalytic behavior in decomposing CH₃SH. The role of oxygen vacancies, and the relationship between the oxygen species and catalytic properties of CeO₂ and Zr-doped and Y-doped ceria-based materials are investigated in detail. Combining the observed catalytic performance with the characterization results, it can be deemed that surface lattice oxygen plays a critical role in methanethiol catalytic conversion over cerium oxides. Ce_0.75Zr_0.25O₂ shows higher catalytic activity for CH₃SH decomposition due to the large amount of surface lattice oxygen, readily available oxygen species, and excellent redox properties. Ce_0.75Y_0.25O_2–δ displays better catalytic stability owing to the greater number of oxygen vacancies that would promote bulk lattice oxygen migration to the surface of the catalyst in order to replenish surface lattice oxygen. In addition, the results show that the difference in chemical valence between Ce and the heteroatoms would strongly influence the amount of surface lattice oxygen as well as the mobility of bulk-phase oxygen in these catalysts, thus affecting their activity and stability.     

Characterization and Activity of Iron-Manganese Catalysts for Carbon Monoxide Hydrogenation

Studies on the structural changes and catalytic behavior of iron-manganese catalysts for CO hydrogenation were conducted using Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, temperature programmed reduction and kinetic measurements. It was observed that the reduction of the mixed oxide catalyst precursors proceeds via the formation of Fe_3-xMn_xO₄,Mn_3-xFe_xO₄ mixed spinel and Fe_1-zMn₂O mixed oxide to α-iron and MnO. After use for CO hydrogenation, catalysts are oxidized as well as carburized. The Mn_3-yFe_yO₄ mixed spinel and Fe_1-2Mn_zO mixed oxide are the most powerful phases for olefin production. The highest attainable 2–4 low carbon olefin selectivity is 41% with an 86% conversion level. Higher manganese content or lower reduction temperatures may change the carbide formed from χ-Fe₅C₂ to the more unstable ?′-Fe₂₂C. Carbide formation is greatly dependent on manganese content and activation procedure used.     

Synthesis of ceria–zirconia mixed oxide from cerium and zirconium glycolates via sol–gel process and its reduction property

Ceria–zirconia mixed oxide was successfully synthesized via the sol–gel process at ambient temperature, followed by calcination at 500, 700 and 900 °C. The synthesis parameters, such as alkoxide concentration, aging time and heating temperature, were studied to obtain the most uniform and remarkably high‐surface‐area cubic‐phase mixed oxides. The thermal stability of both oxides was enhanced by mutual substitution. Surface areas of the Ce_xZr_1?xO₂ powders were improved by increasing ceria content, and their thermal stability was increased by the incorporation of ZrO₂. The most stable cubic‐phase solid solutions were obtained in the Ce range above 50 mol%. The highest surface area was obtained from the mixed catalyst containing a ceria content of 90 mol% (200 m²/g). Temperature programmed reduction results show that increasing the amount of Zr in the mixed oxides results in a decrease in the reduction temperature, and that the splitting of the support reduction process into two peaks depends on CeO₂ content. The CO oxidation activity of samples was found to be related to its composition. The activity of catalysts for this reaction decreased with a decrease in Zr amount in cubic phase catalysts. Ce₆Zr₄O₂ exhibited the highest activity for CO oxidation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Role of yttrium loading in the physico-chemical properties and soot combustion activity of ceria and ceria–zirconia catalysts

Ce_1−xY_xO₂ and Ce_0.85−xZr_0.15Y_xO₂ mixed oxides have been prepared by 1000 °C-nitrates calcination to ensure thermally stable catalysts. The physico-chemical properties of the mixed oxides have been studied by N₂ adsorption at −196 °C, XPS, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and H₂-TPR, and the catalytic activity for soot oxidation in air has been studied by TG in the loose and tight contact modes. Yttrium is accumulated at the surface of Ce_1−xY_xO₂ and Ce_0.85−xZr_0.15Y_xO₂, and this accumulation is more pronounced for the former formulation than for the latter, because the deformation of the lattice due to zirconium doping favours yttrium incorporation. Yttrium and zirconium exhibit opposite effects on the surface concentration of cerium; while zirconium promotes the formation of cerium-rich surfaces, yttrium hinders the accumulation of cerium on the surface. For experiments in tight contact between soot and catalyst, all the Ce_1−xY_xO₂ catalysts are more active than bare CeO₂, and Ce_0.99Y_0.01O₂ is the most active catalyst. The benefit of yttrium doping in catalytic activity of ceria can be related to two facts: (i) the Y³⁺ surface enrichment hinders crystallite growth; (ii) the surface segregation of Y³⁺ promotes oxygen vacancies creation. High yttrium loading (x = 0.12) is less effective than low dosage (x = 0.01) because yttrium is mainly accumulated at the surface of the particles and hinders the participation of cerium in the soot oxidation reaction, which is the active component. For the mixed oxides with formulation Ce_0.85−xZr_0.15Y_xO₂ (operating in tight contact) the effect of zirconium on the catalytic activity prevails with respect to that of yttrium. For experiments in loose contact between soot and catalyst, the catalytic activity depends on their BET surface area, and the catalysts Ce_0.85−xZr_0.15Y_xO₂ (BET = 10–13 m²/g) are more active than the catalysts Ce_1−xY_xO₂ (BET = 2–3 m²/g). In the loose contact mode, the yttrium doping and loading have a minor or null affect on the activity, and the stabilising effect of the BET area due to zirconium doping prevails.