辅酶NADH模型物还原活化烯烃反应机理研究

对本课题组近年来研究的辅酶NADH模型物还原活化烯烃的反应机理进行了综述。对于辅酶模型物还原2-溴-1-苯基亚乙基丙二腈类化合物的反应,依赖辅酶模型物和底物的结构,反应可以按一步的负氢转移机理或按电子转移机理进行。用手性辅酶模型物进行这一反应,可得到具有中等光学活性的环丙烷衍生物。实验结果表明辅酶模型物BNAH与1,1-二苯基-2,2-二硝基乙烯的反应的过渡态具有部分双自由基和部分共价键形成的特征,为Pross-Shaik“曲线交叉模型”所预测的“中间机理”提供了直接的证据。BNAH与9-亚芴基丙二腈的反应经历电子转移和负电荷在9-位碳上的碳负离子中间体,动力学同位素效应为2.6。     

NAD(P)H辅酶模型在Mg2+离子催化条件下还原N-芳基芴亚胺反应的研究

对Hantzsch酯在Mg²⁺存在和不存在的情况下还原N-芳基芴亚胺的反应进行了研究, 并与BNAH的类似还原做了系统的比较.研究结果表明:Mg²⁺在该还原反应中起亲电催化剂的作用;还原能力较BNAH弱的Hantzsch酯在反应中所呈现的强的反应性是由于其3, 5-位两个极性谈基氧通过静电作用降低过渡态的能量的缘故;本文反应届H-一步转移机理.     

对醇的消去反应规律的商榷

许多资料这样总结醇的消去反应规律:只有和醇羟基所在碳原子相邻的碳上有氢时,醇才能发生消去反应。笔者认为这种说法欠妥,值得商榷。1反应机理醇在酸的作用下,脱水成烯是经过E1反应机制而完成的,如下图所示:醇羟基接受质子,然后以水的形式离去,原羟基所在碳因而带1个正电荷成为碳正离子,碳正离子的邻碳失1个质子,1对电子转移过来中和碳正离子的正电荷从而形成碳碳双键。如果醇羟基接受质子失水后形成的碳正离子的邻碳上无氢而发生重排后形成的碳正离子的邻碳上有氢,则发生重排形成新的碳正离子,接着邻位碳失去质子而成烯。例如:此反应可表…     

付氏反应中自由基的鉴定及其生成机理

本文通过一系列卤代烃与苯的付氏反应的ESR谱,研究了自由基物种的生成机理:它们起因于Lewis酸对由Scholl反应所生成的9,10-二取代蒽进行单电子氧化,并建立了一种生成9,10-二取代蒽自由基正离子的简单方法。首次报道了一个新自由基正离子1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-八氘蒽的ESR谱。     

卟啉铁与抗坏血酸均相电子转移反应的动力学和机理

采用电子吸收光谱和光谱－电化学方法研究了中位－四（邻硝基苯基）四苯并卟啉的Fe(Ⅲ）配合物与抗坏血酸在DMF溶液中的均相电子转移反应的动力学和机理。结果表明此电子转移反应来源于抗坏血酸与铁卟啉中心铁离子的轴向配位作用,并将一个电子转移至铁离子。反应速度对铁卟啉和抗坏血酸均为一级,并与抗坏血酸的离解有关。     

自由基化学

近２０年来,中国的自由基化学研究在若干领域取得了重要的进展,包括单电子转移反应自旋离域取代基参数的建立,自由基的热力学稳定性研究等。哌啶氮氧自由基与一些生物小分子,如半膛氨酸、谷胱甘肽、抗不血酸等,在溶液及胶束中的反应经过动力学研究证明反庆的单电子转移机理。哌啶氧铵盐氧化芳香胺和含氮硫芳杂环为相应的自由基正离子,首次报道了噻茵及甲基吩噻唪自由基正离子与其中性母体之间电子转移的同位素效应。难过对对位     

N-烷基吩噻嗪化合物与四氯化碳的光诱导电子转移反应

N-烷基吩噻嗪化合物(1a～1c)与四氯化碳之间的光诱导电子转移反应生成3-(N′-吩噻嗪基羰基)-N-烷基吩噻嗪(2a, 2b),3-(N′-烷基吩噻嗪基-3′-羰基)-N-烷基吩噻嗪(3b, 3c), 及N-烷基吩噻嗪正离子自由基的四氯化碳盐1+.CCl-.C4 (4a～4c),提出了光诱导电子转移机理.     

镧系元素的电子转移反应（Ⅰ）：—Ln（Ⅳ）IO^—6在KOH水溶液中还原反应的动力学和机理

研究了Pr(Ⅳ）,Tb(Ⅳ）高碘酸根配合物的L→M电荷迁移跃迁，利用紫外－可见分光光度计探讨了配合物阴离子在KOH水溶液中自还原反应的动力学规律，测出了电子转移反应过程的动力学参数。根据实验现象及测定结果推Ln(Ⅳ）IO^-6配离子在水溶液中自还原反应的机理，并对其进行了验证。     

含氮六元芳杂环的氨基化反应——Chichibabin反应

本文对含氮六元芳杂环的氨基化反应即Chichibabin反应进行了较为详细的讨论,并根据各种实验事实提出了Chichibabin反应可能存在的两种不同的机理.在非均相体系中进行的Chichibabin反应可能是通过吸附和单电子转移的机理进行的;而在均相体系中则可能是通过亲核的加成消除机理进行的.     

可多重N-羟甲基化的Mannich反应机理研究

用MNDO法全优化了20多个Mannich反应中间体-N-羟甲基胺和亚甲胺碳正离子的平衡几何构型, 计算了它们的电子结构。根据N-羟甲基胺脱水反应的能量变化(△E)、亚甲胺碳正离子的净电荷(Q~C~+)和几何构型, 分类讨论比较了N-羟甲胺脱水的难易、亚甲胺碳正离子的稳定性以及对反应历程的影响。以脲素、甲醛和硝仿之间的mannich反应为例, 建议在可多重N-羟甲基化情形下Mannich反应的机理。此外还对硝基脲的N-羟甲基胺及其亚甲胺碳正离子进行了计算研究。     

Mechanisms of electron-transfer oxidation of NADH analogues and chemiluminescence. Detection of the keto and enol radical cations

The radical cation of an NADH analogue (BNAH: 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide) has been successfully detected as the transient absorption and ESR spectra in the thermal electron transfer from BNAH to Fe(bpy)(3)(3+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) and Ru(bpy)(3)(3+). The ESR spectra of the radical cations of BNAH and the dideuterated compound (BNAH-4,4'-d(2)) indicate that the observed radical cation is the keto form rather than the enol form in the tautomerization. The deprotonation rate and the kinetic isotope effects of the keto form of BNAH(*)(+) were determined from the kinetic analysis of the electron-transfer reactions. In the case of electron transfer from BNAH to Ru(bpy)(3)(3+), the chemiluminescence due to Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) was observed in the second electron-transfer step from BNA(*), produced by the deprotonation of the keto form of BNAH(*)(+), to Ru(bpy)(3)(3+). The observation of chemiluminescence due to Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) provides compelling evidence that the Marcus inverted region is observed even for such an intermolecular electron-transfer reaction. When BNAH is replaced by 4-tert-butylated BNAH (4-t-BuBNAH), no chemiluminescence due to Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) has been observed in the electron transfer from 4-t-BuBNAH to Ru(bpy)(3)(3+). This is ascribed to the facile C-C bond cleavage in 4-t-BuBNAH(*)(+). In the laser flash photolysis of a deaerated MeCN solution of BNAH and CHBr(3), the transient absorption spectrum of the enol form of BNAH(*)(+) was detected instead of the keto form of BNAH(*)(+), and the enol form was tautomerized to the keto form. The rate of intramolecular proton transfer in the enol form to produce the keto form of BNAH(*)(+) was determined from the decay of the absorption band due to the enol form and the rise in the absorption band due to the keto form. The kinetic isotope effects were observed for the intramolecular proton-transfer process in the keto form to produce the enol form.     

Direct detection of radical cations of NADH analogues

The radical cation of an NADH analogue (BNAH: 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide) has been successfully detected as the transient absorption and ESR spectra in the thermal electron transfer from BNAH to Fe(bpy)33+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). The ESR spectra of the radical cations of BNAH and the dideuterated compound (BNAH-4,4'-d2) indicate that the observed radical cation is the keto form rather than the enol form in the tautomerization. The deprotonation rate and the kinetic isotope effects of the keto form of BNAH*+ were determined from the kinetic analysis of the electron-transfer reactions.     

On the question of one-electron transfer in the mechanism of reduction by nadh-models

The fluorescence of 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH) is quenched by a variety of electron acceptors. The dependence of the rate constant of the quenching process on the electrochemical reduction potentials of the quenchers corresponds with that expected for quenching by an electron transfer mechanism in which BNAH acts as an electron donor with a one electron oxidation potential of 0.76 ± 0.02 V (in acetonitrile relative to the saturated calomel electrode).From this oxidation potential, and the reduction potentials of a number of substrates reported to be reduced by BNAH, the rates of thermal one-electron transfer from BNAH to these substrates were estimated via the Rehm-Weller relation for outersphere one-electron transfer. These calculated rates are many orders of magnitude lower than experimental rates reported for the overall reduction processes. This seems to exclude outersphere one-electron transfer as an intermediate step in such reductions.     

Metal ion-catalyzed cycloaddition vs hydride transfer reactions of NADH analogues with p-benzoquinones

1-Benzyl-4-tert-butyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (t-BuBNAH) reacts efficiently with p-benzoquinone (Q) to yield a [2+3] cycloadduct (1) in the presence of Sc(OTf)(3) (OTf = OSO(2)CF(3)) in deaerated acetonitrile (MeCN) at room temperature, while no reaction occurs in the absence of Sc(3+). The crystal structure of 1 has been determined by the X-ray crystal analysis. When t-BuBNAH is replaced by 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH), the Sc(3+)-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction of BNAH with Q also occurs to yield the [2+3] cycloadduct. Sc(3+) forms 1:4 complexes with t-BuBNAH and BNAH in MeCN, whereas there is no interaction between Sc(3+) and Q. The observed second-order rate constant (k(obs)) shows a first-order dependence on [Sc(3+)] at low concentrations and a second-order dependence at higher concentrations. The first-order and the second-order dependence of the rate constant (k(et)) on [Sc(3+)] was also observed for the Sc(3+)-promoted electron transfer from CoTPP (TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin dianion) to Q. Such dependence of k(et) on [Sc(3+)] is ascribed to formation of 1:1 and 1:2 complexes between Q(*)(-) and Sc(3+) at the low and high concentrations of Sc(3+), respectively, which results in acceleration of the rate of electron transfer. The formation constants for the 1:2 complex (K(2)) between the radical anions of a series of p-benzoquinone derivatives (X-Q(*)(-)) and Sc(3+) are determined from the dependence of k(et) on [Sc(3+)]. The K(2) values agree well with those determined from the dependence of k(obs) on [Sc(3+)] for the Sc(3+)-catalyzed addition reaction of t-BuBNAH and BNAH with X-Q. Such an agreement together with the absence of the deuterium kinetic isotope effects indicates that the addition proceeds via the Sc(3+)-promoted electron transfer from t-BuBNAH and BNAH to Q. When Sc(OTf)(3) is replaced by weaker Lewis acids such as Lu(OTf)(3), Y(OTf)(3), and Mg(ClO(4))(2), the hydride transfer reaction from BNAH to Q also occurs besides the cycloaddition reaction and the k(obs) value decreases with decreasing the Lewis acidity of the metal ion. Such a change in the type of reaction from a cycloaddition to a hydride transfer depending on the Lewis acidity of metal ions employed as a catalyst is well accommodated by the common reaction mechanism featuring the metal-ion promoted electron transfer from BNAH to Q.     

Mechanism of oxidation of 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide by the biologically active p-benzoquinone derivative, avarone, in a cationic micellar medium: An electrochemical approach

The electrochemical reduction of avarone (Q), an antitumor sesquiterpenoid quinone, was investigated at various pH in aqueous ethanol containing a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) by cyclic and rotating disc electrode voltammetry, using a glassy carbon electrode. Comparison of the electrochemical reduction of Q in presence of CTAB with the same process in a homogeneous water + ethanol solution shows an anodic shift of the reduction potential in the presence of CTAB; at pH > 9.5 and in presence of CTAB, two well-defined reduction peaks are observed, thus confirming one-electron reduction of Q, whereby the intermediate radical-anion is stabilized by the cationic micellar medium. The electrochemical oxidation of BNAH was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, and the anodic shift of the peak potential in presence of CTAB was observed. From the electrochemical behaviour of Q and BNAH, and the kinetics of the oxidation of BNAH with Q, it is suggested that the reaction takes place in two successive one-electron transfer steps. The application of the Marcus theory gives additional proof that, in this case, the first electron transfer is the rate determining step.     

Elucidation of the Role of the Complex in Hydride Transfer Reaction between Methylene Blue and 1-Benzyl-1,4-dihydronictinamide by Effect of γ-Cyclodextrin

The kinetics of the hydride transfer reaction between Methylene Blue (MB⁺) and 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH) were studied in 10% ethanol-90% water mixed solvents containing β- and γ-cyclodextrins (β-CD and γ-CD). The pseudo-first order rate constant shows kinetic saturation at high initial concentration of BNAH. This indicates the formation of a complex between MB⁺ and BNAH. The reaction was suppressed by addition of β-CD, but enhanced by addition of γ-CD. MB⁺ and BNAH were separately accommodated within the β-CD cavity and the cavity walls may protect the activity site of the reactants. On the other hand, in the MB⁺-BNAH-γ-CD system, the inclusion of the complex between MB⁺ and BNAH with γ-CD occurred. This effect of γ-CD can distinguish between the productive and non-productive nature of the complex.     

A thermodynamic and kinetic study of hydride transfer of a caffeine derivative

One representative type of heterocyclic compound that can release a hydride ion is 7,8-dihydro-9-methylcaffeine (CAFH). The one-electron oxidation potential of CAFH [-0.294 (V vs Fc(+/0))] and the one-electron reduction potential of CAF(+) [-2.120 (V vs Fc(+/0))] were obtained using two different methods, CV and OSWV. Applying titration calorimetry data in thermodynamic cycles, the enthalpies of CAFH releasing a hydride ion [57.6 kcal/mol] and releasing a hydrogen atom [80.3 kcal/mol] and of its radical cation CAFH(?+) releasing a proton [33.0 kcal/mol] and releasing a hydrogen atom [38.4 kcal/mol] have been determined. Several conclusions can be drawn from the thermodynamic results: (1) CAFH is a very good single-electron donor whose single-electron oxidation potential is much less positive than that of NAD(P)H model compound BNAH [E(ox) = 0.219 V vs Fc(+/0)]. (2) The single-electron reduction potential of CAF(+) is much more negative than that of BNA(+) [E(red) = -1.419 V], which means that CAF(+) is not a good electron acceptor. Furthermore, CAFH is a very good hydride donor compared to BNAH. The results of non-steady-state kinetic studies, for the reaction of CAFH and AcrH(+)ClO(4)(-), show that the ratio of t(0.50)/t(0.05) is larger than 13.5 and the ratio of k(init)/k(pfo) is larger than 1. The pseudo-first-order rate constants obtained at different reaction stages decrease with the time, and the kinetic isotope was observed to be small at a short reaction time and slowly increases to 3.72 with the progress of the reaction. These kinetic results clearly display that the hydride transfer of CAFH to AcrH(+) in acetonitrile is not a one-step mechanism, while the thermodynamic results show that CAFH is a very good electron donor. The combination of the kinetic results with the thermodynamics analysis shows that the hydride transfer of the caffeine derivative CAFH takes place by a two-step reversible mechanism and there is an intermediate in the reaction.     

Cupric superoxo-mediated intermolecular C-H activation chemistry

The new cupric superoxo complex [LCu(II)(O(2)(?-))](+), which possesses particularly strong O-O and Cu-O bonding, is capable of intermolecular C-H activation of the NADH analogue 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH). Kinetic studies indicated a first-order dependence on both the Cu complex and BNAH with a deuterium kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of 12.1, similar to that observed for certain copper monooxygenases.     

The role of metal cations in the homogeneous phase redox reaction of a NADH model compound

The catalytic activity of magnesium cations in the charge transfer between 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH) and several aromatic compounds has been studied in acetonitrile by electrochemical techniques. Magnesium cations form complex compounds with both BNAH and the organic substrates studied. At the same time, magnesium forms ion-associates with negatively charged substrate molecules. Energetically, the effect of ion-pairing is much greater than the negative effect of complex formation. The rate of homogeneous phase reaction was also studied to show that the Michaelis-Menten type mechanism is operating.