乙醇水溶液荧光发射的时域和频域特性研究

针对乙醇水溶液荧光发射的四个特征参量进行了研究,得出了该溶液发射荧光光子的时域和频域特征参量。发射光谱和激发光谱表明乙醇水溶液中含有三个结构不同的发光物质,其发射峰分别位于290 nm,305 nm和330 nm处,与其相对应的最佳吸收峰为265 nm,280 nm和236 nm。荧光强度随溶液中乙醇与水体积混合比的变化规律也证实了三种不同发光结构的存在。在荧光光谱峰值波长处分别监测其荧光强度随时间的衰变过程,将获得的荧光衰减动力学曲线采用指数方法拟合并进行解卷积处理,测试的荧光寿命分别对应8 ns,12 ns,25 ns。结合乙醇水溶液荧光发射的四个特征参量可以看出:乙醇分子和水分子发生团簇作用形成了三个新的分子结构从而可发射具有不同能量的荧光光子。该研究结果能为乙醇水分子的团簇结构研究提供参考。     

多环芳烃时间分辨荧光光谱特性研究

利用时间分辨荧光光谱技术,研究了菲、荧蒽、芴、蒽、芘等五种多环芳烃的荧光时间分辨发射光谱特性。以289 nm受激拉曼光作为激发光源,研究了289 nm激发光作用下五种多环芳烃的延时特性和门宽特性。并以多环芳烃随延时时间的荧光峰强度衰减关系曲线,得到菲、荧蒽、芴、芘的荧光寿命分别为37.0, 32.7, 10.9, 147.0 ns。不同荧光物质具有特定的荧光光谱特性,多环芳烃时间分辨荧光光谱特性的研究可以为复杂水体中不同种类多环芳烃的诊断提供依据。     

Determination of Tetracaine Hydrochloride by Fluorescence Quenching Method with Some Aromatic Amino Acids as Probes

A novel fluorescence quenching method for the determination of tetracaine hydrochloride (TA·HCl) concentration with some aromatic amino acids as fluorescence probe has been developed. In pH 6.3 acidic medium, tryptophane (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr) or phenylalanine (Phe) can react with tetracaine hydrochloride to form an ion-association complex by electrostatic attraction, aromatic stacking interaction and Van der Waals’ force, which lead to fluorescence quenching of above amino acids. The maximum fluorescence excitation and emission wavelengths of them are located at 278, 274, 258 nm and 354, 306, 285 nm, respectively. The relative fluorescence intensity (F ₀/F) is proportional to the TA·HCl concentration in certain range. The linear ranges and detection limits are 1.2–5.0 μg/mL and 0.37 μg/mL for Tyr-TA·HCl system, 1.3–6.0 μg/mL and 0.38 μg/mL for Trp-TA·HCl system, and 1.4–6.0 μg/mL and 0.41 μg/mL for Phe-TA·HCl system. The optimum reaction conditions, influencing factors and the effect of coexisting substances are investigated. And the results show the method has a good selectivity. Judging from the effect of temperature, the Stern-Volmer plots and fluorescence lifetime determination, the quenching of fluorescence of amino acids by TA·HCl is a static quenching process.     

Time-lapse in situ fluorescence lifetime imaging of lipid droplets in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes with Nile Red

To study the mechanisms of and conditions for adipogenesis, an accurate in situ observation tool is necessary to monitor the quantity of intracellular neutral lipids in differentiating preadipocytes. Although conventional fluorescence intensity imaging is a powerful tool for observing the formation and growth of an individual lipid droplet, it suffers from photobleaching and ambiguous autofluorescence or background signals from cells. In this paper, we present a fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) technique that has the potential to quantify the ratio of neutral to polar lipids in a cell. Measurement of time-lapse FLIM images of differentiating 3T3-L1 cells that contained the Nile Red (NR) probe showed that the average lifetime of NR decreased from 4 ns in preadipocytes to 3 ns in fully differentiated adipocytes after 10 days of differentiation. This large change in the lifetime of NR can be used to monitor the early stages of adipogenesis, even when the lipid droplet is too small to be identified with a conventional microscope.     

SDS胶束溶液在石油类污染物荧光光谱测量中的应用

提出了一种以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)胶束溶液为溶剂增溶、增敏、增稳石油类物质的新方法。研究了石油类物质的荧光强度随SDS胶束溶液浓度的变化规律,确定了其溶剂SDS胶束溶液的最佳浓度为0.1 mol·L-1。使用FLS920荧光光谱仪测量得到不同稀释浓度的汽油、柴油、煤油SDS胶束溶液的三维荧光光谱矩阵(EEMs),分析了瑞利(Rayleigh)散射、拉曼(Raman)散射以及仪器光谱特性对测量光谱的影响,经过光谱校正,建立了三种油的SDS胶束溶液在激发波长为250～400 nm、发射波长为260～500 nm范围内的三维荧光光谱图,并确定了在一定浓度范围内荧光强度与浓度具有良好的线性关系。在相同条件下,用同样的方法配制各种浓度汽油、柴油、煤油水溶液作对比,验证了SDS胶束溶液作为石油类物质的溶剂可以使水中石油类物质的溶解度增加、荧光强度增大、稳定性更好,实现了石油类物质可以不依赖于某些有毒溶剂萃取,又解决了其水中溶解度低不宜定量的问题。     

检测Fe~(3+)/F~-的双功能喹哪啶衍生物荧光探针

对一种简单结构的喹哪啶衍生物作为离子荧光探针的性能进行了研究。探针由8-羟基喹哪啶的2-位引入水杨醛构成,通过双键连接喹啉环与苯环以及推-拉电子基团构成大共轭结构,使其发光量子产率提高;探针分子中的氮、氧原子提供了良好的配位作用点,能选择性与离子配合而使荧光性质发生变化。在乙腈/水溶液中,Fe~(3+)与探针形成1∶1的配合物而使其荧光猝灭,配合为自发的熵驱动放热过程。红外光谱和1 H NMR滴定推测探针分子中的两个羰基氧和氮的孤对电子参与Fe~(3+)络合,光诱导引发电子转移过程导致荧光猝灭。在乙腈溶液中,F~-使探针在415nm处的荧光峰降低,在560nm处出现新荧光峰,形成比率荧光,荧光由蓝色变为黄色至橙红色。同时,F~-使探针在280和340nm处的紫外吸收峰降低,在455nm处出现新的吸收峰,形成比率吸收,颜色由无色变为黄色至橙色。1 H NMR滴定推测探针分子与F~-是通过氢键作用。为一种同时检测阴、阳离子的双功能探针,荧光法对Fe~(3+)和F~-的检出限分别低至13.6nmol·L~(-1)和1.6μmol·L~(-1),紫外法对F~-的检出限低至16.5μmol·L~(-1)。利用探针对F~-识别时明显的颜色变化,建立了可视性,快速度,易操作的目视检测微量F~-的方法。     

An integrated phase-resolved fluorescence imaging system with sub-nanosecond lifetime resolution

In this paper, a novel configuration of an integrated phase-resolved (PR) fingerprint fluorescence imaging system is proposed and implemented. In this integrated PR imaging system, a current modulated 402 nm dual diode laser is proposed to be the light source, to obtain both high laser power and easy modulability. To estimate the lifetime resolution of this PR imaging system, a novel method of using distance-selective suppression of fluorescence signals from two identical fluorescing samples is proposed. Detailed theoretical and experimental analyses are presented. The experimental results demonstrate that this integrated PR imaging system has a lifetime resolution of 0.1 ns. Fingerprint detection experiments are also carried out using this system with latent fingerprints deposited on substrates of aluminum foil and currency.     

荧光产生时间与荧光峰值波长关系的研究

用激光诱导荧光(LIF)方法对芳香族化合物蒽进行了时间分辨谱研究,介绍了所用测试系统的组成和测试方法,获得了蒽的荧光强度-波长-时间三维立体图、峰值荧光时间图、等高图,并对实验结果进行了分析。研究表明,荧光产生的时间与峰值波长有关系,长波早于短波。     

用离散小波变换建立的Fisher判别法对海上溢油的鉴别

采用恒波长同步荧光光谱法检测分析8种燃料油、7种中东原油、14种非中东原油的荧光特征,结合离散小波变换以及Fisher判别法建立海上溢油油种鉴别的模型。29种油样风化前后均在波长(280±2),(302±2),(332±2)和(380±2) nm处有典型的荧光峰,但在(380±2) nm处风化油样的荧光强度的离散度过大,该波长不适于油种鉴别。在db7小波基函数下对29种原始油样荧光谱图进行6层分解,提取d3细节系数特征,确定波长(255±2),(280±2),(302±2),(332±2)和(354±2) nm处的小波系数并用于Fisher判别模型建立。29种油样在(280±2) nm处均有极值点,燃料油小波系数位于44.06±5.62之间,原油位于22.47±5.12之间,此波长处的小波系数可区分燃料油与原油。建立的Fisher判别模型不仅能区分燃料油和原油还能进一步区分中东原油,Wilks’s lambda分布所对应的P值分别为0和0.02,表明模型是可行的。模型验证结果显示,对风化后的建模油样的鉴别正确率达到96.6%,对非建模23种油样鉴别正确率达到95.7%。由于建模油样风化前后的修正余弦相似度为0.91~0.98,因而以未风化油样建立的油种鉴别模型同样适用于风化后油样的辨别。     

Change in laser-induced fluorescence spectra of sea water during degradation of dissolved organic matter

We present the results of measurement of the laser-induced fluorescence spectra of sea water under laboratory conditions. We show that during phytoplankton cell death caused by heating of sea water samples, the fluorescence intensity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) increases. We observe different behaviors of the fluorescence intensity for excitation by 2nd harmonic (532 nm) and 3rd harmonic (355 nm) emission from a Nd:YAG laser during degradation of dissolved organic matter. In the first case, a monotonic decrease in the DOM₅₃₂ fluorescence intensity occurs, while in the second case the fluorescence intensity remains constant. We give a possible explanation for such behavior of the DOM fluorescence intensity. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 103–107, January–February, 2007.     

新型水溶性花菁双嵌染料荧光测定蛋白质的研究

基于蛋白质对双嵌花菁染料具有良好的荧光增强作用,以新型水溶性碳菁染1,1’-丙磺酸-3,3,3’,3’-四甲基吲哚三次甲基碳菁-5,5’-二磺酸钾为荧光探针,建立了一种新的蛋白质荧光检测体系。实验考察了探针的荧光特征、浓度、缓冲体系pH、盐浓度和乙醇有机试剂等参数对体系荧光的影响。当pH2.0,花菁染料最大荧光激发波长为548 nm,发射波长为562 nm,血清蛋白与探针作用随着探针浓度的增加而加强,荧光增强值逐渐上升;当探针浓度为1.00×10-6mol·L-1时,牛血清蛋白BSA和人血清蛋白HSA对花菁探针荧光增强作用最为明显,体系荧光强度与蛋白质浓度成良好的线性关系,BSA和HSA线性响应浓度范围分别为0.20～15.00μg·mL-1和0.20～12.00μg·mL-1, 检测限(3σ/K)为0.01μg·mL-1。测定了血清蛋白BSA的合成样品,当BSA浓度为4.00,6.00,8.00μg·mL-1时,回收率为94.5%～103.3%。     

三维荧光光谱-平行因子法解析再生水补给人工湿地DOM的光谱特征

采用三维荧光光谱技术和平行因子分析,对北方某潜流-表流复合人工湿地水体中溶解性有机质（DOM）的光谱特征、演变过程及其来源进行研究,以期为深入理解人工湿地的作用机理和污染物溯源提供科学依据。结果表明,人工湿地中各阶段的出水呈现相似的三维荧光特性,均出现明显的类腐殖质尖峰和类蛋白峰,但强度有所不同。混凝沉淀对类蛋白和类腐殖质两种DOM的荧光强度均有一定的削减作用;潜流湿地出水的荧光图谱显示,微生物代谢副产物和类色氨酸等类蛋白峰强度明显降低,而类腐殖质峰强度无明显变化,这表明潜流湿地对再生水中的类蛋白物质具有明显的降解作用,而对类腐殖质物质降解效果较弱;相反,在表流湿地出水的荧光图谱中发现类蛋白峰和类腐殖质峰的强度均削弱,而且在表流湿地下游3 km处的强度达到最低。这一趋势归因于潜流湿地中滤料表面生物膜对DOM的生物降解以及表流湿地内部活跃的微生物活动和水生植物的根系对DOM的吸附作用。平行因子分析结果显示,该湿地水体DOM中包含5个荧光组分,分别为类富里酸组分C1（240, 330/430 nm）、微生物活动相关的类腐殖质组分C2（285, 330/380 nm）、类色氨酸C3（230/350 nm）、微生物代谢副产物C4（280/320 nm）和陆源类腐殖质C5（270, 380/470 nm）。采用多种荧光光谱指数对湿地中DOM的来源进行解析,荧光指数和自生源指数均表明该湿地中DOM的来源以生物代谢输入为主,而陆源输入的影响较小;腐殖化因子则表明该湿地存在弱腐殖化的特征且生物来源占主导地位。斯皮尔曼相关性分析表明5个荧光组分具有同源性,而且与水中氮元素的迁移转化密切相关。     

三种品牌牛奶的荧光光谱特性研究

应用FLS920P型稳态和时间分辨荧光光谱仪,对三种品牌不同脂肪含量的纯牛奶和鲜奶（共9种）进行了荧光光谱的测量。9种牛奶样品的三维荧光光谱显示,牛奶的荧光峰值波长为349 nm左右,半高宽为66 nm左右,最佳激发波长为291 nm左右,平均寿命为4.6 ns左右,实验表明9种牛奶的荧光光谱除荧光强度外基本一致。实验测得酪蛋白溶液的荧光峰值波长为344 nm,半高宽为66 nm,最佳激发波长为295 nm,荧光寿命为4.1 ns。酪蛋白的荧光峰值波长和荧光寿命与牛奶基本一致,对比牛奶中其他荧光物质后,推断牛奶的主要荧光物质为酪蛋白。进一步探究9种牛奶荧光强度的差别,对比9种牛奶最佳激发波长下的荧光发射光谱,相同品牌的全脂牛奶荧光强度明显低于脱脂牛奶。对比全脂牛奶、脱脂牛奶和离心处理的全脂牛奶归一化后的荧光光谱,离心后的全脂牛奶荧光强度介于全脂和脱脂之间,离心使得脂肪减少,散射降低,从而导致荧光强度的增强。牛奶的荧光发射全谱显示全脂牛奶的瑞利散射强度明显高于脱脂牛奶,全脂牛奶的脂肪含量高,散射强,激发光入射全脂牛奶后更多地被散射,导致全脂牛奶的瑞利散射强度高于脱脂牛奶。光透过率曲线显示全脂牛奶的透过率都低于脱脂牛奶,入射光通过全脂牛奶时,除了一部分被酪蛋白吸收以外,还有一部分因脂肪的散射而损失,透过率减小,使得全脂牛奶的透过率都低于脱脂牛奶。使用荧光光谱技术在不进行预处理的情况下对牛奶进行检测,确定了牛奶的主要荧光物质,并对全脂牛奶和脱脂牛奶荧光强度存在差别的原因进行了解释。     

用时间分辨光谱研究红细胞悬液的荧光发射

实验获得了激光照射红细胞悬液的荧光光谱,并分别监测不同荧光峰值波长处强度随时间的衰变过程,测试了其相应的荧光寿命。结果表明,在波长为407nm的激光照射下,红细胞悬液向外发射中心波长分别位于596,628,692nm的荧光光谱,各荧光峰对应衰变过程的平均荧光寿命分别为1.97,13.31,14.58ns。利用荧光强度和吸收率的加和性表示了混合物的总吸收率和总荧光发射强度,通过理论计算获得了红细胞悬液中锌卟啉、原卟啉和其他游离物参与荧光发射的相对含量和相对强度在不同荧光峰位的变化关系,进一步解释了不同峰位处荧光发射强度和平均荧光寿命的变化原因。     

Time-resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy of multimodal samples: the asphaltene case

In this work we describe an application of the time-resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy (TRFPA) technique to the analysis of asphaltenes, complex mixtures of high-molecular weight compounds, typically present in petroleum oils. Our asphaltene samples consist of nanometer-sized polydispersed particles, whose lighter fraction showed a relatively high fluorescence quantum yield. Most of the fluorescence intensity observed from the complex sample originated from a well defined sample fraction presenting a large fluorescence yield. Consequently, the TRFPA analysis only provided the average size of more fluorescing particles, that, in our case, were the smaller ones. Larger and less fluorescing aggregates did not significantly contribute to the TRFPA signal. Hence, to overcome intrinsic limitations of the TRFPA technique in characterizing multimodal samples, we preliminarily fractionated our complex samples by means of size exclusion chromatography (SEC), thus obtaining nearly monomodal fractions of the original samples. This procedure allowed to estimate also the size of less fluorescing and larger particles. A comparison of particle size estimate by means of TRFPA and SEC methods was also used to acquire information about occurrence of aggregation phenomena, and about the kind and strength of the chemical bonds linking chromophores to each other or to their parent particle. PACS 82.53.Uv; 82.80.Bg; 47.57.E-     

Immobilization and Characterization of 2,3-diaminonaphthalene/cyclodextrin Complexes in a Sol–Gel Matrix: A New Fluorimetric Sensor for Nitrite

The aromatic diamino compound 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) has been extensively used to detect and quantify nitrite ions in biological and environmental samples. We have immobilized the DAN reagent in a porous silicate glass matrix, via previous incorporation of the dye in HP-β-CD. Changes in fluorescence intensity were used to characterize the inclusion complexes and determine the association constant and stoichiometry of the process. Fluorescence spectrum of these complexes was also used to monitor their immobilization within the sol–gel matrix. Reactivity of the immobilized complexes was evaluated with increasing concentrations of nitrite up to 10 μM (with a detection limit around 20 nM). Results show that sol–gel immobilization does not modify the reactivity of the dye against nitrite and serves to prepare a highly sensitive ready to use fluorescence-based sensor for the specific measurement of nitrite at submicromolar concentrations with no further sample pretreatment.     

Stress-Induced Alteration of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Polarization and Spectrum in Leaves of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alocasia macrorrhiza</Emphasis> L. Schott

The value of intrinsic chlorophyll fluorescence polarization, and the intensity in emission spectrum were investigated in leaf segments of Alocasia macrorrhiza under several stress conditions including different temperatures (25–50°C), various concentrations of NaCl (0–250 mM), methyl viologen (MV, 0–25 μM), SDS (0–1.0%) and NaHSO₃ (0–80 μM). Fluorescence emission spectrum of leaves at wavelength regions of 500–800 nm was monitored by excitation at 436 nm. The value of fluorescence polarization (P value), as result of energy transfer and mutual orientation between chlorophyll molecules, was determined by excitation at 436 nm and emission at 685 nm. The results showed that elevated temperature and concentrations of salt (NaCl), photooxidant (MV), surfactant (SDS) and simulated SO₂ (NaHSO₃) treatments all induced a reduction of fluorescence polarization to various degrees. However, alteration of the fluorescence spectrum and emission intensity of F₆₈₅ and F₇₃₁ depended on the individual treatment. Increase in temperature and concentration of NaHSO₃ enhanced fluorescence intensity mainly at F₆₈₅, while an increase in MV concentration led to a decrease at both F₆₈₅ and F₇₃₁. On the contrary, NaCl and SDS did not cause remarkable change in fluorescence spectrum. Among different treatments, the negative correlation between polarization and fluorescence intensity was found with NaHSO₃ treatments only. We concluded that P value being measured with intrinsic chlorophyll fluorescence as probe in leaves is a susceptible indicator responding to changes in environmental conditions. The alteration of P value and fluorescence intensity might not always be shown a functional relation pattern. The possible reasons of differed response to various treatments were discussed.     

三维荧光光谱结合HGA-RBF神经网络在多环芳烃浓度检测中的应用

采用FS920荧光光谱仪分析了苯并[k]荧蒽(BkF)、苯并[b]荧蒽(BbF)和两者混合物的荧光特性.结果表明BkF的两个荧光峰分别位于306 nm/405 nm和306 nm/430 nm,BbF的两个荧光峰分别位于306 nm/410nm和306 nm/435 nm.BkF和BbF不同浓度配比及其相互间的荧光干扰,使得混合物荧光特性差异较大,荧光强度和浓度间关系变得复杂.为准确测定混合物中BkF和BbF的浓度,采用递阶算法优化的径向基神经网络对其进行检测,结果表明BkF和BbF的平均回收率分别为98.45％和97.71％.该方法能够实现多环芳烃类污染物共存成分的识别和浓度预测.     

Application of Fluorescence to the Study of Crude Petroleum

Crude petroleum oils are complex mixtures of different compounds (mainly organic), which are obtained from an extensive range of different geological sources. The fluorescence of crude petroleum oils derives largely from the aromatic hydrocarbon fraction, and this fluorescence emission is strongly influenced by the chemical composition (e.g., fluorophore and quencher concentrations) and physical characteristics (e.g., viscosity and optical density) of the oil. The fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) is increasingly used in petroleum technology due the availability of better optical detection techniques, because FS offers high sensitivity, good diagnostic potential, and relatively simple instrumentation. In this work we analyzed crude petroleum at different dilution in Nujol, a transparent mineral oil. The main objective of this work was to verify the possibility to measure crude oil emission spectroscopic without use of volatile solvents. The mixtures of nujol with different -crude oil concentrations were measured with a 10 mm optical path cuvette thus simplifying the fluorescence spectroscopy signal detection. The emission spectra were obtained by exciting the samples with a 400 W Xenon lamp at 350 nm, 450 nm and 532 nm. The emissions of the samples were collected perpendicularly with the excitation axis.     

石油污染水体荧光图谱特征分析

石油类物质对水体吸收系数的影响主要通过黄色物质(CDOM)体现出来,CDOM和石油类物质皆具有荧光基团,如果两者的荧光图谱各自特征明显的话,那么有望利用荧光技术分离出水中石油物质和CDOM各自对水体总吸收系数的贡献,从而提高水体石油类物质含量的遥感反演精度。以大连周边海水和山区水库水为自然水体本底,分别与取自采油污水厂和炼油污水厂的污水进行混合配比,利用试验数据分析了仅含CDOM、含油与CDOM混合、仅含石油三种水样的荧光图谱特征,旨在为利用荧光技术分离出水中石油物质和CDOM各自对水体总吸收系数的贡献提供依据。分析结果表明：(1)自然水体中,海水的CDOM具有三个典型荧光峰,分别位于Ex:225-230 nm/Em:320～330 nm,Ex:280 nm/Em:340 nm和Ex:225-240 nm/Em:430～470 nm,为海水叶绿素碎屑物所致;淡水具有两典型荧光峰,分别位于：Ex：240～260 nm/Em：420～450 nm和Ex：310～350 nm/Em：420～440 nm,为陆源物质所致;(2)用正己烷萃取后的仅含油水样,具有1～3个荧光峰,分别位于Ex: 220～240 nm/Em：320-340 nm,Ex:270～290 nm/Em：310～340 nm和Ex: 220～235 nm/Em：280～310 nm,为各自烃类成分所致;(3)在自然水体中混入油污水后,含油和CDOM的水样荧光图谱呈现出一个非常强的荧光峰,位于Ex：230～250 nm/Em：320～370 nm,为CDOM和石油类物质荧光成分共同作用所致。