TDI imaging-a tool for profilometry and automated visual inspection

TDI imaging is introduced as a solution to industrial web inspection under low-light illumination. In addition to the original purpose of recording clear blur-free images of the objects moving over industrial platforms, it can also be used as a tool for profilometry and automated visual inspection when coupled with proper structured light illumination modules. This paper illustrates a system employing a pulsed laser diode, uniform intensity line generating optics and a high-speed TDI imager for recording structured light patterns from rotating cylindrical objects. Defect or shape information is coded as distortions in a regular grating pattern recorded by the TDI imager. The shape or defect profile is retrieved by employing Fourier transform and scanning spatial phase detection techniques.     

光学投影式三维轮廓测量技术综述

主要用于散射物体的宏观轮廓测量的光学投影式轮廓测量技术可以分为两大类：直接三角法和相位测量法。直接三角法包括激光逐点扫描法、光切法和新近出现的二元编码图样投影法。相位测量法以测量投影到物体上的变形栅像的相位为基础，包括莫尔法、移相法、傅氏变换法等等。本文以基于相位测量和光栅投影法为重点综述了光学投影式轮廓测量技术的几种典型方法，讨论了它们的优缺点，并分析了研究热点和发展方向。     

利用强度调制消除零频的傅里叶变换轮廓测量

采用双色正弦条纹投影的傅里叶变换轮廓术中零频分量的扩展对有用基频分量有影响,为此提出一种新型的基于强度调制的零频消除方法提高测量准确度和范围.通过采集一帧变形彩色条纹图并分离颜色通道获得两幅相位差为π的条纹图,对变形条纹做强度调制校正,进而消除零频分量,实现高度解析.理论模拟和实验测试均验证了此方法的有效性.相比传统的相移消除零频分量的方法,此方法具有显著的速度优势,适合于三维物体的实时测量.     

Profilometry of three-dimensional discontinuous solids by combining two-steps temporal phase unwrapping,co-phased profilometry and phase-shifting interferometry

In this work we review and combine two techniques that have been recently published for three-dimensional (3D) fringe projection profilometry and phase unwrapping, namely: co-phased profilometry and 2-steps temporal phase-unwrapping. By combining these two methods we get a more accurate, higher signal-to-noise 3D profilometer for discontinuous industrial objects. In single-camera single-projector (standard) profilometry, the camera and the projector must form an angle between them. The phase-sensitivity of the profilometer depends on this angle, so it cannot be avoided. This angle produces regions with self-occluding shadows and glare from the solid as viewed from the camera׳s perspective, making impossible the demodulation of the fringe-pattern there. In other words, the phase data is undefined at those shadow regions. As published recently, this limitation can be solved by using several co-phased fringe-projectors and a single camera. These co-phased projectors are positioned at different directions towards the object, and as a consequence most shadows are compensated. In addition to this, most industrial objects are highly discontinuous, which precludes the use of spatial phase-unwrappers. One way to avoid spatial unwrapping is to decrease the phase-sensitivity to a point where the demodulated phase is bounded to one lambda, so the need for phase-unwrapping disappears. By doing this, however, the recovered non-wrapped phase contains too much harmonic distortion and noise. Using our recently proposed two-step temporal phase-unwrapping technique, the high-sensitivity phase is unwrapped using the low-frequency one as initial gross estimation. This two-step unwrapping technique solves the 3D object discontinuities while keeping the accuracy of the high-frequency profilometry data. In scientific research, new art are derived as logical and consistent result of previous efforts in the same direction. Here we present a new 3D-profilometer combining these two recently published methods: co-phased profilometry and two-steps temporal phase-unwrapping. By doing this, we obtain a new and more powerful 3D profilometry technique which overcomes the two main limitations of previous fringe-projection profilometers namely: high phase-sensitivity digitalization of discontinuous objects and solid׳s self-generated shadow minimization. This new 3D profilometer is demonstrated by an experiment digitizing a discontinuous 3D industrial-solid where the advantages of this new profilometer with respect to previous art are clearly shown.     

数字三色条纹相移形貌投影栅线法

基于投影栅线的三色条纹相移算法与投影栅线法相结合,提出一种数字三色条纹相移形貌投影栅线法.此法是对时间相移法的改进,只需一幅三色条纹图,就可利用简单的三光强相移算法完成物体表面的形貌重建;不需要相移装置而误差较小,成本较低,简易实用,将有利于推广到动态实时分析.实验证明,此法是正确可行的.     

数字仿真形貌影栅云纹法及实验系统的原理

基于影栅虚云纹场的概念,提出并实现了对形貌影栅云纹法利用计算机布置影栅云纹仪各种光场,自动生成高质量全场仿真影栅云纹图,建立了一种数字仿真形貌影栅云纹法自动测量和处理一体化实验系统（全文简称为实验系统）.系统特别适合于作为形貌影栅云纹法误差分析的评估系统,对光场布置不同的影栅云纹仪及其对应的相移值近似程度不一样引起的初始系统误差进行分析、预测和评估,给出减少这种系统误差应遵循的准则.     

基于调制度测量的三维轮廓术

介绍了基于调制度测量的三维轮廓术的测量方法的原理和过程,并给出了实物测量。结果证明它在原理上是正确的、可行的、。此方法对三维轮廓术、三维传感及机器视觉的应用具有重要意义。     

Mass spring lattice modeling of the scanning laser source technique

The scanning laser source (SLS) technique is a promising new laser ultrasonic tool for the detection of small surface-breaking defects. The SLS approach is based on monitoring the changes in laser generated ultrasound as a laser source is scanned over a defect. Changes in amplitude and frequency content have been observed for ultrasound generated by the laser over uniform and defective areas. In this paper, the SLS technique is simulated numerically using the mass spring lattice model. Thermoelastic laser generation of ultrasound in an elastic material is modeled using a shear dipole distribution. The spatial and temporal energy distribution profiles of typical pulsed laser sources are used to model the laser source. The amplitude and spectral variations in the laser generated ultrasound as the SLS scans over a large aluminum block containing a small surface-breaking crack are observed. The experimentally observed SLS amplitude and spectral signatures are shown to be captured very well by the model. In addition, the possibility of utilizing the SLS technique to size surface-breaking cracks that are sub-wavelength in depth is explored.     

Frequency-comb-based interferometer for profilometry and tomography

A novel interferometry technique using a frequency-comb light source is proposed for surface profilometry and tomography of discontinuous objects. Surface profile measurement is performed by sweeping the comb interval frequency without mechanical scanning. Step heights of 0.5 and 1.0 mm are successfully measured by use of the scheme with 9 mum accuracy.     

Characterization and estimation of refractive index profile of laser-written photopolymer optical waveguides

In this study, channel waveguides fabricated in photopolymer films by direct-writing using a low-power CW laser, are used as phase objects in a simple plane-wave diffraction setup, and the refractive index modulation profiles of the waveguides are characterized using the recorded diffraction patterns. Index profiles are modeled by piece-wisely combining two Gaussian functions representing the central and the tail regions. Measured diffraction patterns are matched with patterns generated using the model. This simple model makes it possible to design various channel waveguides embedded into polymer substrates. The proposed model is tested on three distinctive waveguide profiles written on the same Acrylamide/Polyvinyl Alcohol based photopolymer with different exposures.     

基于双声光偏转器的变频三维数字成像

提出了一种基于双声光偏转器的时序变频三维数字成像系统.此系统可以实时产生并投射具有不同空间频率的条纹结构光序列照明被测物体,可以以视频速率完成任意形状物体的三维传感.整体系统采用全固态结构,无任何机械运动部件,具有高精度、全场测量、动态可编程、普适性好等特点.给出了该三维数字成像系统对一个台阶状物体形貌测量的应用实例.结果证明DAOP对于解决具有复杂几何形状或拓扑结构物体的三维形貌测量问题是一种有效技术.     

Fringe pattern correlator for three-dimensional object recognition

We propose a novel three-dimensional (3-D) object-recognition method based on a Fourier-transform profilometry technique and a two-dimensional (2-D) correlation technique. Height information on 3-D objects is transformed to phase information on 2-D complex amplitude by use of the Fourier-transform profilometry technique. 3-D objects are recognized using correlation by use of the transformed complex amplitude.     

一种用于三维面形测量的新的去包裹方法

本文提出一种可用于三维面形测量的新的去包裹方法。它在原有传统去包裹的基础上提出分割线的方法,能够正确标出应该参与去包裹的象素点及由噪音造成的相位不连续点,因而,在相位图存在噪音及信噪比较低的情况下仍旧可以得到正确且唯一的去包裹相位值。在三维面形测量中,去包裹后的相位值可以真实反映待测物体的面形,因此有很大的理论价值及实际意义。     

利用空间坐标变换的三维测量系统

提出了一种新的三维面形测量合成方法，它可以用于大物体及具有复杂而形物体的多次测量，本文将空间坐标变换理论引入到三维面形测量中，并阐述了基于此物相转换方法及图像合成方法。测量结果表明，本方法可以基本消除传统方法中存在的问题，解决了三维测量中的一个瓶颈问题。     

Fringe shaping for high-/low-reflectance surface in single-trial phase-shifting profilometry

This study describes a novel fringe-shaping technique developed to alleviate the fringe truncation problem engendered by the acquired saturated and/or weak fringe images from high-/low-reflectance surfaces of three-dimensional(3D) objects in phase-shifting profilometry. The particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed to perform the recovery of the truncated fringes with optimal fitting for compensation after single-trial acquisition. The results show that the proposed method improves phase recovery accuracy to accomplish 3 D surface reconstruction with only one set of phase-shifting fringes under different truncation sceneries.     

Diffractive optical elements and quasioptical schemes for experiments on a high-power terahertz free-electron laser

We have developed reflective diffraction optical elements (DOE) for focusing monochromatic coherent radiation of 400 W terahertz Novosibirsk free-electron laser (FEL). Operational characteristics of two modifications of the refractive kinoform lenses were studied. Quasioptical Toepler system with terahertz radiation recording by a thermosensitive luminescent screen was fabricated for the examination of film and solid deformation. A system for real-time terahertz radioscopy of objects with image recording with a microbolometer matrix (MBM) was fabricated. Images of objects illuminated with a plane wave or diffuse radiation were studied with the MBM. It was shown that the speckle pattern, which appears in the second case, can be averaged by means of the scatterer rotation.     

The potential use of plume imaging for real-time monitoring of laser ablation cleaning of stonework

In this work, the potential of plume imaging was investigated as a real-time monitoring technique for the control of the laser cleaning process in cultural heritage objects with emphasis on encrusted stonework. Optical pulses generated by Nd:YAG laser were used to remove a high absorbing layer of crust from the surface of a lower absorbing marble substrate. Two regimes of operation have been employed for laser cleaning test, Q-switched ns mode, and short free running μs mode. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was also employed to study the stratigraphy of the cleaned surfaces, and thus to confirm the validity of the suggested monitoring technique. The tests proved the prospective of introducing plume imaging techniques as a straightforward and inexpensive tool for the real-time monitoring of laser ablation and the determination of the critical point for a safe surface cleaning intervention.     

利用频闪结构光测量旋转叶片的三维面形

在对快速甚至高速运动物体进行研究时,需要对运动物体各个时刻的三维面形和形变量进行数字化描述。提出了一种利用频闪光作为结构照明光源,基于傅里叶变换轮廓术对旋转叶片每个时刻的三维面形和变形量进行动态测量的光学方法。使用自行设计的同步控制单元对风扇叶片旋转位置进行检测,用该检测信号同步驱动频闪结构光源的发光和图像采集系统“冻结”记录下旋转叶片表面变形条纹的瞬时图像,再运用傅里叶变换轮廓术计算出每一瞬间时刻旋转叶片的三维面形,分析这些三维面形数字化结果可以进一步得到旋转叶片的变形量。通过对家用电风扇的实验,验证了该方法的合理性和可行性。该方法可望在高速运动物体的面形和变形研究上有广泛运用。     

调制度测量轮廓术在复杂面形测量中的应用

调制度测量轮廓术(MMP)是将物体的高度信息编码在投影到待测物面上的正弦条纹的调制度信息中,可以实现对物体的垂直测量,特别适合测量表面有高度剧烈变化或不连续区域的物体。探讨了基于傅里叶变换的调制度测量轮廓术在复杂面形测量中的应用,提出了调制度焦深的概念并详细分析了调制度焦深对测量的影响,以调制度焦深为基础从测量系统设计的角度提出了提高测量精度的具体措施,给出了实验系统设计方案,讨论了影响测量精度的几个实际问题及解决方案。对复杂面形和深孔物体的实测结果表明,基于傅里叶变换的调制度测量轮廓术测量复杂面形物体可以达到较高的测量精度。