Pressure Wave Evolution in a Fluid with a Bubble Zone

The specific features of pressure wave dynamics in a fluid containing a bubble zone are considered. It is found that for nonlinear waves the shielding effect of the bubble zone, typical of acoustic waves, is less pronounced. In some cases, due to the nonlinear effects and the radial inertia of the bubbly fluid [1], the bubble zone may result in a certain increase in the original-signal amplitude. It is shown that when a bubble screen is located near a solid surface, by choosing an appropriate bubble radius and volume fraction, it is possible to achieve (i) the absence of a reflected signal and (ii) substantial damping of the wave action on the wall.     

Head-on Collision of a Detonation with a Planar Shock Wave

The phenomenon that occurs when a Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) detonation collides with a shock wave is discussed. Assuming a one-dimensional steady wave configuration analogous to a planar shock–shock frontal interaction, analytical solutions of the Rankine–Hugoniot relationships for the transmitted detonation and the transmitted shock are obtained by matching the pressure and particle velocity at the contact surface. The analytical results indicate that there exist three possible regions of solutions, i.e. the transmitted detonation can have either strong, weak or CJ solution, depending on the incident detonation and shock strengths. On the other hand, if we impose the transmitted detonation to have a CJ solution followed by a rarefaction fan, the boundary conditions are also satisfied at the contact surface. The existence of these multiple solutions is verified by an experimental investigation. It is found that the experimental results agree well with those predicted by the second wave interaction model and that the transmitted detonation is a CJ detonation. Unsteady numerical simulations of the reactive Euler equations with both simple one-step Arrhenius kinetic and chain-branching kinetic models are also carried out to look at the transient phenomena and at the influence of a finite reaction thickness of a detonation wave on the problem of head-on collision with a shock. From all the computational results, a relaxation process consisting of a quasi-steady period and an overshoot for the transmitted detonation subsequent to the head-on collisions can be observed, followed by the asymptotic decay to a CJ detonation as predicted theoretically. For unstable pulsating detonations, it is found that, due to the increase in the thermodynamic state of the reactive mixture caused by the shock, the transmitted pulsating detonation can become more stable with smaller amplitude and period oscillation. These observations are in good agreement with experimental evidence obtained from smoked foils where there is a significant decrease in the detonation cell size after a region of relaxation when the detonation collides head-on with a shock wave.     

Detonation Wave Propagation in Rotational Gas Flows

This paper studies the propagation of detonation and shock waves in vortex gas flows, in which the initial pressure, density, and velocity are generally functions of the coordinate — the distance from the symmetry axis. Rotational axisymmetric flow having a transverse velocity component in addition to a nonuniform longitudinal velocity is considered. The possibility of propagation of Chapman–Jouguet detonation waves in rotating flows is analyzed. A necessary conditions for the existence of a Chapman–Jouguet wave is obtained.     

Distinctive Features of the Distributions of the Body Force Produced by a Plasma Actuator

Basing upon the assumption on the solenoidality of the field of the time-average body force produced by a surface dielectric barrier discharge analytical expressions for the spatial distributions of the components of this force are proposed. The calculations of the dischargegenerated near-surface jet are in good agreement with the experiment. The distinctive features of spatial distributions of the body force components calculated from the data of the velocity field measurements are physically explained.     

Numerical and Experimental Study of Bubble Dynamics in Contact with a Solid Surface

A complex numerical and experimental method is proposed for studying 3D dynamics of a bubble contacting with a surface in the presence of an acoustic field. The numerical approach is based on the boundary element method for potential flows, which is most efficient for solving the problems in a 3D formulation. The use of heterogeneous computer architectures consisting of central graphic processors and becoming more and more popular makes it possible to increase the scale of the problem and sufficiently reduce the calculation time. The mesh destabilization problems are solved using a spherical filter. To describe the contact line dynamics, a semi-empirical law of motion is used. The experimental method is based on high-speed recording and optical microscopy. An air bubble contacts with the inner surface of an experimental cell made from acrylic glass and filled with distilled water. The acoustic field in the cell generated by a disk-shaped acoustic radiator is measured using a hydrophone. The behavior of the bubble contacting with a hydrophillic surface is considered for the cases of a fixed or moving contact line. The shape and volume oscillations of the bubble are investigated. The results of numerical simulations agree qualitatively with the experimental data.     

Distinctive Features of the Lateral Flow for a Convergent Air-Intake with a Convergent Nose Compression Surface

The results of numerical and experimental studies of a model configuration of a hypersonic vehicle realizing the principle of compression convergence of the entire jet captured by an air-intake from the oncoming stream are presented. The external flow past a convergent air-intake integrated with a transversely-concave nose compression surface is investigated over the freestream Mach number range from 2 to 6. The salient features of the flow pattern near air-intakes with sidewalls of different length are established and the influence of a limitation on the lateral flow near the external compression wedge on the flow rate characteristics of the air-intake is established. The numerical calculations are performed within the framework of the inviscid gas model using higher-order TVD schemes; the calculated and experimental results are compared.     

Turbulent Dynamics of a Critically Reflecting Internal Gravity Wave

Results from computational fluid dynamics experiments of internal wave reflection from sloping boundaries are presented. In these experiments the incident wave lies in a plane normal to the slope. When the angle of wave energy propagation is close to the bottom slope the reflection causes wave breakdown into a quasi-periodic, turbulent boundary layer. Boundary layer energetics and vorticity dynamics are examined and indicate the importance of the three-dimensional turbulence. The boundary layer exhibits intermittent turbulence: approximately every 1.2 wave periods the boundary layer mixes energetically for a duration of about one-third of a wave period, and then it restratifies until the next mixing event. Throughout the wave cycle a strong thermal front is observed to move upslope at the phase speed of the incident waves. Simulations demonstrate that the net effects of turbulent mixing are not confined to the boundary layer, but are communicated to the interior stratified fluid by motions induced by buoyancy effects and by the wave field, resulting in progressive weakening of the background density gradient. Transition to turbulence is determined to occur at Reynolds numbers of approximately 1500, based upon the wavelength and maximum current velocity of the oncoming wave train. The boundary layer thickness depends on the Reynolds number for low Richardson numbers, with a characteristic depth of approximately one-half of the vertical wavelength of the oncoming wave. Received 21 May 1997 and accepted 14 October 1997     

Dynamics of a Gas Bubble during Its Interaction with Compression and Rarefaction Waves

The problem of the passage of acoustic waves in the neighborhood of a gas bubble in a tube is formulated and solved numerically. The main parameters determining the bubble dynamics in a non-stationary field are determined. The mechanism of jet deformation of the bubble followed by jet fragmentation and formation of a secondary small-size bubble fraction is studied. A possible explanation of the nature of local sonoluminiscence is proposed.__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 76–85, September–October, 2005.     

Dynamics and Heat and Mass Transfer of a Bubble Containing an Evaporating Drop

The problem of unsteady heat and mass transfer for a single bubble containing an evaporating liquefied-gas drop is considered within the spherically symmetric formulation. The numerical solution and the quasi-steady analog of the problem are obtained. The existence of two stages of the process, namely, the dynamic and thermal stages, is shown. The quasi-steady solution is a good approximation for the thermal stage.     

扩张管内爆轰波临界传播特性的研究

假设重点火位置沿扩张管内扰动区的最后一道特征线，结合描述爆轰波绕射后重点火产生的特征量Ｍ／ｙｓ与沿胞格长度方向诱导激波与化学反应区分离时爆轰波阵面衰减的速度梯度△ＭＣＪ／Ｌｃ，本文得到了临界条件下扩张管内爆轰波维持传播而不熄灭的重点火准则。利用Ｗｈｉｔｈａｍ的激波线射理论，由重点火准则导出了任意扩张管角度下爆轰波胞格尺寸的计算公式。计算结果与实验结果相比，二者不仅趋势一致，而且量值也很接近。     

Distinctive Features of the Flow past a Flight Vehicle Integrated with an Air-Breathing Engine at High Supersonic Velocities

The aerodynamic characteristics and distinctive features of the flow past hypersonic integral-layout flight vehicles with air-breathing engines intended for cruising atmospheric flight are experimentally investigated. The experiments were conducted on a simplified model designed with regard for the general principles of integration for vehicles of the class considered. The tests were run in a high-speed supersonic wind tunnel over the Mach and Reynolds number ranges 4 M 9 and 10⁵ Re₀ 10⁶.Balance testing was conducted, the pressure distributions over the vehicle surface were measured, the flowfield parameters were determined using a moving total-pressure tube, and flow shadowgraphs were obtained. The measured data are compared with the results of the calculations for three-dimensional inviscid flows. The effects of mounting a nacelle and contouring the internal duct are considered. The effect of the corrections on the duct flow in the absence of jet modeling is estimated.     

Effect of Bubble Injection Pattern on the Bubble Size Distribution in a Gas-Solid Fluidized Bed

Three different bubble injection patterns including uniform, center oriented and corner oriented injection patterns over the gas distributor have been studied using a discrete bubble model in a 2-D gas solid fluidized bed. The results show that the bubble size and size distribution evolution through the bed are almost the same for uniform and corner oriented bubble injection patterns, but for the case of center oriented injection pattern, the area weighted average bubble diameter (d _b,21) is greater than the others. The results show that in the center oriented injection pattern, many of the small bubbles leave the bed without coalescence and this leads to smaller d _b,10 than two other cases. Moreover, in this work the size distribution evolution through the bed height is investigated in detail.     

Numerical Simulation of the Dynamics of a Reinforced Concrete Slab under an Air Shock Wave

Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics - The work considers the deformation and fracture of a reinforced concrete slab under the effect of an air shock wave. The research involves data...     

阻爆器扩张腔中心缓冲隔离板对气相爆轰波的衰减作用

阻火器和阻爆器是工业上常用的重要安全设备。爆轰火焰的猝熄要比爆燃火焰猝熄困难得多 ,因为这不仅取决于阻火芯而且与阻爆器结构有直接关系。在阻爆器扩张腔中部设置球面形缓冲隔离板 ,实验研究了在不同爆轰火焰速度时 ,在缓冲隔离板作用下 ,入射爆轰波压力衰减情况 ,以及对爆轰火焰猝熄所产生的有利影响 ,给出了实验结果。     

Bubble growth in a Hele-Shaw cell

The general form of the solution is obtained for the problem of the development of a bubble in a Hele-Shaw channel. This solution belongs to the class of parameterized solutions characterized by the property that the partial derivatives of the mapping function are rational in the auxiliary plane. A generalized problem of the system dynamics is written for the free parameters and its complete integrability is proved. An example of the development of an asymmetric bubble with the formation of a single fiord is given.     

Wave Dynamics of Saturated Porous Media and Evolutionary Equations

Nonlinear wave dynamics of an elastically deformed saturated porous media is investigated following the Biot approach. Mathematical models under research are the Biot model and its generalization by consideration of viscous stresses inside liquids. Using two-scales and linear WKB methods, the classical Biot system is transformed to a first-order wave equation. To construct the solution of the other system, an asymptotic modified two-scales method is developed. Initial system of equations is transformed to a nonlinear generalized Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers equation for quick elastic wave. Distinctions of wave propagation in the context of the Biot model and its generalization are shown.     

Application of the Discrete Fourier Transform to Study the Dynamics of Wave Packets

A method for solving equations that describe the dynamics of wave packets of the Tollmien–Schlichting waves in the boundary layer is proposed. The method of splitting the initial problem into the linear and nonlinear parts at each time step is used. The linear part is resolved by using an equation for spectral components of the wave packet with a subsequent Fourier transform from the space of wavenumbers to the physical space. A system of ordinary differential equations is solved in the physical space. The Fourier transform is performed by means of the library procedure of the fast Fourier transform. As examples, the problems solved were the linear dynamics of the wave packet concentrated in the vicinity of the instability region (i.e., a set of wave vectors in the space of wavenumbers for which the imaginary part of the eigenfrequency of the Tollmien–Schlichting waves is positive) and the nonlinear dynamics of the wave packet overlapping the instability region.     

Bubble behavior in a three-phase fluidized bed

Bubble size measurements by off-axis holography are reported for the first time in three-phase fluidized beds. The solid material was glass cylinders, with the liquid in one case having matching refractive index. Two different columns, 76 and 152 mm dia, were employed. An interpolative correlation was developed for the solid volume fraction of the bed as a function of liquid flux. A generalized dimensionless model was developed to predict the equilibrium bubble size in both fixed and fluidized beds.