Effect of silicon precursor on silicon incorporation in SAPO-11 and their catalytic performance for hydroisomerization of n-octane on Pt-based catalysts

SAPO-11 molecular sieves were synthesized using silica sol, hydrophilic fumed silica, and tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS) as silicon precursors. Their physicochemical properties were characterized using XRD,SEM, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, Py-IR, NH_3-TPD, EDS, and ~(27)Al,~(31)P,~(29)Si MAS NMR techniques. The catalytic performance was assessed in the hydroisomerization of n-octane. The results showed that the silicon precursors influenced the physicochemical properties and catalytic performance of SAPO-11. SAPO-11 synthesized using hydrophilic fumed silica as silicon precursor showed higher silicon distribution and had more medium acid sites. SAPO-11 synthesized using TEOS as silicon precursor had more silicon content, but more silicon islands formed in its framework. The depolymerization of silicon precursors might affect the silicon content and distribution in SAPO-11. In the hydroisomerization of n-octane, the catalytic activity strongly depended on the number of medium acid sites instead of the number of total acid sites.SAPO-11 synthesized using hydrophilic fumed silica as silicon precursor exhibited higher catalytic activity than the other samples because it has more medium acid sites.     

Catalytic behavior in skeletal isomerization of linear butenes and acidic properties of ani-Pr2NH-templated sapo-11 molecular sieve

SAPO-11 samples were synthesized withi-Pr₂NH as a novel template, and applied in catalytic skeletal isomerization of linear butenes. More linear butenes were converted with increasing Si content in SAPO-11 samples, while theiso-butene selectivity was proportional to the Si content only in the lower reaction temperature region. The maximum yield ofiso-butene was achieved around 763 K. The acidic properties of SAPO-11 samples were studied by NH₃-TPD and IR spectroscopy. The strong acidity was due to the formation of Si domains in the framework lattice.     

Synthesis of Low Silica SAPO-34 by In Situ Pretreatment and Its Catalytic Performance in the Methanol-to-Olefins (MTO) Reaction

A series of low-silica SAPO-34 molecular sieves with a tunable silica content were synthesized through a facile in situ pretreatment strategy under different pretreatment condition. The effects of the pretreatment condition on the crystal phases, chemical composition, morphology and acidity of SAPO-34 were characterized by XRD, XRF, SEM, N₂ adsorption-desorption, NH₃-TPD and ²⁹Si MAS NMR. The obtained low-silica SAPO-34 exhibits higher catalytic performance in the MTO reaction than conventional SAPO-34 due to the moderate acidity and larger surface areas. Sample S4 with a Si content of Si/(Si+Al+P)=0.053 showed the prolonged catalytic lifetime of 204 min and remarkably improved selectivity for ethylene and propylene reaching up to 86.58 %, which was 34 % and 4.16 % higher than the reference sample.     

以SBA-15为硅源合成多级孔SAPO-11分子筛及其在正十二烷临氢异构化中的应用

以脱除模板剂后的SBA-15为硅源和间接模板剂,在水热条件下制备多级孔SAPO-11分子筛,并通过XRD、SEM、红外光谱、氮气物理吸附-脱附等表征手段对样品的晶相、形貌、酸性和织构性质进行表征。结果表明,以焙烧后的SBA-15为硅源合成出纯相的SAPO-11分子筛,且SBA-15已完全转化。合成的SAPO-11样品呈空心的近方柱体形貌,由宽度为100 nm左右的细条聚集而成,晶粒粒径为1-3 μm。与白炭黑、硅溶胶合成的常规SAPO-11分子筛对比发现,添加SBA-15可在SAPO-11中引入介孔孔道,孔径为5-10 nm,且样品以中强度的Brønsted酸为主,弱Brønsted酸相对较少。以正十二烷为探针分子,考察Pt/SAPO-11催化剂的临氢异构化反应性能。结果表明,多级孔Pt/SAPO-11催化剂具有优良的异构化反应性能。催化剂的高活性和选择性与SAPO-11分子筛的酸性质和孔道结构密切相关,中强度的Brønsted酸量的增加有助于活性提高,同时介孔孔道有利于产物扩散,异构产物的选择性明显提高。     

SAPO-5 分子筛的制备及其催化合成对氨基苯酚

 采用水热法在常规无氟和含氟体系中制备了磷酸硅铝 (SAPO-5) 分子筛, 并运用 X 射线衍射、扫描电镜、固体核磁共振、红外光谱和氨程序升温脱附等方法对样品进行了表征, 考察了初始凝胶硅含量及 HF 的加入对分子筛结构、硅插入方式、酸性及其在硝基苯加氢合成对氨基苯酚 (PAP) 反应过程中催化苯基羟胺重排反应活性的影响. 结果表明, 含 HF 体系中合成的分子筛中 Si 的取代以 SM3 机理为主, 产生了较多的 Si(4Si) 纯硅区, 导致分子筛表面酸量降低, 酸强度增加. HF 的存在提高了 SAPO-5 分子筛晶化的完整度, 抑制了高硅含量条件下凝胶态 SiO2 的产生, 促进了 Si 在分子筛结构中的插入. 在硝基苯加氢合成 PAP 反应过程中, 含氟体系中合成的分子筛催化重排反应性能明显高于无氟体系合成的分子筛样品, PAP 最高收率达 53.2%.     

SAPO-5分子筛中硅的取代及其性能研究

本文采用三乙胺为模板剂,用水热法合成不同含硅量的SAPO-5分子筛,并用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、电子探针分析、真空重量吸附等方法对其进行了表征,结果表明硅已进入了骨架,硅同晶非等比取代磷和铝,并且分子筛的孔道是畅通的。 用微型反应器测定了AlPO₄-5及不同量硅取代的SAPO-5分子筛上的异丙苯裂解和邻二甲苯异构化催化反应,结果表明Si引入了催化活性很低的磷酸铝骨架后使其催化活性明显增加,进一步证实了硅是同晶非等比取代磷和铝,因而使分子筛骨架带负电性。 硅进入磷酸铝分子筛骨架的SAPO-5分子筛经红外光谱实验发现不仅具有表面羟基,而且都是酸性羟基。吸附吡啶后的红外光谱结果表明SAPO-5上同时存在B酸和L酸中心,B酸中心数目随着硅含量的增加而增加。     

Formation of small pore SAPO-44 type molecular sieve

The hydrothermal transformation of silico–aluminophosphate gel with cyclohexylamine to SAPO-44 has been examined. The hydrothermal crystallisation products of the SAPO have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, FTIR, nitrogen and water adsorption, thermogravimetric analysis, surface analysis and ²⁷Al, ³¹P, and ²⁹Si MAS NMR. Structural changes were observed in the silico–aluminophosphate gel with and without organic template and during the hydrothermal crystallisation. The silico–aluminophosphate gel converted to pure SAPO-CHA phase in 168 h at 473 K. The surface of SAPO-44 was silicon rich as compared with that of SAPO-34 and SAPO-18. The ²⁷Al MAS NMR signal of tetrahedrally coordinated Al observed in the silico–aluminophosphate gel without the organic template was changed to octa-, penta- and tetrahedrally coordinated aluminium upon the addition of the cyclohexylamine template to the SAPO gel. After 3 h of hydrothermal treatment at 473 K however, the ²⁷Al MAS NMR signals of the octahedral and pentacoordinated aluminium were removed. This was also confirmed by ³¹P and ²⁹Si MAS NMR. The tetrahedrally coordinated P and Si were detected within 3 h at 473 K. The sorption capacity and adsorption–desorption trends of the SAPO gels and the crystallisation products were found to be different. ²⁹Si MAS NMR results indicated that the percentage of Si (4Al) and its distribution were significantly affected by the crystallization period. SAPO-44 was thermally stable up to 973 K with phase change observed over the calcination temperature of 1193 K. The SAPO gels and the crystallisation products have also been investigated for their catalytic behaviour in n-hexane and ethanol conversion reactions.     

不同硅铝比的SAPO-41分子筛物化性质及催化性能研究

磷酸硅铝分子筛（SAPO）因其温和的酸性分布和合适的孔道结构，在很多烃类反应中表现出了较好的催化性能。在二甲苯的异构化反应中，也有少量关于SAPO分子筛的应用报道，但相关的报道主要集中于SAPO-5、SAPO-11和SAPO-31，对于SAPO-41的二甲苯异构化性能的报道较少。     

HZSM-5/SAPO-11复合分子筛的制备、 表征及在异丁烷芳构化反应中的催化性能

将经聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(PDDA)预处理的HZSM-5分子筛置于SAPO-11分子筛的合成母液中, 在水热体系中原位制备了一系列HZSM-5/SAPO-11复合分子筛, 并对分子筛的结构、 形貌及酸性进行了表征, 考察了其在异丁烷芳构化反应中的催化性能. 结果表明, 所得复合分子筛由HZSM-5表面包覆约20 nm的SAPO-11微晶组成, 且通过调变SAPO-11的Si含量可以有效调变复合分子筛的酸性, 提高芳构化强弱酸协同催化作用, 有效抑制裂解副反应. 结合异丁烷芳构化转化率及液体收率结果可知, 当SAPO-11合成溶胶中硅铝摩尔比为0.6时, HZSM-5/SAPO-11复合分子筛的芳构化活性及稳定性最佳.     

模板剂对SAPO-11的物化及异构性能的影响

采用水热合成法,以二正丙胺（DPA）和二异丙胺（DIPA）混合物为模板剂合成SAPO-11分子筛,考察了模板剂用量和混合模板剂中DPA和DIPA配比对所得产物的影响,并通过XRD、N2吸附、NH3 TPD和29Si MAS NMR等手段对样品进行了表征。结果表明,改变模板剂用量和配比不仅可以调节SAPO-11结晶度,还会改变Si在分子筛骨架上的分布,从而调节SAPO 11的酸性。当模板剂用量比为1.5,模板剂中DPA的质量分数为66％时,样品的Si区面积最小,Si（n Al）（0 < n < 4）结构最多。因此,分子筛酸性和对正十四烷异构活性也最高。     

SAPO-11分子筛的合成

以二正丙胺(DPA)为模板剂、利用水热法合成SAPO-11分子筛，系统考察了硅源、硅含量、模板剂用量以及晶化条件（晶化温度、时间以及pH值）对SAPO-11分子筛合成的作用。研究结果表明：硅源是决定SAPO-11分子筛合成及结构的关键组分之一，其释放出活性硅物种的速率要与磷酸铝分子筛的前驱体生成的速度相一致；酸性硅溶胶是合成SAPO-11的合适硅源；在SiO2/Al2O3=0～0.7，DPA/P2O5=0.8～1.8，pH=5.8～7.8条件下，可合成纯SAPO-11分子筛。此外，SAPO-11分子筛的合成，还存在明显的诱导期以及晶型的转化过程。在合成条件下，晶化时间4?h时，SAPO-11开始晶化，至24 h，SAPO-11分子筛可晶化完全。继续延长晶化时间，SAPO-11分子筛与SAPO-31分子筛之间发生转晶现象。     

SAPO-5分子筛中硅的取代及其性能研究

本文采用三乙胺为模板剂,用水热法合成不同含硅量的SAPO-5分子筛,并用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、电子探针分析、真空重量吸附等方法对其进行了表征,结果表明硅已进入了骨架,硅同晶非等比取代磷和铝,并且分子筛的孔道是畅通的。 用微型反应器测定了AlPO_4-5及不同量硅取代的SAPO-5分子筛上的异丙苯裂解和邻二甲苯异构化催化反应,结果表明Si引入了催化活性很低的磷酸铝骨架后使其催化活性明显增加,进一步证实了硅是同晶非等比取代磷和铝,因而使分子筛骨架带负电性。 硅进入磷酸铝分子筛骨架的SAPO-5分子筛经红外光谱实验发现不仅具有表面羟基,而且都是酸性羟基。吸附吡啶后的红外光谱结果表明SAPO-5上同时存在B酸和L酸中心,B酸中心数目随着硅含量的增加而增加。     

Hydrophobic Modification of Pd/SiO2@Single‐Site Mesoporous Silicas by Triethoxyfluorosilane: Enhanced Catalytic Activity and Selectivity for One‐Pot Oxidation

To enhance the catalytic activity in a selective one‐pot oxidation using in‐situ generated H₂O₂, a hydrophobically modified core–shell catalyst was synthesized by means of a simple silylation reaction using the fluorine‐containing silylation agent triethoxyfluorosilane (TEFS, SiF(OEt)₃). The catalyst consisted of a Pd‐supported silica nanosphere and a mesoporous silica shell containing isolated Ti^IV and F ions bonded with silicon (Si?F bond). Structural analyses using XRD and N₂ adsorption–desorption suggested that the mesoporous structure and large surface area of the mesoporous shells were retained even after the modification. During the one‐pot oxidation of sulfide, catalytic activity was enhanced significantly by increasing the amount of fluorine in the shell. A hydrophobic surface enhanced adsorption of the hydrophobic reactant into the mesopore, while the less hydrophobic oxygenated products efficiently diffused into the outside of the shell, which improved the catalytic activity and selectivity. In addition, the present methodology can be used to enhance the catalytic activity and selectivity in the one‐pot oxidation of cyclohexane by using an Fe‐based core–shell catalytic system.     

Achieving highly selective CO2 adsorption on SAPO-35 zeolites by template-modulating the framework silicon content

Small-pore silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) zeolites with 8-ring pore windows and appropriate acidities/polarities, for example, SAPO-34 (CHA) and SAPO-56 (AFX), have proven to be potential adsorbing materials for selective adsorption of CO₂. However, SAPO-35 zeolites (LEV framework topology) synthesized using conventional templates are less reported for highly selective CO₂ adsorption which might be due to inappropriate Si contents and acidities in the framework. In this work, by using N-methylpiperidine (NMP) as a template, SAPO-35 zeolites with various Si contents were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions, which allowed SAPO-35 zeolites with modulated acidities and polarities. The CO₂ adsorption and separation properties of SAPO-35_x (x: Si/(Si + P + Al) in molar ratio) were investigated, and a close relationship between the acidity, polarity and CO₂ adsorption and separation capacity was revealed. SAPO-35_0.14 with the strongest acidity showed the highest CO₂ uptake of 4.76 mmol g⁻¹ (273 K and 100 kPa), and appeared to be one of the best SAPO materials for CO₂ adsorption. Moreover, increased Brønsted acidity can significantly enhance the adsorption selectivity of CO₂ over N₂. At 298 K and 100 kPa, SAPO-35_0.14 showed the highest CO₂/N₂ selectivity of 49.9, exhibiting potential for industrial processes. Transient binary breakthrough experiments on SAPO-35_0.14 further proved the efficient separation performance and stable circulation. The results of this study prove that the framework Si content of SAPO-35 zeolites is essential for regulating their CO₂ adsorption performance. This work demonstrates that modulating the silicon content and acidity in SAPO zeolites via a suitable choice of template, as well as polarity, is of great significance for the rational synthesis of zeolites with superior CO₂ adsorption and separation abilities.

SAPO-35 zeolite with template-modulated framework Si content showed superior CO₂ affinity and separation of CO₂/N₂ mixtures.     

骨架富含Si(4Al)结构的SAPO-34分子筛的合成及其对甲醇制烯烃反应的催化性能

通过在初始凝胶中加入HF合成了骨架富含Si(4Al)配位结构的SAPO-34分子筛. 使用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、X射线荧光和核磁共振等表征手段研究了初始凝胶中HF的加入对合成SAPO-34分子筛的晶体结构、晶体形貌、元素组成以及骨架硅配位环境的影响. 结果表明,在初始凝胶中加入F离子后,合成的SAPO-34分子筛的晶体结构更加规整;随着初始凝胶中F离子含量的提高,合成的SAPO-34分子筛晶体骨架中Si(4Al)配位结构的数量增多, Si(nAl)(n=3～0)配位结构的数量减少. 将合成的SAPO-34分子筛催化剂用于甲醇制烯烃反应,结果显示, SAPO-34分子筛骨架中富含Si(4Al)配位结构可以有效提高反应产物中乙烯的选择性,同时能够延长催化剂的寿命.     

Pd/SAPO-34催化剂上CO低温氧化反应

 采用水热法合成了小晶粒的 SAPO-34, MnSAPO-34 和 CuSAPO-34 分子筛, 并以它们为载体采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同 Pd 含量的催化剂用于催化 CO 氧化反应. 结果表明: 分子筛载体、催化剂制备条件、反应条件、Pd 含量及预还原等对催化剂的活性影响较大. 催化剂活性随焙烧温度的增加而降低, 而随着反应温度的升高而提高, 担载在 SAPO-34 上 Pd 含量为 1.35% 时性能最佳. X射线衍射和透射电镜结果表明 Pd 物种高度分散于催化剂上, 粒子粒径在 2~8 nm; X射线光电子能谱及氢气程序升温还原结果表明, 高度分散的 Pd2+ 物种是 CO 氧化反应活性位. 随着反应进行被还原为 Pd0 物种, 因而导致催化剂活性下降. H2 预还原处理催化剂致使活性下降的实验结果也支持了这一结论.     

多级SAPO-34的合成及其在甲醇制烯烃反应中的催化性能

针对SAPO-34在甲醇制烯烃(MTO)催化过程中易于失活的问题,采用水热法合成了具有不同粒径及多级孔SAPO-34。详细研究了铝源、硅源对SAPO-34分子筛晶粒尺度的调控性能及二次模板剂对多级孔SAPO-34合成的影响。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶变换红外(FT-IR)、N2吸附-脱附,透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及NH3-TPD等手段对合成的材料进行了表征。结果表明采用不同铝源可以实现对SAPO-34粒径的有效调控,二次模板剂的引入可以在纳米SAPO-34晶粒内部创造出孔壁晶化的晶内介孔结构。在甲醇制烯烃的催化反应过程中,大颗粒SAPO-34具有较高的低碳烯烃的选择性,多级SAPO-34因为纳米化或介孔的引入使得微孔孔道有效缩短,提高了其在MTO催化反应过程中的稳定性,但是对低碳烯烃的选择性受到抑制,而对油品的选择性则因为外表面积的增大而显著增加。     

多级SAPO-34的合成及其在甲醇制烯烃反应中的催化性能

针对SAPO-34在甲醇制烯烃（MTO）催化过程中易于失活的问题,采用水热法合成了具有不同粒径及多级孔SAPO-34。详细研究了铝源、硅源对SAPO-34分子筛晶粒尺度的调控性能及二次模板剂对多级孔SAPO-34合成的影响。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅立叶变换红外（FT-IR）、N₂吸附-脱附,透射电子显微镜（TEM）以及NH₃-TPD等手段对合成的材料进行了表征。结果表明采用不同铝源可以实现对SAPO-34粒径的有效调控,二次模板剂的引入可以在纳米SAPO-34晶粒内部创造出孔壁晶化的晶内介孔结构。在甲醇制烯烃的催化反应过程中,大颗粒SAPO-34具有较高的低碳烯烃的选择性,多级SAPO-34因为纳米化或介孔的引入使得微孔孔道有效缩短,提高了其在MTO催化反应过程中的稳定性,但是对低碳烯烃的选择性受到抑制,而对油品的选择性则因为外表面积的增大而显著增加。     

SAPO-11分子筛改进合成及正十二烷加氢异构化性能

用二乙胺作模板剂,在较短晶化时间的水热条件下合成出不同Si/Al比的SAPO- 11样品。Si/Al比升高,结晶度下降,晶粒变小。~(29)Si NMR谱表明Si/Al比为0. 33的SAPO-11的SAPO区与Si区的交界区明显扩大,与之对应的NH_3-TPD也表明有较 高的中强酸/弱酸比例。样品担载Pd后对正十二烷的加氢异构化反应表明,交界区 扩大的Si/Al = 0.33的样品有最高的加氢异构化得率和选择性。     

SAPO分子筛的二甲苯异构化反应性能研究——酸性和孔结构对其催化性能的影响

采用水热法合成了SAPO-5、SAPO1-1、SAPO-41分子筛，并以间二甲苯异构化反应为模型反应，考察了SAPO-5、SAPO-11、SAPO-41的催化性能；运用XRD、BET、吸附吡啶的FT IR等手段表征了SAPO的结构和酸性。结果表明，在合成投料比相同的情况下，SAPO-11具有最大的较强B酸量，表现出了最好的间二甲苯异构催化活性。SAPO-5因为较强B酸中心数目少，异构催化活性最差。三种分子筛的间二甲苯异构化催化活性和较强B酸中心的分布均呈SAPO-5＜SAPO-41≈SAPO-11顺序排列。较强B酸中心的分布是决定催化剂异构化活性的主要因素。中孔分子筛SAPO-11、SAPO-41孔道直径与对位产物的直径接近，对位选择性比大孔分子筛SAPO-5好。