Turbulent Spot in Linearly Stable Taylor Couette Flow

The transition from the laminar to the turbulent regime in linearly stable shear flows, for example, pipe and plane Couette flows, occurs abruptly with no precursor. The evolution of turbulent spots has been studied to better understand the dynamics of this transition and the onset of turbulence. These studies have mostly focused on pipe flows for which a finite lifetime of spots was proven. The same conclusion was drawn in the only available study performed in a Taylor Couette setup. Here, the spot lifetime is measured in a different size TC setup. It is shown that the lifetime is indeed finite and also very sensitive to boundary conditions, but not much to perturbation mechanisms. A scaling approach is provided which suggests in addition to the Reynolds number, the aspect and radius ratios are influential parameters on the lifetime. It is found that the spot size varies during its lifetime and increases with the Reynolds number that confirms the rise in turbulence proliferation by approaching the transitional point.     

液化土侧向扩展对具有轴向力单桩的变形影响

将地震液化场地土层分为表层的非液化土层,中部的液化土层以及底部的基础层,利用表层的非液化土层的土压力和液化土层及基层的Winkler模型,采用拟静力分析方法,建立了考虑上部结构对桩基产生的轴力和液化土侧向扩展共同作用下单桩水平变形的简单Euler梁模型,给出了问题的解析封闭解.计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,说明了封闭解的合理性.在此基础上,分析了各种参数对桩基变形响应的影响,结果表明:相比于液化土层的侧向扩展位移,桩的抗弯刚度、液化土层刚度以及轴力等参数对桩基力学性能具有较大影响,这些结果可以为工程设计提供一定的参考依据.     

Numerical Simulation of a Turbulent Thermal

Ascent of a large-scale thermal in a standard atmosphere is calculated with the use of the Reynolds equations and the k model of turbulence, which takes into account temperature inhomogeneity and vorticity of the flow, and the Euler equations. Results of numerical calculations of a flow examined experimentally are presented. Gas-dynamic and turbulent flow parameters obtained in calculations and experiments are compared.     

Turbulent flow in a pipe

Summary The model used to describe turbulent flow is based on a non linear relation between the stress tensor and the rate-of-strain tensor. The turbulent velocity distribution for incompressible, one-dimensional flow is examined.     

橡胶楔体与刚性缺口接触的大变形分析

利用一种新的橡胶材料应变能函数，对橡胶楔体与刚性缺口接触大变形问题进行了分析。得到了接触尖点附近变形的奇异性特征，给出了奇异性指数与材料常数、橡胶楔体角度、刚性缺口角度之间的关系式。同时编制了大变形有限元程序，计算得到了与理论解一致的结论。     

Direct Numerical Simulation of Head-On Quenching of Statistically Planar Turbulent Premixed Methane-Air Flames Using a Detailed Chemical Mechanism

A three-dimensional compressible Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) analysis has been carried out for head-on quenching of a statistically planar stoichiometric methane-air flame by an isothermal inert wall. A multi-step chemical mechanism for methane-air combustion is used for the purpose of detailed chemistry DNS. For head-on quenching of stoichiometric methane-air flames, the mass fractions of major reactant species such as methane and oxygen tend to vanish at the wall during flame quenching. The absence of \(\text {OH}\) at the wall gives rise to accumulation of carbon monoxide during flame quenching because \(\text {CO}\) cannot be oxidised anymore. Furthermore, it has been found that low-temperature reactions give rise to accumulation of \(\text {HO}_{2}\) and \(\mathrm {H}_{2}\mathrm {O}_{2}\) at the wall during flame quenching. Moreover, these low temperature reactions are responsible for non-zero heat release rate at the wall during flame-wall interaction. In order to perform an in-depth comparison between simple and detailed chemistry DNS results, a corresponding simulation has been carried out for the same turbulence parameters for a representative single-step Arrhenius type irreversible chemical mechanism. In the corresponding simple chemistry simulation, heat release rate vanishes once the flame reaches a threshold distance from the wall. The distributions of reaction progress variable c and non-dimensional temperature T are found to be identical to each other away from the wall for the simple chemistry simulation but this equality does not hold during head-on quenching. The inequality between c (defined based on \(\text {CH}_{4}\) mass fraction) and T holds both away from and close to the wall for the detailed chemistry simulation but it becomes particularly prominent in the near-wall region. The temporal evolutions of wall heat flux and wall Peclet number (i.e. normalised wall-normal distance of \(T = 0.9\) isosurface) for both simple and detailed chemistry laminar and turbulent cases have been found to be qualitatively similar. However, small differences have been observed in the numerical values of the maximum normalised wall heat flux magnitude \(\left ({\Phi }_{\max } \right )_{\mathrm {L}}\) and the minimum Peclet number \((Pe_{\min })_{\mathrm {L}}\) obtained from simple and detailed chemistry based laminar head-on quenching calculations. Detailed explanations have been provided for the observed differences in behaviours of \(\left ({\Phi }_{\max }\right )_{\mathrm {L}}\) and \((Pe_{\min })_{\mathrm {L}}\). The usual Flame Surface Density (FSD) and scalar dissipation rate (SDR) based reaction rate closures do not adequately predict the mean reaction rate of reaction progress variable in the near-wall region for both simple and detailed chemistry simulations. It has been found that recently proposed FSD and SDR based reaction rate closures based on a-priori DNS analysis of simple chemistry data perform satisfactorily also for the detailed chemistry case both away from and close to the wall without any adjustment to the model parameters.     

Measurements of Turbulent Jet Mixing in a Turbulent Co-Flow Including the Influence of Periodic Forcing and Heating

In this work, the turbulent mixing of a confined coaxial jet in air is investigated by means of simultaneous particle image velocimetry and planar laser induced fluorescence of the acetone seeded flow injection. The jet is injected into a turbulent duct flow at atmospheric pressure through a 90 ^° pipe bend. Measurements are conducted in a small scale windtunnel at constant mass flow rates and three modes of operation: isothermal steady jet injection at a Dean number of 20000 (R e _d =32000), pulsed isothermal injection at a Womersley number of 65 and steady injection at elevated jet temperatures of ΔT=50 K and ΔT=100 K. The experiment is aimed at providing statistically converged quantities of velocity, mass fraction, turbulent fluctuations and turbulent mass flux at several downstream locations. Stochastic error convergence over the number of samples is assessed within the outer turbulent shear layer. From 3000 samples the statistical error of time-averaged velocity and mass fraction is below 1 % while the error of Reynolds shear stress and turbulent mass flux components is in the of range 5-6 %. Profiles of axial velocity and turbulence intensity immediately downstream of the bend exit are in good agreement with hot-wire measurements from literature. During pulsed jet injection strong asymmetric growing of shear layer vortices lead to a skewed mass fraction profile in comparison with steady injection. Phase averaging of single shot PLIF-PIV measurements allows to track the asymmetric shear layer vortex evolvement and flow breakdown during a pulsation cycle with a resolution of 10^°. Steady injection with increased jet temperature supports mixing downstream from 6 nozzle diameters onward.     

Incompressible Polymer Fluid Flow Past a Flat Wedge

A problem of an incompressible polymer fluid flow past an infinite flat wedge is considered. The flow moves parallel to the plane of symmetry of the wedge and normal to the wedge rib. It is demonstrated that two surfaces of strong discontinuities are needed for the no-slip condition to be satisfied on the wedge surface. Steady solutions of the problem are studied, and the flow is shown to be asymmetric with respect to the plane of symmetry of the wedge.     

Wedge flows of a plasticoviscous medium with nonlinear velocity

The properties of plasticoviscous media have been the subject of numerous studies, in particular [1–5]. This paper deals with the problem of plasticoviscous flow in the absence of a pressure drop of a medium with nonlinear viscosity in pure shear in a region wedge-shaped in plan, and with the problem of flow under the influence of a pressure drop, when one face of the wedge moves parallel to the edge.     

Turbulent wake in a stratified medium

The problem of determining the form of the turbulent wake being formed behind a selfpropelled body in a medium with density varying in the direction of the effect of gravity is considered. The schematic picture of wake development behind a moving object is the following: Initially, diffusion is identical in all directions, and the wake broadens symmetrically; diffusion becomes strongly anisotropic with recession from the object, it diminishes in the vertical direction under the effect of gravity, and the wake becomes flattened; turbulent mixing within the wake results in the production of a more homogeneous density distribution within the volume occupied by the wake than in the surrounding medium; such a fluid volume turns out to be removed from the equilibrium state and tends to return to the equilibrium state under the effect of gravity; collapse of the wake occurs accompanied by its further expansion in the horizontal direction and the excitation of internal waves.Translated from ZhurnalPrikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 5, pp. 68–72, September–October, 1970.     

Simulation and Modelling of a Skewed Turbulent Channel Flow

A time-dependent three-dimensionally skewed flow is investigated using direct numerical simulations of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The effect on the instantaneous and mean turbulent field is investigated. Instantaneous flowfields reveal that the skewing has the effect of initially reducing the strength and height of quasi-streamwise vortices of both signs of rotation with respect to the skewing. A mechanism for this process is put forward. The mean flowfields show drops in turbulence quantities such as turbulence kinetic energy. In addition to this, two-equation turbulence modelling of the flow is carried out. This highlights a deficiency, in that the standard turbulence models are unable to capture the drop in turbulence intensity due to the skewing. A modification based on the exact dissipation equation is found to significantly improve the model behaviour for this flow. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Turbulent thermal in a stratified atmosphere

An approximate analytical model of a turbulent thermal in a stratified atmosphere is proposed. This model makes it possible to predict the dynamics of the ascent, suspension and oscillation processes of a buoyant cloud both within the troposphere and on entering the stratossphere. The values of the heat energy needed for the thermal to penetrate the tropopause in northern and southern latitudes are estimated. Estimates are obtained for the amount of material dumped into the stratosphere. A method of determining the thermal energy of volcanic eruptions of the explosive type is proposed. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 141–153, November–December, 1986.     

Spray Penetration in a Turbulent Flow

Analytical expressions for mass concentration of liquid fuel in a spray are derived taking into account the effects of gas turbulence, and assuming that the influence of droplets on gas is small (intitial stage of spray development). Beyond a certain distance the spray is expected to be fully dispersed. This distance is identified with the maximum spray penetration. Then the influence of turbulence on the spray stopping distance is discussed and the rms spray penetration is computed from a trajectory (Lagrangian) approach. Finally, the problem of spray penetration is investigated in a homogeneous two-phase flow regime taking into account the dispersion of spray away from its axis. It is predicted that for realistic values of spray parameters the spray penetration at large distances from the nozzle is expected to be proportional to t ^2/3 (in the case when this dispersion is not taken into account this distance is proportional to t ^1/2). The t ^2/3 law is supported by experimental observations for a high pressure injector. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Turbulent Structure of a Gas-Liquid Impinging Jet

The turbulent structure of a submerged axisymmetric impinging jet containing small gas bubbles is studied experimentally under conditions of periodic external excitation. On the basis of measuring the surface-friction pulsatory component in the jet impinging on an obstacle, the effect of the suppression of large-scale eddies at large gas volume fractions is registered. The conditions of resonant growth of coherent structures and the suppression of wide-band turbulence are determined for both the single-phase and the two-phase impinging jet. An analysis of the development of different pulsatory friction components in the impinging-jet gradient region is presented.     

Turbulent mixing and diffusion combustion of a jet in a channel

An attempt is made to study in some detail the turbulent mixing of reacting (propane) and inert jets (air and carbon dioxide) in a channel. The results are given of an experimental investigation into diffusion combustion in a channel, and these are compared with calculated data obtained using a semiempirical theory of turbulence. Such a comparison makes it possible to estimate the applicability of this theory for calculating the characteristics of diffusion combustion in a channel.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 25–33, July–August, 1980.We thank V. R. Kuznsatsov and A. N. Sekundov for great interest in the work and for discussing the results and V. I. Rasshchupkin for assisting in the experiments.     

Diffraction of Surface Waves by the Edge of a Wedge

Conditions of propagation of Rayleigh waves over an elastic wedge are considered. Refraction factors are determined for conversion of the initial wave into secondary volume and surface waves. Calculation results for the modules of the refraction coefficient agree well with published experimental data.