水中圆锥形柱腿的自振特性分析

水中圆锥形柱腿的抗弯刚度和分布质量沿柱高是变化的，液团交界面不是一个圆柱面，分析该系统的耦联振动有一定难度。本文基于线性自由液面条件和势流模型，采用干模态展开，深入研究了这类柱腿的弯曲自振特性。文中首先借助微分算子分解和变量代换求出相应的干模态，由于它是封闭解，从而给干模态展开研究湿模态问题带来极大的方便。然后再利用干模态的完备正交性，将求干模态空间里的主坐标变成一个低阶广义特征值问题。和有限元等数值方法相比，计算工作量小且精度高。     

小群簇下特异性粘附界面力学性质的统计分析

针对经由特异性分子间发生化学作用,生成粘附分子键群簇而形成的可变形介质间的特异性粘附问题,蒙特卡洛仿真作为有效的研究手段被广泛用来随机模拟界面特异性粘附行为,但当粘附系统分子键数目较小时,粘附系统具有明显的热扰动性质,此时受限于统计方法,现有统计方法难以定量地描述系统的特异性粘附行为。为此,本文基于统计热力学理论,提出了积分统计方法,结果表明无论在稳态还是动态下,基于所提出的积分法统计结果与数值求解结果一致,尤其是针对系统分子键数目较少,粘附系统具有强热扰动性质的情况时,该方法依旧可以精确地反映系统特异性粘附行为。     

激波管中实验模拟爆炸波对水汽作用的研究

利用激波管中波系间的相互干扰，实验模拟了爆炸波对水汽的作用，并通过光学测试方法，对水汽同质核化、凝结非定常瞬态变化过程进行了测定．结果表明：在爆炸波强度较弱时，水汽不发生凝结；而在一定强度爆炸波后的非定常流场中，水汽会发生同质核化、凝结．这说明较强爆炸波后的绝热冷却过程可以使水汽发生相变     

壁面处气泡在静止流场和高速水流中溃灭过程的计算仿真

通过数值仿真计算,模拟近壁面以及附壁面气泡在静止流场和高速水流中的溃灭过程,研究气蚀作用机理.结果表明:气泡与壁面的距离和水流的速度影响其溃灭时间;附壁面气泡在高速水流中完全溃灭的时间最短,而在静止流场中最长,远离壁面将增加气泡的不稳定性;当气泡距离壁面一定距离溃灭时,射流不能直接作用于壁面,壁面承受冲击波的最大压力远小于气泡溃灭中心的压力;当气泡溃灭中心在壁面时,射流直接作用于壁面产生微小而严重的点破坏,而冲击波则使材料产生交变应力,造成环形破坏;当气泡在高速水流中溃灭时将产生逆流斜向射流,这可能是水力机械过流部件产生鱼鳞坑和波纹状破坏的主要原因.     

在开阔空间中水对爆炸冲击波的削波作用

用数值方法计算了开阔空间中布置在炸药周围的水对爆炸冲击波的削波作用。计算结果与实验测量数据进行了比较。计算表明 ,在炸药周围布置 1～ 5倍于炸药质量的水可以把爆炸冲击波峰值压力减小17%～ 46 %。     

Water Vapor Adsorption in Porous Building Materials: Experimental Measurement and Theoretical Analysis

An experimental and theoretical analysis of the water vapor adsorption in several types of porous building materials is presented. For the measurement of adsorption isotherms, a DVS-Advantage water sorption device is used. The experimental data is analyzed using theoretical formulas based on the BET, BSB, BDDT, and FHH isotherms, assuming a mono as well as multi-layer water vapor adsorption. The BSB equation is found to provide a good approximation for the relative humidities below 0.6–0.7, whereas the FHH equation shows a sufficient accuracy for the relative humidities above 0.4–0.5. Based on a combination of BSB and FHH isotherms, a semi-empirical formula is proposed that allows one to obtain a very accurate approximation of experimental data for all analyzed materials and all values of the relative humidity.     

Analyticity of the Free Surface for Periodic Travelling Capillary-Gravity Water Waves with Vorticity

For capillary-gravity water waves with vorticity, in the absence of stagnation points, we prove that if the vorticity function has a H?lder continuous derivative then the free surface will be smooth. Furthermore, once we assume that the vorticity function is real analytic it will follow that the wave surface profile is also analytic. In particular this scenario includes the case of irrotational fluid flow where the vorticity is zero.     

Correlation of Water Vapor Permeability with Microstructure Characteristics of Building Materials Using Robust Chemometrics

This paper studies various microstructure parameters of natural and artificial building materials and aims to their correlation to the water vapor permeability. Three categories of building materials were investigated: stones, bricks, and plasters. Mercury intrusion porosimetry was applied in order to obtain the materials microstructure characteristics, a variety of pore size distributions and pore structure measurements, such as total porosity. The water vapor permeability of materials was determined experimentally according to ASTM standard E96-00. A robust principal component regression approach, coupled with multiple outlier detection, was applied in order to correlate water vapor permeability values to pore size distributions. A good quality correlation model was found by utilizing relative specific pore volume and relative specific pore surface distributions, whereas using pore structure measurements, such as total porosity, the correlation results were very poor. From the results, specific ranges of pore size distribution, corresponding to pores radius sizes greater than $10\,\upmu \text{ m }$ 10 μ m and between 1.778 and $0.421\,\upmu \text{ m }$ 0.421 μ m , contribute to the water vapor permeability of the materials.     

微量第二润滑介质辅助的增强水润滑研究

研究了一种微量第二润滑介质辅助的增强水润滑方案. 在水润滑环境下,测量了丁腈橡胶块-不锈钢环接触入口区短时(10 s)注入微量乳化油(100 μL)时的摩擦力特性. 结果表明:在试验工况下短时注入微量乳化油降低了橡胶块磨损. 低速时,摩擦副处于混合润滑状态,短时注入的乳化油减摩效果明显;速度升高时,短时注入的乳化油使轴承特性系数增加,会引起摩擦力增加. 此外,在水环境下利用线接触光干涉技术揭示了乳化油以离水展着的方式形成承载润滑膜. 研究工作为应对短时恶劣工况下的水润滑失效提供新的思路,为水环境下微量乳化油的辅助润滑调控提供数据支持.      

水下环向双周期加肋圆柱壳体的自由振动

以浸没于水中的弹性环向双周期加肋薄圆柱壳为研究对象，考虑介质与结构振动的耦合效应，研究流固耦合系统的自由振动。基于Kennard薄壳理论、Helmholtz方程以及壳壁外表面的运动协调条件，并借助Dirac-δ函数引进肋骨对壳体的作用，从而建立耦合系统的运动方程。通过富氏积分变换、引进算子，并利用算子的周期性，得到系统的频率方程。采用沿实波数轴搜索求根的方法，重点计算了水下无限长环向双周期加肋柱壳的自由传播波频率系数，并进一步研究了流场和肋参数对壳体固有频率的影响。     

The Linear Vortex Instability of the Near-vertical Line Source Plume in Porous Media

Free convection plumes usually rise vertically, but do not do so when in an asymmetrical environment. In such cases they are susceptible to a thermoconvective instability because warmer fluid lies below cooler fluid in the upper half of the plume. We analyse the behaviour of streamwise vortex disturbances in plumes that are close to being vertical. The linearised equations subject to the boundary layer approximation are parabolic and are solved using a marching method. Our computations indicate that disturbances tend to be centred in the upper half of the plume. A neutral curve is determined and an asymptotic theory is developed to describe the right hand branch of this curve. The left hand branch is not amenable to an asymptotic analysis, and it is found that the onset of convection for small wavenumbers is very sensitively dependent on both the profile of the initiating disturbance and where it is introduced.     

Formation of Supersonic Zones and Local Separation Zones in Transonic Steady-State Flow Past Surface Roughness in the Free Interaction Regime

Within the framework of free interaction theory numerical methods are used to investigate the occurrence of supersonic zones with shocks in the outer inviscid region for flow past roughness in the lower viscous sublayer, with and without the formation of local separation zones.     

The Relevance of Water Vapour Transport for Water Vapour Sorption Experiments on Small Wooden Samples

Transport in Porous Media - To characterise the sorption behaviour of wood or other hygroscopic materials with the use of water vapour sorption experiments, an accurate understanding of water...     

建筑物内火灾烟羽流和顶蓬射流诱发的空气运动盐水模拟实验研究

盐水在清水中的扩散与火灾烟气在空气中的蔓延相似，因而可用盐水的扩散来模拟火灾烟气的蔓延；同样地，由于盐水的扩散而导致的环境清水的运动也可用来模拟烟气蔓延诱发的空气运动。基于这一原理，本文用实验的方法，研究了建筑物内初起火灾产生的烟羽流和顶蓬射流所诱发的空气运动，并对走廊空气层生长规律和运动特性进行了初步的测量和分析。所得结果基本合理，对建筑物通风排烟及疏散通道设计有帮助，从而为建筑火灾环境空气的运动的实验研究开辟了新的思路，也为火灾区域模拟提供了实验依据     

Self-Gravitating Relativistic Fluids: The Formation of a Free Phase Boundary in the Phase Transition from Hard to Soft

In the 1990s Christodoulou introduced an idealized fluid model intended to capture some of the features of the gravitational collapse of a massive star to form a neutron star or a black hole. This was the two-phase model introduced in ‘Self-gravitating relativistic fluids: a two phase model’ (Demeterios, Arch Ration Mech Anal 130:343–400, 1995). The present work deals with the formation of a free phase boundary in the phase transition from hard to soft in this model. In this case the phase boundary has corners at the null points; the points which separate the timelike and spacelike components of the interface between the two phases. We prove the existence and uniqueness of a free phase boundary. Also the local form of the shock near the null point is established.     

Drag of a Plate Planing on the Shallow Water with Formation of Waves

The plane problem of the plate planing at a constant velocity on the surface of a heavy, ideal, incompressible, finite-depth fluid is considered. The approximate, depth-independent expression for the force acting on the plate is derived from the linear distribution of the fluid velocity along the plate and the height of the flow stagnation point, without regard for jet formation near the leading edge. In this approximate formulation the plate drag depends on its velocity and the trailing edge immersion and does not depend on the planing angle. Experiments and numerical calculations in the exact formulation are performed in the near-critical flow regimes. It is shown that the wave patterns in the experiments and numerical calculations coincide, the formula for the drag being in agreement with the numerical experiments. An approximate criterion of the formation of waves going away from the plate in the forward direction is proposed.     

游离水对点接触区润滑油成膜特性的影响

水污染作为润滑系统污染的常见形式,对润滑油本身以及机械系统都有巨大的危害.目前关于水分对点接触区润滑特性造成影响的直接观测研究还较少,更多的是通过磨损后的接触副状态来推测可能的破坏机理.因此开展水分存在条件下与润滑接触区油池的相互作用,以及对接触区润滑能力造成影响的研究,能够对探究水分造成的机械元件早期失效机理,开展水污染的防护工作起到理论指导作用.本文作者研究了不同润滑条件下游离水对点接触区成膜特性的影响,提出了游离水对接触区膜厚产生影响的无量纲判据,发现了游离水对点接触润滑油池及轨道的冲刷及乳化作用,是造成接触区膜厚下降及回流减弱的主要原因,直接证明了游离水可造成点接触结构的早期润滑失效.     

Falling of a Spherical Particle in Fine-Bubble Plume and Fine-Bubble Behavior around the Particle

Fluid Dynamics - In this study, the interaction between a spherical solid particle descending in a fine-bubble plume and the fine-bubbles around the particle is investigated experimentally. The...     

Direct Numerical Simulation of the Puffing Phenomenon of an Axisymmetric Thermal Plume

A spatial direct numerical simulation of an axisymmetric buoyant thermal plume is presented. The governing flow field equations at the centerline are put into a special form to circumvent the axis singularity associated with the cylindrical coordinates and the high order accuracy of the numerical scheme is preserved at the centerline. Boundary conditions associated with the spatial DNS of open-boundary buoyant flows and compatible with the modern nondissipative high-order finite difference schemes have been developed. The fluid exhibits a periodic oscillatory motion known as the puffing phenomenon, which is the formation and convection of vortex at the near field of the plume. Budgets of the vorticity transport are determined to examine the mechanisms leading to the puffing phenomenon. The analysis on vorticity transport shows that vorticity is created mainly by the gravitational term which is due to the interaction between the radial density gradients and gravity at the initial stage of the establishment of the puffing structure, while the baroclinic torque dominates the vorticity transport when the flow is established. Density stratification in the radial direction close to the plume base is found to be essential to the development of the buoyant flow instability. Simulations with different initial temperature ratios reveal that entrainment close to the plume base is enhanced at a higher temperature ratio despite the fact that the puffing structures and the plume pulsation frequency only vary very weakly with the initial temperature ratio. The predicted puffing frequencies are in agreement with the values from experimental correlations for fire and isothermal helium/air plumes. Received 12 May 1999 and accepted 9 December 1999     

Large Eddy Simulations of the Flow in the Near-Field Region of a Turbulent Buoyant Helium Plume

Large eddy simulations are conducted in the near-field region of a large turbulent buoyant helium plume. The CFD package FireFOAM is applied to that purpose. The transient and mean flow dynamics are discussed as a function of grid resolution, with and without the use of the standard Smagorinsky subgrid scale (SGS) model. Small scale structures, formed at the edge of the plume inlet due to baroclinic and gravitational mechanisms and subject to flow instabilities, interact with large scale features of the flow, resulting in a puffing cycle. In general, the LES calculations reproduce the main features of the turbulent plume, with better agreement when the Smagorinsky type SGS model is applied. In particular, the puffing cycle is recovered in the simulations with correct frequency. The mean and rms values of the velocity components are well predicted with use of the SGS model, even on relatively coarse meshes. Agreement for the species mass fraction (mean and rms values) is less satisfactory, but in line with results found in the literature.