一种改进的Sobel梯度函数自动对焦评价算法

传统的自动对焦梯度函数评价算法在对细胞显微图像进行对焦时,由于对焦精度不佳,图像受噪声的影响较大。针对此问题,通过对不同对焦评价函数性能进行对比,提出了一种基于Sobel梯度函数改进的自动对焦评价算法——Sobel4direction_Brenner梯度函数算法。对对焦评价技术设计指标和算法的通用性进行了验证,结果表明:在调焦时该算法较传统对焦梯度函数能更好的抑制噪声,并且使电机在爬山算法的搜索对焦中具有更小的对焦搜索区间范围,获得的细胞显微图像的清晰度评价值也更高。     

SUSAN清晰度评价函数在自动对焦中的应用

为了满足自动对焦系统的实时性与抗噪性要求,提出了一种基于SUSAN算子的清晰度评价函数。该函数利用SUSAN边缘提取算子的算法简单、准确度高、抗噪性强的特点,对SUSAN算子边缘检测函数进行改进,将边缘点的USAN值的平方和作为清晰度评价值,并将其运用到自动对焦算法中。将该函数与几个经典的清晰度评价函数进行性能比较,实验结果表明：对于引入噪声前后的图像序列,基于SUSAN算子的清晰度评价函数均具有良好的单峰性、无偏性和较高的灵敏度;对于256×256的对焦窗口图片,该函数在TMS320C6416硬件平台上的运行时间仅为16 ms。该函数能够满足清晰度评价函数的单峰性、无偏性、高灵敏度等基本特性,同时具有良好的实时性与抗噪性。     

透镜检测中复合自动对焦技术的研究及应用

针对光学透镜参数测量系统中的对焦问题,设计了一种粗精结合的复合自动对焦方案.在粗对焦过程中,选用全局图像的方差函数作为清晰度评价函数,用均值比较的爬山法实现焦面搜索,并用三点法判断初始对焦方向.在精对焦过程中,利用基于数学形态学的条件膨胀算法和形状因子提取目标图像,并以日标图像区域内的Brenner函数作为清晰度评价函...     

低信噪比环境下的实时聚焦方法研究

低信噪比环境下,人们运用中值滤波与维纳滤波等作为图像预处理手段获得了一定的效果,但是图像预处理严重地影响了对焦速度。在低信噪比环境下所提出的避开图像预处理的最佳自动对焦方案为:首先,采用HSI分析法把RGB彩色图像转换为亮度信号;其次,利用能量梯度算子作为图像评价函数;最后,运用爬山算法控制策略进行自动对焦。结果表明,此方案的运算时间优势非常明显,对焦准确度最佳,可满足实时对焦系统的对焦速度与对焦准确度的要求。     

基于最小各向同性小波滤波的图像清晰度识别

提出了基于最小各向同性小波滤波的图像清晰度识别方法,对二维最小各向同性小波滤波提取图像特征进行了研究.直接将原始图像通过带通小波滤波器G0获得图像边缘信息,结合图像能量分析,建立了基于小波滤波的图像清晰度评价函数.利用构建的显微镜自动对焦实验平台,比较分析了基于小波滤波和拉普拉斯的评价方法.实验结果表明,采用基于各向同性小波滤波的自动对焦算法有更好的综合自动对焦性能.     

角膜曲率测量中自动识别的对焦评价

角膜曲率测量一般是采用视标成像的方法得到角膜的反射像后,通过对反射像的再成像间接得到角膜的曲率半径。为了实现对角膜曲率测量图像的对焦判断,在简化角膜曲率测量系统的基础上,对获取的图像对焦算法进行研究。对角膜曲率测量图像的六个测试光标分别进行像素统计,初步判别过度离焦的状态。对角膜曲率测量图像进行四方向Sobel算子的卷积运算,对得到的边缘增强图像进行对数灰度级像素统计,得到对焦评价值。将该算法与Tenengrad函数、方差函数和单一对数灰度级像素统计评价函数算法做对比实验,评价该算法的可行性。实验结果表明,该对焦评价函数具有良好的精确度、单峰性、灵敏度和无偏性,对细节信息较少、结构简单的图像的对焦评价方面有应用前景。     

基于红外图像边缘特性的自动对焦技术

与可见光图像相比,红外图像的分辨率较低,景物边缘较为粗糙,传统的自动调焦技术无法直接用于红外热成像系统。为了解决这一问题,采用基于红外图像边缘特性的自动对焦算法,建立快速有效的对焦评价函数,驱动高精度光机闭环控制单元,以实现快速、准确的红外自动对焦。系统包含数字处理单元和运动控制单元。其中数字图像处理单元主要进行红外数字图像的采集,利用Roberts梯度算子提取红外图像中的信息量,并统计边缘点数以评价图像的清晰度,实时计算序列红外图像中细节和信息量的变化量和趋势,从而提供运动控制单元所需的位置给定。运动控制单元则主要进行调焦电机的控制及驱动,完成自动聚焦的过程控制。最后,通过实验证明了该方案的有效性。     

光锥与CCD耦合系统中基于算子融合的自动对焦方法

提出了一种基于自动对焦方法的光锥与CCD耦合系统,并采用算子融合技术,给出了一种新的基于空域分析的像质评价函数.经实验证明,本文提出的方法既有效地提高了算法的可靠性,又实现了较高的对焦准确度,较好地解决了在耦合过程中实现光锥与CCD最佳耦合效率的问题.     

阵列像素器件投影显示系统中自动对焦评价函数研究

数字投影显示已成为现代数字显示领域的主流,阵列像素器件投影成像的的精确会聚,直接决定了显示的效果。阵列像素器件的自动对焦,是实现生产自动化的关键技术。以CCD(电荷耦合器件)采集阵列像素器件的局部投影图像为基础,试验和分析了梯度算子、拉普拉斯算子、Sobel算子、Prewitt算子、方差函数和熵函数评价方法在阵列像素器件大屏幕投影显示系统中自动对焦的作用及性能。实验表明,方差算子具有良好的稳定性和对噪声的不敏感性,调节效果较好,可以作为这一特殊系统中的评价方法。     

光显示与显示器件

以CCD(电荷藕合器件)采集阵列像素器件的局部投影图像为基础,试验和分析了梯度算子、拉普拉斯算子、Sobd算子、Prewitt算子、方差函数和嫡函数评价方法在阵列像素器件大屏幕投影显示系统中自动对焦的作用及性能。实验表明,方差算子具有良好的稳定性和对噪声的不敏感性,调节效果较好,可以作为     

Polarization noise in single mode fibres and its reduction by depolarizers

Fluctuations of the state of polarization in single mode fibres due to environmental conditions such as vibrations cause intensity noise if elements with polarization-dependent loss are inserted into the fibre system. Diffraction gratings, which are key elements for wavelength division multiplex-single mode fibre systems, exhibit a strong polarization dependence of loss. The polarization noise, originating from the combination of single mode fibres and diffraction gratings, is investigated experimentally. A drastic deterioration of the signal/noise ratio is observed, which is even more severe than modal noise with multimode fibres. Depolarizing devices, which reduce this kind of noise sufficiently, are presented and examined.     

Experimental evaluation of leaky least-mean-square algorithms for active noise reduction in communication headsets

An adaptive leaky normalized least-mean-square (NLMS) algorithm has been developed to optimize stability and performance of active noise cancellation systems. The research addresses LMS filter performance issues related to insufficient excitation, nonstationary noise fields, and time-varying signal-to-noise ratio. The adaptive leaky NLMS algorithm is based on a Lyapunov tuning approach in which three candidate algorithms, each of which is a function of the instantaneous measured reference input, measurement noise variance, and filter length, are shown to provide varying degrees of tradeoff between stability and noise reduction performance. Each algorithm is evaluated experimentally for reduction of low frequency noise in communication headsets, and stability and noise reduction performance are compared with that of traditional NLMS and fixed-leakage NLMS algorithms. Acoustic measurements are made in a specially designed acoustic test cell which is based on the original work of Ryan et al. ["Enclosure for low frequency assessment of active noise reducing circumaural headsets and hearing protection," Can. Acoust. 21, 19-20 (1993)] and which provides a highly controlled and uniform acoustic environment. The stability and performance of the active noise reduction system, including a prototype communication headset, are investigated for a variety of noise sources ranging from stationary tonal noise to highly nonstationary measured F-16 aircraft noise over a 20 dB dynamic range. Results demonstrate significant improvements in stability of Lyapunov-tuned LMS algorithms over traditional leaky or nonleaky normalized algorithms, while providing noise reduction performance equivalent to that of the NLMS algorithm for idealized noise fields.     

The response to railway noise in residential areas in Great Britain

The effects of railway noise on residents have been measured with a combined social survey (1453 respondents) and noise measurement survey (over 2000 noise measurements) at 403 locations in 75 study areas in Great Britain. In the analysis of the data methods have been used which take into account many typical noise survey problems including noise measurement errors, unique locality effects and the weakness of the noise annoyance relationship. Railway noise bothers 2% of the nation's population. Approximately 170 000 people live where railway noise levels are above 65 dB(A) 24 hour L_eq. Annoyance increases steadily with noise level; thus there is no particular “acceptable” noise level. Railway noise is less annoying than aircraft or road traffic noise of equivalent noise level, at least above 50 to 65L_eq. Noise is rated as the most serious environmental nuisance caused by railways. Maintenance noise is rated as a bigger problem than passing train noise. Vibration is the most important non-noise problem. Reactions to vibrations are related to distance from route, train speed and number of trains. The railway survey's highly stratified, probability sample design with many study areas makes it possible to evaluate the effects of area characteristics on reactions. The 24 h L_eq dB(A) noise index is more closely related to annoyance than are other accepted noise indices examined. There is no support for ambient noise level or night-time corrections. Thirteen railway operation characteristics were examined. One, the type of traction, has a strong effect on reactions after controlling for L_eq (overhead electrified routes are the equivalent of about 10 dB less annoying at high noise levels). Three indicators of railway ancillary noises and non-noise environmental nuisances affect annoyance but most operational characteristics have no effect. The effects of over 35 demographic, attitudinal and neighbourhood characteristics on annoyance are examined. Though most objective characteristics of neighbourhoods and respondents are not correlated with annoyance, three do decrease annoyance (older dwellings, older respondents, and life-time residence). The attitudes which affect annoyance with railway noise are not general ones about railways as transportation sources, but rather ones which are specific to the neighbourhood setting or to railways as environmental intrusions in the neighbourhood. Such attitudes often have less effect on annoyance at low noise levels. In such cases it is the reactions of the more annoyed types of people which are most closely related to noise level.     

A method of developing regional road traffic noise management strategies

Road traffic noise management strategies or noise action plans are a necessary tool for pro-active road traffic noise management. A method is proposed for regional scale noise action plans, in part using noise mapping, which is flexible towards various data qualities. A six step method is proposed which links GIS data to road traffic noise calculation methods with the final strategies being presented in GIS format. A ‘Parcel Priority Index’ and a ‘Link Priority Index’ are presented as key variables in the production of regional strategies and planning visions on a road link basis. The noise management strategy method presented is used on a large regional area in South East Queensland, Australia which covers seven local government areas. The results presented indicate the method is successful in prioritising road links equitably for detailed road traffic noise management actions.     

Adaptive noise cancelling and condition monitoring

When mechanical signature analysis methods are applied to the detection of faults within a complex machine, one is often confronted with a situation in which the diagnostic signal is embedded in a background noise. Coherent filtering techniques are of help in improving the signal to noise ratio (SNR) only when a synchronizing signal is available; on the other hand, the adaptive noise cancelling (ANC) technique can be successfully applied to increase the signal to noise ratio even in those situations where a synchronization signal is not available. Adaptive noise cancelling is a form of optimal filtering in which use is made of an auxiliary or a reference signal. In the work reported here it has been shown that the statistical and spectral analyses techniques which fail to detect and diagnose faults because of a poor signal to noise ratio can be made effective by using an adaptive noise cancelling technique. The expression for the signal to noise density ratio at the output of the noise canceller is derived for a simplified model of a machine.     

The disturbance caused to school teachers by noise

A survey to investigate the disturbance caused to secondary school teachers by noise is described. Although the survey sample was selected on the basis of road traffic noise exposure it has also been possible to draw conclusions about the disturbance by aircraft noise. Quantitative relationships have been established between the proportions of teachers bothered by noise and the noise level to which they are exposed. The results of this school survey are compared with dwelling noise surveys.     

Spatiotemporal multiple coherence resonances and calcium waves in a coupled hepatocyte system

Spatiotemporal multiple coherence resonances for calcium activities induced by weak Gaussian white noise in coupled hepatocytes are studied. It is shown that bi-resonances in hepatocytes are induced by the interplay and competition between noise and coupling of cells, in other words, the cell in network can be excited either by noise or by its neighbour via gap junction which can transfer calcium ions between cells. Furthermore, the intercellular annular calcium waves induced by noise are observed, in which the wave length decreases with noise intensity augmenting but increases monotonically with coupling strength increasing. And for a fixed noise level, there is an optimal coupling strength that makes the coherence resonance reach maximum.     

Noise figure characterization of preamplifiers at NMR frequencies

A method for characterizing the noise figure of preamplifiers at NMR frequencies is presented. The noise figure of preamplifiers as used for NMR and MRI detection varies with source impedance and with the operating frequency. Therefore, to characterize a preamplifier's noise behavior, it is necessary to perform noise measurements at the targeted frequency while varying the source impedance with high accuracy. At high radiofrequencies, such impedance variation is typically achieved with transmission-line tuners, which however are not available for the relatively low range of typical NMR frequencies. To solve this issue, this work describes an alternative approach that relies on lumped-element circuits for impedance manipulation. It is shown that, using a fixed-impedance noise source and suitable ENR correction, this approach permits noise figure characterization for NMR and MRI purposes. The method is demonstrated for two preamplifiers, a generic BF998 MOSFET module and an MRI-dedicated, integrated preamplifier, which were both studied at 128MHz, i.e., at the Larmor frequency of protons at 3 Tesla. Variations in noise figure of 0.01dB or less over repeated measurements reflect high precision even for small noise figures in the order of 0.4dB. For validation, large sets of measured noise figure values are shown to be consistent with the general noise-parameter model of linear two-ports. Finally, the measured noise characteristics of the superior preamplifier are illustrated by SNR measurements in MRI data.     

非圆化磨耗激励下高速列车转向架区域噪声边频带产生机理及影响

该文通过对车辆噪声和车轮非圆化磨耗开展跟踪测试和分析,发现存在车轮非圆化磨耗的列车在运行过程中,其转向架区域噪声窄带频谱上会出现了以非圆化磨耗激励频率为中心,以过轨枕频率为间隔等间距分布的噪声峰值(即噪声边频带).这使得车轮非圆化磨耗不仅会影响其激励频率处的列车轨道结构的振动和噪声,还会对其他频段的噪声产生重要影响.为...     

Prediction and Limitations of Noise Maps Developed for Heterogeneous Urban Road Traffic Condition: A Case Study of Surat City,India

Road traffic noise pollution has been recognized as a serious issue which affects human health as well as affects urban regions. Noise maps are very beneficial to identify the impact of noise pollution. A noise mapping study performed to study the propagation of noise in tier-II city along with field measurements. The noise maps are developed using a computer simulation model (SoundPLAN essential 4.0 software). The noise prediction models like U.K’s CoRTN, Germany’s RLS-90, and their modified versions, which can be used for homogenous road traffic conditions, cannot be successfully applied in heterogeneous road traffic conditions of India. In developing country like India, road traffic noise pollution depends on the composition of heterogeneous traffic volume, variance in road geometrical, honking conditions, un-authorized parking, and varying density of the building on either side of the road. These traffic compositions contain vehicles, which have different sizes, speeds variations, a different dimension of vehicles. Because of fluctuating speeds, lack of lane disciplines, and un-authorized parking on main road lanes, honking events becomes inevitable, which changes and affects the urban soundscape of nations like India. Analysis of noise maps showed that horn honking due to un-authorized parked vehicles contributed an additional increase up to 11 dB (A) noise, which is quite significant.