Computed speckle decorrelation (CSD) for the study of fatigue damage

A video-based laser speckle technique has been developed for noncontact analysis of fatigue in situ and at speeds approaching video frame rates. This technique, computed speckle decorrelation (CSD), makes use of the speckle decorrelation associated with surface deformation. It is a method of full field inspection which both locates fatigue damage sites and measures damage severity. In its current application, CSD has been used to study the fatigue deformation progression in reverse bending fatigue of a cylindrically notched aluminum specimen. However, film based studies have shown the usefulness of laser speckle decorrelation to analyze fatigue deformation of thick graphite/epoxy composite materials as well. With the development of the CSD method it will now be possible to examine in greater detail the progression of fatigue damage in these materials, allowing a much faster and more quantitative analysis than was previously available.     

Surface roughness measurement by speckle contrast under the illumination of light with arbitrary spectral profile

Quantification of surface roughness greater than a micron is desirable for many industrial and biomedical applications. Polychromatic speckle contrast has been shown theoretically to be able to detect such roughness range using an appropriate light source with a Gaussian spectral shape. In this paper, we extend the theory to arbitrary spectral profile by formulating speckle contrast as a function of spectral profile, surface roughness, and the geometry of speckle formation. Under a far-field set-up, the formulation can be simplified and a calibration curve for contrast and roughness can be calculated. We demonstrated the technique using a blue diode laser with a set of 20 metal surface roughness standards in the range 1–73 μm, and found that the method worked well with both Gaussian and non-Gaussian surfaces.     

Study of drying process of paint by dynamic speckle with B/D pixel counting technique

The aim of the work is the assessment of drying process of latex paint by dynamic Laser speckle method. The basic concept of dynamic speckle technique is described. Laser light scattering by water borne sample is a time dependent surface activity. The variation of laser speckle intensity is due to the change of refractive index and the particle movements of the latex paint. A novel method, B/D counting technique to measure the dynamic activity of drying paint using co-occurrence matrix of Time History of Speckle Pattern (THSP) is presented. The result of drying process of latex paint by dynamic laser speckle method is compared with the gravimetric method and agreed well.     

Introducing speckle noise maps for Laser Vibrometry

When coherent light scatters from a surface, which is rough on the scale of the wavelength of the light, a speckle pattern is produced. The Laser Vibrometer measures target vibration velocity in the direction of the incident laser beam and typically samples a region of a speckle pattern on its photodetector. Target motions can cause the speckle pattern to change on the photodetector surface, particularly when target motions are non-normal to the direction of the laser beam. This speckle motion modulates the Doppler signal and adds noise to the demodulated output signal. Periodic target motions can cause the speckle noise to become pseudo-random and produce harmonic peaks, with the same fundamental frequency as the genuine target vibrations, which can be indistinguishable from the genuine target vibrations. Typical speckle noise levels are generally considered to be low-level, but they have not so far been adequately quantified. This paper reports preliminary results quantifying speckle noise levels using controlled experimental configurations incorporating periodic in-plane and tilt target motions. Working with commercial Laser Vibrometers, various target surface finishes and treatments are considered and speckle noise maps are produced for each configuration. For a tilting surface, speckle noise has been quantified at approximately 1 μm s^?1/deg s^?1 while, for surfaces with in-plane motion, the sensitivity to speckle noise has been estimated pessimistically at 0.1% of the in-plane velocity. Ultimately, these speckle noise maps will form a valuable practical resource for the Laser Vibrometer user.     

Neural network painting defect classification using Karhunen–Loeve transformation

This paper deals with the problem of painting defect detection on reflecting surface objects. The problem has been approached with an optical inspecting method. A laser beam hits the object surface. The light scattered from the rough surface generates a digital speckle. The speckle is affected by the painting defect. Using the Karhunen–Loeve transformation, the speckle pattern is transformed into a feature vector. This information is used to train the neural-networks in recovering the defect. The reliability and effectiveness of a prototype is validated by experimental results. At the end, the proposed method is compared with another optical inspection method.     

疲劳载荷作用下铝镁合金中的粗滑移区的形成

过去关于铝和铝铜合金的研究工作指出,在疲劳载荷过程中的能量消耗(△E)所发生的变化可以分成两个不同的阶段。第一阶段相当于位错的被钉札,在第二阶段里△E的再上升则表示已有粗滑移区出现。为了进一步验证这种看法,在本文中用含镁量为0.52,0.91,3.46和5.15％的铝合金进行了扭转疲劳试验,测定了经过各种应力循环数N以后的滞后迴线的面积,从而算出在每次循环中的能量消耗△E。在疲劳载荷经过不同循环数后,试样表面进行金相观测的结果指出,对于所用的合金而言,滑移痕迹的变化都表现出两个明显不同的阶段。在第一阶段里,常常观察到几组细而直的滑移线均匀分布在一个晶粒内。在第二阶段里,某一组滑移线变得集中而粗化成簇。一般而言,在镁含量较低(0.52,0.91％)的合金里,以及当扭应变较大时,粗滑移区出现得较早。将所观察到的△E-N曲线的变化与粗滑移区的出现做了比较,并且考虑到在疲劳载荷过程中第一阶段和第二阶段的△E可能发生重迭的情况,指出了试样里出现粗滑移区可以引起△E在疲劳后期的再上升。这与过去关于铝和铝铜合金所得结果相合。本文还讨论了位错在疲劳载荷第一阶段里被溶质原子气团所钉札的状态与粗滑移区的随后形成的联系。     

Fractal structure of digital speckle patterns produced by rough surfaces

We report on the fractal analysis of digital speckle patterns experimentally generated using an optical setup to record the light scattered from metallic rough surfaces in the normal direction. Using the differential box counting technique, we have calculated the fractal dimension of digital speckle patterns for six samples with different roughness. Our results show a quadratic dependence between the surface roughness and the fractal dimension of the corresponding digital speckle pattern. As an application a method to determine the surface roughness of metallic surfaces is proposed.     

Assessment of fatigue damage in solid plates through the ultrasonic Lamb wave approach

Changes(degradations) in the mechanical properties of solid plates induced by cyclic fatigue loading will influence the features of ultrasonic Lamb wave propagation,such as dispersion and attenuation.This paper has qualitatively analyzed the feasibility of using the amplitude-frequency characteristics and the stress wave factors(SWFs) of ultrasonic Lamb wave propagation to assess fatigue damage in solid plates.Liquid wedge transducers located on the surface of solid plates tested are used to generate and detect the Lamb wave signals.Based on the Ritec-SNAP ultrasonic measurement system,the experimental setup for assessing the degree of fatigue damage in solid plates using ultrasonic Lamb wave approach has been established.For several rolled aluminum sheets subjected to tension-tension cyclic loading,the experimental examinations have been performed for the relationships between the amplitude-frequency characteristics of ultrasonic Lamb wave propagation and the numbers of loading cycles(denoted by N),as well as the correlations between the Lamb wave SWFs and N.The experimental results show that the Lamb wave SWFs decrease monotonously and sensitively with the increment of cycles of fatigue loading.Based on the correlations between the Lamb wave SWFs and N,it is further verified that ultrasonic Lamb wave propagation combined with the Lamb wave SWFs can be used to effectively assess early fatigue damage in solid plates.     

数字散斑技术在混凝土单轴压缩试验中的应用

数字散斑技术作为一种新兴的测量方法,它具有非接触、全场量测、精度高、操作简单等特点,随着计算机技术的迅猛发展,数字散斑技术得到了广泛的应用与研究。针对混凝土在外荷载作用下具有明显的非均匀变化的特征,借助传统的测量方法很难得到混凝土表面的全场变形结果的问题,结合数字散斑相关方法测量技术,开展了混凝土单轴压缩试验,拍摄了混凝土表面在单轴压缩过程中的位移与应变矢量场,为分析混凝土试件的损伤区域奠定了基础;与电测法测量结果进行了对比,其测量结果表明,这两种测量方法误差相对较小,且数字散斑技术能更早的发现混凝土表面的破坏,验证了数字散斑相关方法的准确性和可靠性。借助数字散斑技术可以更加方便准确的得到材料表面的变形场,这也将在一定程度上促进土木工程领域的发展,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Stroboscopic digital speckle pattern interferometry for vibration analysis of microsystem

In this paper, vibration measurement and analysis of microsystems, such as micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) by using stroboscopic digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) is presented. Because of the speckle interferometry, the technique is suited for samples which have a rough surface or whose surfaces can be sprayed into a scattering surface. A laser speckle microinterferometer incorporated with optoelectronic devices for a stroboscopic illumination and a synchronization of the signals between excitation and stroboscopic illumination is described and demonstrated. The system can measure both out-of-plane and in-plane displacement under either a static or dynamic loading. The fundamental is explained and some applications are demonstrated.     

Sampled-speckle photography for measurement of deformation

Speckles usually are of two kinds: laser speckle and white-light speckle. An additional kind, termed a sampled speckle, is proposed. Whereas laser speckles arise from multiple interference of light scattered from an object illuminated by a coherent laser beam and white-light speckles are a physically generated speckle pattern on the surface of the object, sampled speckles are generated as a result of the sampling of a digital image. The generation of these speckles and their application to displacement measurement are demonstrated.     

Ultrasonic monitoring of the accumulation of aging damage and recovery of the useful lifetime of industrial parts

A method is described for monitoring changes in the strength properties of steels during fatigue testing based on measuring the velocity of propagation of ultrasound. It is shown to be possible to detect the dangerous stage of development of fatigue damage for individual industrial parts. A method is also proposed for restoring the function of manufactured items by treating them with high-power electric current pulses. It is shown that such treatment significantly increases the useful lifetime and can prevent fatigue failure. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 123–125 (September 1997)     

Features and mechanisms of the evolution of the structure-phase state of a quenched carbon steel under electrostimulated fatigue

Electron-microscopic examinations of the evolution of the defect substructure and phase composition have been carried out for quenched 60GS2 carbon steel subjected to multiple cycles of fatigue loading. The mechanisms by which the fatigue durability of the steel processed at an intermediate stage of loading by alternating electric current is increased have been investigated.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 9, pp. 53–60, September, 2004.     

测量物体位移的数字白光散斑照相术

给出了一测量物体刚体位移的数字白光散斑照相术。数字傅里叶变换从双曝光字白光散斑图用来产生杨氏条纹。该杨氏条纹能够用数字傅里叶变换结合条纹重构进行自动分析。此外，给出一种条纹质量增强的方法。     

Nanosecond pulsed laser micromachining for experimental fatigue life study of Ti–3Al–2.5V tubes

Defects on external surface of in-service hydraulic tubes can reduce total life cycles for operation. Evaluation of fatigue life of the tubes with damage is thus critical for safety reasons. A methodology of generating defects in the Ti–3Al–2.5V tube—a widely used pipeline in hydraulic systems of aircrafts—using nanosecond pulsed laser for experimental fatigue life study is described in this paper. Straight tubes of five different sizes were laser micromachined to generate notches of given length and depths on the outside surface. Approaches were developed to precisely control the notch dimensions. The laser-notched tubes were tested with cyclic internal impulse pressure and fatigue life was measured. The laser notches and fatigue cracks were characterized after the test. It is concluded that laser micromachining generated consistent notches, and the influence of notch depth on fatigue life of the tube is significant. Based on the experimental test results, the relationship between the fatigue life of the Ti–3Al–2.5V tube and the notch depth was revealed. The research demonstrated that laser micromachining is applicable for experimental fatigue life study of titanium tubes. The presented test data are useful for estimating the damage limits of the titanium tubes in service environment and for further theoretical studies.     

Numerical study on trapping and guiding of nanoparticles in a flow using scattering field of laser light

Optical trapping and guiding using laser have been proven to be useful for non-contact and non-invasive manipulation of small objects such as biological cells, organelles within cells, and dielectric particles. We have numerically investigated so far the motion of a Brownian particle suspended in still water under the illumination of a speckle pattern generated by the interference of coherent light scattered by a rough object. In the present study, we investigate numerically the motion of a particle in a water flow under the illumination of a speckle pattern that is at rest or in motion. Trajectory of the particle is simulated in relation with its size, flow velocity, maximum irradiance, and moving velocity of the speckle pattern to confirm the feasibility of the present method for performing optical trapping and guiding of the particle in the flow.     

Speckle from a rough surface when the illuminated region contains few correlation areas: The effect of changing the surface height variance

We report speckle contrast measurements taken at the centre of the far-field diffraction pattern of weak, medium and strong diffusers illuminated by a focused laser beam. We study the evolution of curves of speckle contrast as a function of the radius of the laser spot as the variance of surface height is steadily increased for a fixed correlation length. We also present experimental curves of speckle contrast as a function of the distance of the rough surface from the beam focus for three of the diffusers.     

激光散斑时间漂移效应研究

报道了激光散斑时间漂移效应.引入了散斑模型,接收面上散斑场复振幅的强度和位相的统计性质证明了模型的合理性.基于此模型和相关算法,模拟了所有可能导致激光散斑时间漂移效应的物理因素的影响.模拟结果显示两个因素起主要作用.通过巧妙地改变VCSEL和CCD的工作状态,也证明了两个因素其主要作用,即激光器对表面的加热引起的表面膨胀和CCD的热效应带来的噪声增加.相比之下,其他因素仅仅会带来散斑图像的微小变化.     

Measurement of Stress Intensity Factors of a Mixed-Mode Interface Crack by a Speckle Photography

The image-processing system based on a two-dimensional Fourier transform is presented for the analysis of Young’s fringes pattern created from a double-exposure speckle photograph. The fringe spacing and orientation are determined using only one Young’s fringes pattern without any other diffraction halo patterns. The stress-intensity factors of a mixed-mode interface crack were measured by speckle photography. A compact normal and shear specimen with an interface crack was employed. This specimen enables us to carry out the experiment under various kinds of mixed-mode loading. A steel and an epoxy resin were used as dissimilar materials. The displacement along the crack lines at the free surface was measured by speckle photography. The K₁ and K₁₁ values were determined by a least squares method using displacement data along the crack lines. Three-dimensional finite element analysis was carried out on the same specimen. An accuracy of stress intensity factors obtained by the speckle photography was discussed by comparison of results obtained by the finite element analysis.Presented at 1996 International Workshop on Interferometry (IWI ‘96), August 27–29, Saitama, Japan.     

Variation of elastic characteristics of metastable austenite steel under cycling straining

We have analyzed the effect of elastoplastic cyclic straining on anisotropy of elastic properties of 08Kh18N10T metastable austenite steel. The possibility of determining the strain amplitude of the fatigue loading cycle by an acoustic method involving measuring the elastic characteristic of the material has been demonstrated. The resulting experimental dependences that can be used to estimate the number of cycles before failure using ultrasonic measurements have been revealed.