未来最有可能震动物理世界的实验

<正>当CERN的科学家2013年7月宣布他们发现了希格斯玻色子的时候,描述所有已知粒子和相互作用的标准模型理论被认为已经发现了它框架结构最后一点所缺少的东西,这个东西就是被认为给出所有粒子质量来源的希格斯玻色子。这意味着当今时代的粒子物理学已经划上了圆满的句号。这是一件非常好的事情,对吧?慢着,也可能不是。科学家一直以为标准模型所缺憾的希格斯粒子是非常重要的,它将引导更     

《90年代物理学》:学科交叉和技术应用(总论)

一、社会前景:物理学的应用、蕴 涵和交叉学科 物理学研究增强了我们对自然界的基本了解,从而产生着对人类具有深远影响的知识.物理学所诱发的新技术在人类的文明中已根深蒂固,以致人们常常忽视其科学上的本源.在《90年代物理学》这套书中,本卷通过对物理学在技术上的应用及其与其它学科交叉的介绍,阐述了它对社会的深远影响. 物理学作为一门基础科学总是向人类的智慧提出一些最深刻的挑战.本世纪,物理学中的新发现加速了它的发展.《90年代物理学》这套书的其它卷详细叙述了在基本粒子物理,等离子体和流体物理,核物理及原子、分子和光物理,…     

共振粒子

怎样的粒子才是“基本的”呢?绝大多数亚原子粒子都很快地衰变成别的粒子的事实,使得这成为物理学中已经存在很久的问题了,现在,这个困难更被新发现的一群“粒子”弄複杂清了,这些新粒子的寿命比我们以前所知道的粒子短得多。     

时间的方向

L.P.Hartly在他的书“The Go Between”中写道:为什么过去与未来如此不同?为什么我们记得过去而不记得未来?这是否和宇宙在膨胀的事实相联系? 一、CPT 物理学定律不区分过去和未来.更精确地说,物理学定律在C,P和T的联合变换下不变.C是指粒子反粒子互换.P指镜象变换,即左右手互换.T指逆转所有粒子的运动方向,实际上,就是将运动倒过来. 支配常规下物质行为的物理学定律在C和P的联合变换下不变.换言之,生命对那些由反物质组成并且是我们的镜象的外星居民来说,与我们完全一样.如果你遇到了外星人,当他伸出左手时,你可不要去握手,因为他可…     

论物理学定律的本质

人们很可能同时持有两种完全不相容的观念,一方面我们在不断地坚持牛顿力学规律,另一方面我们中多数人在交往中利用过例如骰子这一类东西. 物理学规律的本质就在于:它的普遍性不仅不断地被直接为它们精心设计的实验,而且由整个物理学结构的一致性证明是正确的和协调的.由宏观物体决定的动力学,仅仅是物理学定律中的(能最好地被证明的)一个.以娱乐和赢利为目的的,轮盘赌球的轨迹是确定的,这已被几个自称为幸福主义者的当今杰出的物理学家非常彻底和直接地证明.但是,更严格的证明是每天通过我们的仪器和技术的内部的动力学所作出的.利用约瑟夫…     

宇宙线天体物理中的几个重要问题

宇宙线是来自宇宙空间的高能粒子流，研究宇宙线的起源、加速、传播机制及其所涉及的天体物理和宇宙学过程是宇宙线天体物理研究的重要内容。本文介绍并讨论其中几个涉及物理学一些基本问题的重要课题的研究现状及前景，其中包括极高能宇宙线的观测研究，太阳中微子能谱的实时测量，宇宙线中新粒子的搜寻等。     

非粒子交换导致的长程作用力

最近,Georgi建议了一种客体--非粒子,它不存在色散关系的约束(因而不是粒子),却受所谓的标度量纲控制.文章作者指出,它与粒子相互作用会导致粒子间新奇的长程力.这种力与人们熟知的长程力完全不同,在人们已设想到的任何新物理中也没有这样的长程力.如果在未来的精确测量中发现了这种力,这将明确地指向非粒子物理,从而对粒子物理学的基本概念产生重要影响.另方面,利用现有的精确观测的电子自旋-自旋长程作用,文章作者得到了对电子与非粒子相互作用的很强限制.对该领域的研究前景,文章中也作了简短的展望.     

书评和书讯

《物理 2 0 0 0———进入新千年的物理学》(北京大学出版社出版 )　　这一本独特而有趣的书是国际纯粹物理与应用物理联合会 (ＩＵＰＡＰ)对进入新千年的物理学的奉献 .ＩＵＰＡＰ专门征请其所属的各个专业委员会的带头物理学家在世纪之交对物理学各领域迄今为止的成就、当今的前沿领域以及未来可能会有的发展作了精要概括而编成这本书 ,因而这本书代表对当今物理学最高水平上的一个总结、反思和展望 .书中各篇都出自有一流的研究经验的物理学家之手 ,均以几千字的篇幅勾勒出物理学特定领域最激动人心的发展和前沿工作 ,描述手法深入浅出 ,…     

缪子物理实验现状及发展前景

寻找超出标准模型的新物理是当前粒子物理学最重要的任务之一.缪子物理实验,包括带电轻子味道破坏,缪子反常磁矩和电偶极矩,缪子素到反缪子素转换等是高强度前沿新物理研究的热点领域.文章介绍了国际上在这一领域开展实验的现状和展望,特别的,介绍了未来在中国开展相关实验的前景.     

近代物理讲座 第十一讲 粒子物理学的发展

一、粒子和粒子物理学 本世纪初物理学的发展弄清楚了原子的直径大体上是10-8cm的量级.进一步的发展中又认识到:原子核的直径是 10-12cm量级,原子核是由若干个质子和中子组成.质子、中子、电子和光子就是人们最早认识的一批基本粒子.在当时由于它们被认为可能是物质微粒结构的最小单元,因此被称为基本粒子.在这以后,凡是和这些粒子可以相互作用和相互转化并在当时的认识水平上认为是同一层次的粒子,统称为基本粒子.随着实验和理论研究的发展,显示出某些基本粒子肯定不能看作是点粒子,它们有一定的大小并有内部结构.同时还显示出来从内部结构…     

强子结构与核结构

本文列举了核内存在非核子自由度的证据;论证了核结构的研究必须突破传统的框架,进入到核子及介子的内部结构,才能对原子核内部运动有深入的了解.本文还扼要论述了核物理研究的现状与前景. This paper presents some important experimental evidences of non-nucleonic degrees of freedom in nuclei.From these evidences,the nuclear structure research must go be- yond the traditional framework of nuclear research.To get deeper understanding of the nucle- us,one has to go to the internal structure of hadrons.The present status and future prospects of this new development in nuclear physics are also dicussed briefly.     

Fermi gas of atoms

A rapidly developing field, experimental physics of ultracold gases of Fermi atoms, is briefly reviewed. The contribution of this field to fundamental physics is shown along with connection to other fields which explore systems of Fermi particles. The basic parameters of atomic Fermi gas are described together with its unique properties and advantages and disadvantages in comparison to other Fermi systems. The prospects of this field and its short history are considered. Research groups working in this field are listed.     

Conference summary and outlook

This workshop has demonstrated rather convincingly that traps for neutral or charged matter (or antimatter) have had a dramatic impact in improving the precision with which fundamental aspects of particle, nuclear and chemical physics can be investigated. From a large variety of topics, a few highlights have been selected on a subjective basis, and prospects for the near future are discussed.     

我国磁层物理研究进展

我国磁层物理是在赵九章倡导下从１９５９年开始发展起来的,４０多年来,我国磁层物理有了很大进展。文章对我国磁层物理研究的主要成果作了概述,主要内容包括：磁层顶边界层的瞬时重联研究,磁层顶的不稳定性和反常输产业暴过程研究,磁尾动力学过程研究,极光加速区非线性波和粒子加速研究,行星磁了后是磁层物理发展趋势的展望。     

From the LHC to future colliders

Discoveries at the LHC will soon set the physics agenda for future colliders. This report of a CERN Theory Institute includes the summaries of Working Groups that reviewed the physics goals and prospects of LHC running with 10 to 300 fb^?1 of integrated luminosity, of the proposed sLHC luminosity upgrade, of the ILC, of CLIC, of the LHeC and of a muon collider. The four Working Groups considered possible scenarios for the first 10 fb^?1 of data at the LHC in which (i) a state with properties that are compatible with a Higgs boson is discovered, (ii) no such state is discovered either because the Higgs properties are such that it is difficult to detect or because no Higgs boson exists, (iii) a missing-energy signal beyond the Standard Model is discovered as in some supersymmetric models, and (iv) some other exotic signature of new physics is discovered. In the contexts of these scenarios, the Working Groups reviewed the capabilities of the future colliders to study in more detail whatever new physics may be discovered by the LHC. Their reports provide the particle physics community with some tools for reviewing the scientific priorities for future colliders after the LHC produces its first harvest of new physics from multi-TeV collisions.     

Higgs physics at future colliders: Recent theoretical developments

I review the physics of the Higgs sector in the standard model and its minimal supersymmetric extension, the MSSM. I will discuss the prospects for discovering the Higgs particles at the upgraded Tevatron, at the large hadron collider, and at a future high-energye ⁺ e ⁻ linear collider with centre-of-mass energy in the 350–800 GeV range, as well as the possibilities for studying their fundamental properties. Some emphasis will be put on the theoretical developments which occurred in the last two years.     

胶体晶体和基于胶体晶体的纳米结构

胶体晶体及基于胶体晶体的各种纳米结构的制备和物理性质是近来物理学和材料科学共同关注的一个热点，文章简要阐述了胶体颗粒间的基本相互作用，着重介绍了各种胶体晶体的制备方法；结合我们近期的工作，综合评述了胶体晶体在二维纳米颗粒阵列、二维有序孔单层膜及三维光子晶体等纳米结构材料研究中的应用，并对未来的发展进行了展望。     

Gamma-ray bursts at high and very high energies

Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are extra-galactic and extremely energetic transient emissions of gamma rays, which are thought to be associated with the death of massive stars or the merger of compact objects in binary systems. Their huge luminosities involve the presence of a newborn stellar-mass black hole emitting a relativistic collimated outflow, which accelerates particles and produces non-thermal emissions from the radio domain to the highest energies. In this article, I review recent progresses in the understanding of GRB jet physics above 100 MeV, based on Fermi observations of bright GRBs. I discuss the physical implications of these observations and their impact on GRB modeling, and I present some prospects for GRB observation at very high energies in the near future.     

MiniBooNE overview and status

Recent discoveries in the neutrino sector have opened a new frontier in highenergy physics and cosmology. Evidence from neutrino oscillation experiments from around the world indicate that neutrinos oscillate between their different flavours and therefore may have mass. In addition, results from solar and atmospheric neutrino experiments as well as the accelerator neutrino experiment, LSND, cannot all be explained with the three standard model neutrinos. Is this new physics or is there some other explanation? The MiniBooNE experiment presently taking data at Fermilab is designed to address the LSND signal and answer this question. Progress on the MiniBooNE experiment will be presented and prospects for the future will be discussed.     

Hadron accelerators for radiotherapy

Over the last twenty years the treatment of cancer with protons and light nuclei such as carbon ions has moved from being the preserve of research laboratories into widespread clinical use. A number of choices now exist for the creation and delivery of these particles, key amongst these being the adoption of pencil beam scanning using a rotating gantry; attention is now being given to what technologies will enable cheaper and more effective treatment in the future. In this article the physics and engineering used in these hadron therapy facilities is presented, and the research areas likely to lead to substantive improvements. The wider use of superconducting magnets is an emerging trend, whilst further ahead novel high-gradient acceleration techniques may enable much smaller treatment systems. Imaging techniques to improve the accuracy of treatment plans must also be developed hand-in-hand with future sources of particles, a notable example of which is proton computed tomography.