聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯混合溶剂体系 Ⅳ.交联聚合物在混合溶剂中的溶胀

一微有交联的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯试样在甲苯-乙醇和丙酮-水混合溶剂中的平衡溶胀比用容量法作直接测量,当非溶剂的体积分数分别为γ=0.17(乙醇)和0.02(水)时,平衡溶胀比均出现极大,与在稀溶液中的粘度和渗透压行为完全一致.在θ溶剂中的平衡溶胀比Q_θ是与溶剂-非溶剂对无关的常数,因而溶胀数据可以用一维溶胀因子X_(溶胀)= (Q/Q_θ)~(1/3)表示.从实验结果得到聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的溶度参数δ=10.0.     

聚丙烯/石墨导电纳米复合材料的制备与性能

用溶液插层及其与熔体混合相结合的母料熔体混合 (MMM)方法制备了聚丙烯 (PP) 马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯 (gPP) 膨胀石墨 (EG) (gPP EG =3 2wt)导电纳米复合材料 ,其室温逾渗阀值 (c)分别为 6wt%和 8wt % ,明显低于直接熔体混合制得复合材料和PP EG对照材料的c=11wt%和 12wt% .增加gPP含量 (Cg)能提高复合材料的电导率 (σ) ,例如对于MMM法制备的复合材料 ,固定PP gPP =1 1wt时 ,c 降为 7wt% ;保持EG含量 =9wt%时 ,σ在Cg>30wt %后跃升 7个数量级以上 .通过TEM、SEM和OM观察 ,从制备方法、EG和gPP含量影响复合材料形态和微结构的角度 ,分析说明了出现上述差异和现象的原因 .     

ZnSO~4-Thr-H~2O体系(25℃)的相平衡及配合物的合 成与性质

用半微量相平衡方法研究了硫酸锌-苏氨酸-水体系在25℃及全浓度范围内的溶度性质,绘制了体系的相图和饱和溶液折光率曲线,体系中不存在新化合物。在水-丙酮混合溶剂中合成了未见文献报道的Zn(Thr)SO~4·H~2O三元固态化合物,通过化学分析、元素分析、IR,XRD,XPS和TG-DTG等对其组成、结构及热稳定性进行了研究。用精密转动弹热量计测定了配合物的标准燃烧能(-11848.76±17.76)J·g^-^1,求得它的标准燃烧焓(-3534.82±5.30)kJ·mol^-^1,标准生成焓(-256.37±5.69)kJ·mol^-^1.     

DMFCs用磺化聚醚醚酮/功能化二氧化硅复合质子交换膜

在磺化度(DS)为55.1%的磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)中掺杂功能化二氧化硅(吸湿性SiO2溶胶及带有磺酸基团的二氧化硅(SiOx-S)粒子)制备SPEEK/SiO2和SPEEK/SiOx-S复合质子交换膜.SiO2和SiOx-S的掺杂能有效提高复合膜的抗溶胀、阻醇性能及高温低湿情况下的电导率.纯SPEEK膜在80℃溶胀为52.6%,而SiO2和SiOx-S掺杂量为15%的复合膜在此温度下分别仅有26.2%和27.3%的溶胀.在室温至80℃范围内,SPEEK/SiO2(20 wt%)和SPEEK/SiOx-S(20 wt%)复合膜的甲醇透过系数比Nafion115膜小近2个数量级.在120℃、相对湿度(RH)为40%情况下,SPEEK纯膜的电导率仅为2.6×10-4S.cm-1,SPEEK/SiO2(20 wt%)复合膜约为2.0×10-3S.cm-1,而SPEEK/SiOx-S(20 wt%)复合膜高达1.0×10-2S.cm-1,与Nafion115相当.SPEEK/SiO2(20 wt%)和SPEEK/SiOx-S(20 wt%)2种复合膜的尺寸稳定性较高,膜电极无催化剂与膜分离现象,其DMFCs单电池性能好于SPEEK膜.     

聚二甲基硅氧烷在混合溶剂中的粘度和光散射

用Elias沉淀点法求取聚二甲基硅氧烷25℃在乙苯-邻苯二甲酸二乙酯体系,庚烷-二氧六环体系的θ-溶剂组成。测定了聚二甲基硅氧烷八个级份在甲苯溶液中光散射和两种θ-溶剂中特性粘数,得到 [η]_θ=7.62×10~(-2)(?)_ω~(0.50)乙苯-邻苯二甲酸二乙酯体系γ_ω=19.0％ [η]_θ=8.28×10~(-2)(?)_ω~(0.50)庚烷-二氧六环体系γ_ω=77.2％ 聚二甲基硅氧烷分子无扰尺寸存在溶剂介质依赖性。     

稀土催化异戊二烯—马来酸酐交替共聚

首次用 Nd( naph) 3 -Al Et3 催化体系合成异戊二烯 -马来酸酐交替共聚物 .实验结果表明 ,共聚反应适宜条件为 :[M]总 =2 .6mol/L( [Ip]/[MAn]=1 ) ,n( Al) /n( Nd) =1 0 ,[Nd]=5× 1 0 -3 mol/L,甲苯 /二氧六环混合溶剂 (体积比为 2 /5) ,于 5℃聚合 2 h.共聚物收率达到 70 % .用元素分析、 IR和 13 C NMR对共聚物进行表征 ,所得共聚物为交替结构     

ZnSO_4-Thr-H_2O体系(25℃)的相平衡及配合物的合成与性质

用半微量相平衡方法研究了硫酸锌 -苏氨酸 -水体系在 2 5℃及全浓度范围内的溶度性质 ,绘制了体系的相图和饱和溶液折光率曲线 ,体系中不存在新化合物 .在水 -丙酮混合溶剂中合成了未见文献报道的Zn(Thr)SO4 ·H2 O三元固态化合物 ,通过化学分析、元素分析 ,IR ,XRD ,XPS和TG -DTG等对其组成、结构及热稳定性进行了研究 .用精密转动弹热量计测定了配合物的标准燃烧能 ( - 11848.76± 17.76)J·g-1,求得它的标准燃烧焓 ( - 3 5 3 4.82±5 .3 0 )kJ·mol-1,标准生成焓 ( - 2 5 6.3 7± 5 .69)kJ·mol-1.     

介质对配合物稳定性的影响——Ⅳ. Cu(SCN)+-NaNO3-tert-Butyl Alcohol-H2O体系，25℃

本文用分光光度法确定了25℃下配阳离子Cu(SCN)⁺在NaNO₃-叔丁醇-水介质中的稳定常数。混合溶剂中叔丁醇组成为0，5，10，15，20和25 wt%，离子强度范围为0.2～3.0 mole·dm^-3，溶液的pH=1.5～1.6。基于Pitzer理论用最小二乘多项式逼近法，确定了混合溶剂中配合物热力学稳定常数。讨论了配位反应的一级介质效应。     

高性能含镨快淬(Nd,Pr)12(FeCoZr)82B6粘结磁体的制备

采用过快淬加晶化退火处理的方法,研究了含有Pr的近正分快淬(Nd,Pr)12(FeCoZr)82B6粘结磁体制备工艺,粘结出的磁体磁性能为:Br=0.669T,Hci=811kA·m-1,Hcb=434kA·m-1,(BH)m=75kJ·m-3。合金快淬态的组成和显微结构、晶化退火温度、晶化退火时间直接影响磁体的磁性能,以24m·s-1速度快淬,并在655℃退火10min,可获得最佳磁性能。实验制备的粘结快淬(Nd,Pr)12(FeCeZr)82B6磁体(密度6 1g·cm-3)磁性能为:Br=0 669T,Hci=811kA·m-1,Hcb=434kA·m-1,(BH)m=75kJ·m-3     

多检测GPC/SEC技术在高分子表征中的应用—聚(α-甲基苯乙烯-异戊二烯)二嵌段共聚物的溶液性质

采用体积排斥色谱法 (SEC) /示差折光指数 (RI) /直角激光光散射 (RALLS) /示差粘度 (DV )三检测联用技术 ,在THF为溶剂、2 5℃的条件下表征了聚 (α 甲基苯乙烯 异戊二烯 ) (PαMS PI)二嵌段共聚物 ;计算得到了PαMS PI分子的无扰尺寸A为 0 .0 778nm·mol1/ 2 ·g-1/ 2 ;根据PαMS PI与PS分子的无扰尺寸A ,比较了两者在 2 5℃、THF溶剂体系中的链柔性程度 ,证明在此体系中PαMS PI与PS的链柔性程度相当 ;验证了PαMS PI符合普适标定规律     

Cohesional Entanglement of Amorphous Polymer in Glass State as Probed by Equilibrium Swelling in a "Non-Solvent

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ON THE ORIGIN OF STRESS PEAK IN UNI-AXIAL STRETCHING OF AMORPHOUS POLYMERS

Rubber of high molar mass, like cis-polybutadiene, shows a stress peak on theenineering stress-strain curve during stretching at room temperature. In this work cis-polybutadiene samples were swollen in a poor solvent, CHCl_3/EtOH (1/1 v/v), for differenttimes. It was found that both the initial modulus and the stress peak on stretching de-creased in magnitude with increasing swelling time and the peak disappeared entirely after1 hour of swelling. On further swelling the initial modulus increased somewhat and a smallstress peak re-appeared after swelling for 2 h. The disappearance of the stress peak afterswelling is interpreted as the result of disruption of cohesional entanglements present in theinitial rubber sample. The re-appearance of a small stress peak and the increase of modu-lus on further swelling are interpreted as being of the same nature as the phenomenon ofanti-plasticization. It is the result of forming some new cohesional entanglements of largerbinding energies through longer range chain segmental motions excited after the disruptionof the previously existing cohesional entanglements in the rubber. Thus an understand-ing of the stress peak on stretching a high molar mass rubber and the phenomenon ofanti-plasticization on molecular level has been put forward.     

Swelling behavior of chemically crosslinked PVA gels in mixed solvents

We report the swelling behavior of chemically crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gels with different degrees of hydrolysis in water, several organic solvents, and their mixed solvents. The gels were dried after gelation and were put into their respective solvents. The gel volume in pure water decreased with increasing temperatures, and the total changes increased with decreasing degrees of hydrolysis. The swelling ratio depends on the solvent and its concentration. In the cases of mixed solvents of methanol–water, ethanol–water, and acetone–water, the gels shrank continuously with increasing concentrations of solvents and reached the collapsed state in the pure organic solvent. In the case of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), on the other hand, the gels shrunk, swelled, and finally reached the swollen state in pure DMSO. Results of measurements using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) suggested that crosslinks and microcrystallites were formed due to hydrogen bonds during the drying process after gelation. The hydrogen bonds were partly destroyed in a rich solvent, but the residual hydrogen bonds had an essential role in determining the swelling behavior in a poor solvent. The swelling behavior and the possible phase transition of the present system are discussed in terms of the solubility of polymers with different degrees of hydrolysis in given mixed solvents and in terms of the formation and destruction of physical crosslinks in the chemical PVA gels. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 1978–1986, 2010     

Effect of 1,4‐dioxane on synthesis of macroporous poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels

Thermosensitive Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) hydrogels were synthesized by a free radical solution polymerization in three different ways. Normal hydrogels were prepared at room temperature and normal cryogels were prepared at subzero temperature. A cation surfactant dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide (DDBAB) was used during preparation of novel cryogels in freezing state. The response rates of normal hydrogels were very slow, whereas the rates of both normal and novel cryogels were very fast because of the macroporous structure of the cryogels. Mixed solvents which were composed of pure water and 1,4‐dioxane at various concentrations were used instead of pure water during the polymerization. The effects of the mixed solvent on morphology, swelling ratio, and deswelling/reswelling kinetics of the three kinds of hydrogels were investigated. For normal hydrogels and normal cryogels, there was no remarkable difference no matter the mixed solvent or pure water was used. However, the properties of the resulted novel cryogels were much different with the concentration of dioxane. Finally, the resulted hydrogels were used for concentrating emulsified paraffin. The different separation performance was attributed to the different structure of gel matrix. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6594–6603, 2008     

Control on the Morphology of ABA Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymer Micelles in Dioxane/Water Mixture Solvent

This work offers a typical understanding of the factors that govern the nanostructures of poly(4-vinyl pyridine)-b-polystyrene-bpoly(4-vinyl pyridine)(P4 VP-b-PS-b-P4 VP) block copolymers(BCs) in dioxane/water, in which water is a selective solvent for the P4 VP block. It is achieved through an investigation of the amphiphilic triblock copolymer micelles by variation of three different factors, including water content(above CWC but under the immobile concentration), temperature(ranging from 20 °C to 80 °C), and copolymer composition(low and high PS block length). Transition of bead-like micelles to vesicles is observed with the increase of water content due to the increase of interfacial energy between the copolymer and the solvent. Effect of temperature superposed on that of water content results in various morphologies, such as beads, fibers, rods, capsules, toroids, lamellae, and vesicles. The interfacial tension between the BC and the solvent increases with the increase of water content but decreases with the increase of temperature, indicating that the micellar morphologies are resulted from the competitive interplay between the temperature and the water content and always change in a direction that decreases the interfacial energy. Based on the micellar structures obtained in this work and the effects of temperature superposed on water concentration, a diagram of phase evolution of different micellar morphologies is illustrated here, covering the temperature range from 20 °C to 80 °C and the water content changing from 20 vol% to 35 vol%. For the investigation of BC composition, morphological transition of vesicle-to-fiber, for high PS length, is observed as compared with bead-to-capsule for low PS length, as the temperature changes from 20 °C to 80 °C. Our research complements the protocols to control over the morphologies and the phase diagram describing P4 VP-b-PS-b-P4 VP micellar nanostructures in aqueous solution.     

Phase equilibria in polymer/solvent systems. Part V: Thermodynamic theory of the swelling pressure equilibrium of a crosslinked substance with a solvent in various phases

A thermodynamic theory has been developed to define the swelling pressure equilibrium between a homogeneous gel and a pure solvent, where phase transitions of the solvent, such as evaporation and crystallization can occur. It is shown that the equilibrium curve, which describes the temperature dependence of the composition in the gel phase under the condition of a constant swelling pressure, has distinct bends at the transition temperatures. These bends are related to the enthalpies of transition of the pure solvent at the transition temperatures. As a consequence of the phase transition of the solvent the swelling pressure-temperature curve at constant composition of the gel shows a discontinuous behavior at the transition point. Numerical calculations with a modified Flory-Huggins expression, based on results of swelling and deswelling measurements of the system crosslinked PEG/water, are presented.The discussion includes natural systems, which are in the gel state, where water may crystallize in the extracellular space.     

Intelligent reversible nanoporous antireflection film by solvent-stimuli-responsive phase transformation of amphiphilic block copolymer

An erasure-reconstruction porous structure with reversible antireflection (AR) property at near-infrared region (NIR) was prepared for the first time based on solvent-stimuli-responsive phase transformation of polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinypyridine) (PS-b-P4VP). The inhomogeneous porous structure with a dense skin and porous underneath, which was obtained by the nonsolvent-induced phase separation of PS-b-P4VP film from micelle solution with mixed solvents (tetrahydrofuran and dimethylformamide), was used as starting porous film. Then, the film was annealed by PS-selective solvent to erase the nanopores because the PS block was swollen effectively by its selective solvent. Afterward, the nonporous film was immersed in linear aliphatic acid to reconstruct the nanoporous structure (loosely packed micelles) by the combination of the hydrogen bond interaction and the positively charge-induced repulsion between each chain. Thus, an intelligent reversible AR property in the NIR region between a high-transmittance porous state (～99.0%) and a low-transmittance nonporous state (～90.0%) was realized by alternate treatments of PS-selective solvent and linear aliphatic acids. This reversible erasure-reconstruction porous structure for switching between AR (98.0%) and non-AR (90.0%) properties could be recycled by at least four times.     

Stress-optical coefficients of swollen polymer networks

Stress-optical coefficients have been determined for crosslinked samples of polyethylen (PE) and polystyrene (PS) at high temperatures, i.e., in the rubberlike state, and when swollen in a variety of liquids. For PE, swelling liquids with long straight molecules gave large values of optical anisotropy whereas liquids with more symmetrical molecules gave minimum values, as found previously for cis- polyisoprene and trans-polyisoprene. This solvent effect is attributed to short-range orientational order in molecularly asymmetric media. Sizes of the equivalent random link for unperturbed molecules of these three polymers were deduced from the minimum values of optical anisotropy. Measures of shape asymmetry were also obtained by matching the optical anisotropy of samples when unswollen with that observed when swollen with a liquid of known molecular asymmetry. Reasonable agreement was found to hold between the two methods. In contrast, the optical anisotropy of swollen PS was found to be substantially independent of the swelling liquid. The apparent absence of a molecular ordering effect in this case is attributed to the bulky nature of the PS molecule. A marked reduction in optical anisotropy on swelling is ascribed to increased phenyl group motion.     

Deformation behavior of polymer networks containing or interacting with a solvent

General formalism to describe both equilibrium and nonequilibrium states of polymer networks containing a solvent or interacting with the solvent medium is proposed. Two classes of problems have been formulated. It is necessary to determine the stress-strain state of an inhomogeneously swollen material in one case and that of a statically loaded material occurring in thermodynamic equilibrium with the solvent in the other case. The state of the swollen material is characterized in terms of the global mechanical stress tensor and the solvent chemical potential. In the case of incompressible material and liquid, an osmotic stress tensor is introduced. A method for deriving physical expressions for the mechanical stress tensor, the chemical potential, and the osmotic stress tensor is proposed on the basis of the known free energy relations that follow from different theories of rubber elasticity. The efficacy of the general formalism is demonstrated using particular examples in which the deformation behavior and the equilibrium swelling of mechanically loaded polymer networks are considered.     

Synthesis of micron-sized poly(styrene-<Emphasis Type="Italic">co</Emphasis>-divinylbenzene) hollow particles from seeded emulsions by using swelling solvents

Hollow micron-sized poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) particles were produced in seeded emulsions in the presence of swelling solvents. The size and morphology of the resulting polymer particles can be altered by varying swelling solvent in seeded polymerization at elevated temperature. The effects of swelling agents, including hydrophobic solvents, hydrophilic solvents and solvent mixtures, on the microstructure of particles were investigated. The formation of hollow poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) particles depended significantly on a fast and effective phase separation between the cross-linked shell and the swollen core, that occurred only in the presence of an appropriate swelling solvent.