低侵彻手枪弹入水侵彻性能数值模拟研究

利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模拟技术,对国产9 mm手枪弹头进行了2种新的设计,使其具有了高杀伤、低侵彻的性能。这两种设计完成的新弹型分别为软尖弹和空尖弹。通过对3种弹型入水过程的数值模拟,获得了他们的速度衰减曲线、位移曲线、相对动能曲线以及形成的瞬时空腔。其中,获得的正常手枪弹头的速度衰减曲线和实验速度衰减曲线相差很小。对获得的结果进行比较可以得出结论:在低侵彻性和高杀伤性方面空尖弹是优于软尖弹的。同时,通过对空尖弹斜入水进行计算可以得出结论:空尖弹在斜入水的过程中其弹道将会发生相应偏移。     

Dynamics of nonlocal and localized spatiotemporal solitons for a partially nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation

Modern methods of nonlinear dynamics including time histories, phase portraits, power spectra, and Poincaré sections are used to characterize the stability and bifurcation regions of a cantilevered pipe conveying fluid with symmetric constraints at the point of contact. In this study, efforts are made to demonstrate the importance of characterizing the system at the arbitrarily positioned symmetric constraints rather than at the tip of the cantilevered pipe. Using the full nonlinear equations of motion and the Galerkin discretization, a nonlinear analysis is performed. After validating the model with previous results using the bifurcation diagrams and achieving full agreement, the bifurcation diagram at the point of contact is further investigated to select key flow velocities of interest. In addition to demonstrating the progression of the selected regions using primarily phase portraits, a detailed comparison is made between the tip and the point of contact at the key flow velocities. In doing so, period doubling, pitchfork bifurcations, grazing bifurcations, sticking, and chaos that occur at the point of contact are found to not always occur at the tip for the same flow speed. Thus, it is shown that in the case of cantilevered pipes with constraints, more accurate characterization of the system is obtained in a specified range of flow velocities by characterizing the system at the point of contact rather than at the tip.     

Studies of dynamics of a lightweight wheeled mobile robot during longitudinal motion on soft ground

The paper is concerned with the study of longitudinal motion of a lightweight wheeled mobile robot on soft ground. The study is focused on the influence of the desired longitudinal velocity of a robot on both the longitudinal slip of the wheels and the ratio of wheel-terrain contact angles. Design of the four-wheeled skid-steered robot and research environment are described. Experimental investigations were conducted on a dedicated test stand with dry sand. A dynamics model of the robot-ground system taking into account properties of soft ground is presented. The classical terramechanics models of Bekker and Janosi-Hanamoto are used. Results of simulation research of robot motion and of the analogous experimental investigations are presented. Actual motion parameters of the robot and the values of longitudinal slip ratio of the wheels are determined. The results of simulation and experimental investigations are compared and discussed. A formula to describe front-to-back wheel-terrain contact angle ratio dependency on the desired velocity is proposed.     

The transient temperature field existing about a cooled stationary electrical contact

A numerical analysis is formulated and used to determine the transient temperature fields associated with Joule heating of a cooled stationary electrical contact. The contact is treated as a hemisphere. The field equations are developed using complex variables and conformal transforms, and the resulting equations are solved using finite differences.Contours of constant temperature are given that show a maximum temperature located very close to the center of the contact patch; this qualitatively agrees with earlier findings of Holm.     

Motion of a circular cylinder in a viscous liquid between parallel plates

The two-dimensional motion of a cylinder in a viscous fluid between two parallel walls of a vertical channel is studied. It is found that when the cylinder moves very closely along one of the channel walls, it always rotates in the direction opposite to that of contact rolling along the nearest wall. When the cylinder is away from the walls, its rotation depends on the Reynolds number of the flow. In this study two numerical methods were used. One is for the unsteady motion of a sedimenting cylinder initially released from a position close to one of the channel walls, where the Navier-Stokes equations are solved for the fluid and Newton's equations of motion are solved for the rigid cylinder. The other method is for the steady flow in which a cylinder is fixed in a uniform flow field where the channel walls are sliding past the cylinder at the speed of the approaching flow, or equivalently a cylinder is moving with a constant velocity in a quiescent fluid. The flow field, the drag, the side force (lift), and the torque experienced by the cylinder are studied in detail. The effects of the cylinder location in the channel, the size of the channel relative to the cylinder diameter, and the Reynolds number of the flow are examined. In the limit when the cylinder is translating very closely along one of the walls, the flow in the gap between the cylinder and the wall is solved analytically using lubrication theory, and the numerical solution in the other region is used to piece together the whole flow field.This research was supported by NSF DMR91-20668 through the Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter at the University of Pennsylvania and from the Research Foundation of the University of Pennsylvania.     

Characterization of the Grain-Level Mechanical Behavior of Eglin Sand by Nanoindentation

Characterization was made on the structure and grain-level mechanical behavior of Eglin sand (Quikrete #1961 sand quarried in Pensacola, FL). The as-received assorted sand was sorted to six grain sizes: 0.60 mm, 0.50 mm, 0.42 mm, 0.30 mm, 0.212 mm, and 0.15 mm. The sand chemical constituents and crystalline structures were determined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The Young’s modulus and hardness were determined using nanoindentation with a Berkovich tip, and the fracture toughness was measured using a cube-corner tip. The median Young’s modulus, hardness and fracture toughness were determined as 90.4 GPa, 12.8 GPa and 2.32 MPa?m^0.5, respectively. The mechanical properties were analyzed statistically and the parameters of the Weibull distribution were determined. The grains show highly ductile behavior under nanoindentation due to confinement by high pressure induced by Berkovich tip. An inverse problem solving approach using finite element method (FEM) with the consideration of the Ramberg-Osgood model was used to determine the stress–strain relationship for individual sand grains.     

Sand particle dislodgement in windblown sand

The incipient motion of sand particle from sand bed plays a very important role in the prediction of windblown sand.In this paper,we proposed a new method for predicting the incipient motion of sand particle based on wind speed fluctuation as follows,when the wind speed is larger than the critical wind speed,if the total impulse on sand particle is larger than the critical impulse,incipient motion of sand particle would take place,otherwise if not.Furthermore,from the analysis of entrainment in the rolling and lifting modes,we come to the following conclusion.When the average wind speed is smaller than the critical wind speed,if the average wind speed is used to judge the incipient motion of sand particle,one will underestimate the number of sand particles jumping from the bed,if the instantaneous wind speed is used to judge incipient motion of sand particle,one will overestimate the number of sand particles jumping from the bed;When the average wind speed is larger than the critical wind speed,either the average or the instantaneous wind speeds is used to judge the incipientmotion of sand particles,one will overestimate the number of sand particles jumping from the bed.     

Development of a machine integrated strain-based contact force sensor for pad foot soil compactors

An investigation was undertaken to explore the use of measurable pad strains on a non-vibratory pad foot roller to provide real time continuous evidence of compaction and contact force. Individual pads were instrumented with strain gages in a pattern chosen based on pad finite element analysis (FEA). Different pad–soil contact stress distributions were modeled to simulate a range of soil conditions. The FEA revealed that the contact stress distribution has a significant influence on the observed pad strain field, suggesting soil specific interpretation of pad strains in order to determine contact force. Results from uniaxial laboratory testing of pad loading on dry sand verified the FEA, i.e., experimental strains generally matched within 15% of FEA strains. The contact stress distribution was measured using tactile pressure sensors and found to be moderately parabolic. A soil specific empirical calibration factor relating vertical sidewall strains to contact force was determined. Field testing was performed on the dry sand with multiple instrumented pads installed on a Caterpillar CP56 roller. Pad strain magnitudes increased up to 250% during compaction from repeated passes of the roller. Using the empirical calibration factor, the estimated contact force was shown to increase with compaction, represented by the independently-measured soil unit weight.     

The reflection of a shock wave over a cone

An investigation was made of the reflection of planar shock waves from cones. 86 cones, the half apex angle of which varied from 10° to 52° at every 0.5°, were installed in a 60 mm×150 mm diaphragmless shock tube equipped with holographic interferometry. The diaphragmless shock tube had a high degree of reproducibility with which the scatter of shock wave Mach number was within ±0.25% for shock wave Mach number ranging from 1.16 to approximately 2.0. The reflection of shock waves over cones was visualized using double exposure holographic interferometry. Whitham's geometrical shock wave dynamics was used to analyse the motion of Mach stems over cones. It is found that for relatively smaller apex angles of cones trajectory angles of resulting irregular reflections coincide with the so-called glancing incidence angles and their Mach stems appear to be continuously curved from its intersection point with the incident shock wave, which shows the chractericstic of von Neumann reflection. The domain of the existence of the von Neumann reflection was analytically obtained and was found to be broadened much more widely than that of two-dimensional reflections of shock waves over wedges.     

Dynamic analysis of a flexible slider–crank mechanism with clearance

In this paper we are interested in the study of the dynamic behavior of a planar flexible slider–crank mechanism with clearance. Simulation and experimental tests were carried out for this goal. For the simulation tests, we have built the model under the software ADAMS. We used a contact model based on the so called Impact-function. An experimental set-up was designed and built to achieve some experimental validations. The presented results show that, in the presence of clearance, the mechanism responses were greatly influenced. The motion is characterized by the occurrence of three phases: a free motion, a continuous contact motion and an impact motion. In this paper, both the case of the mechanism with rigid link and the case with flexible link were studied. It is shown that in the presence of clearance, the coupler flexibility has a role of suspension for the mechanism.     

Effects of tine rake angle and aspect ratio on soil reactions in dry loam soil

Study was conducted in a laboratory glass-sided soil bin with dry compact loam soil with 5.2% (d.b.) moisture content. The specific objective of this study was to determine the effects of flat rigid tine rake angle (forward angle between tine face and horizontal soil surface) and aspect ratio (tine width/tine depth) on soil reactions. The tine was moved in the soil in a quasi-static condition and soil reactions were recorded using L-shaped force transducers. Corresponding soil failure patterns were observed through a glass window. Tine rake angles of 50°, 90° and 130° were used. The effects of aspect ratio were studied by varying both width and depth of the tines. Individual effects of width and depth were investigated by maintaining a constant aspect ratio of 2.0 but varying width and depth. Observations indicated that soil reactions are affected by tine design parameters. For all tine rake angles and aspect ratios, soil reactions were observed to be cyclic in nature and could be matched well with corresponding soil failure patterns. The horizontal and vertical soil reactions were in phase. Investigations into the individual effects of tine width and depth revealed that the aspect ratio alone cannot account for changes in soil reactions. The effects are mainly due to the individual changes in width and depth.     

含抗转能力散粒体的宏微观力学特性数值分析

颗粒间抗转因素对散粒体宏微观特性的影响十分显著。本文采用离散单元法,将蒋明镜（2005年）等提出的抗转动接触模型植入离散元分析软件PFC2D中,模拟了大量刚性边界下的砂土双轴试验,研究了压缩过程中试样的宏观力学性质及部分微观参量的变化情况,用以定性分析颗粒间抗转作用对散粒体的宏微观力学特性的影响。研究表明：颗粒间的抗转...     

In Situ Observation of Material Failure in Cast Aluminum Alloy During Monotonic Loading Observed by a High-Speed Camera

In situ observation of the failure characteristics of a cast aluminum alloy has been conducted using a testing system with a high-speed camera. The failure process of the cast Al alloy was captured clearly with an high image resolution (1,024?×?1,024 pixels) at a high frame rate (20,000/s), where the specimen surface for observation was dyed dark using a black oil-based ink. A dark curtain was set behind the test specimen as background. Strong lighting of about 10 klx was used, which was applied to the dark specimen surface for clarification of material failure. The aim of this approach was to detect the failure characteristics or failure objects with bright zone. Using this system, both debris particles flying from the fracture sample and dislocation-like movements were detected. These were observable as tiny bright dots. The flying debris particles of about 35 μm in diameter consisted mainly of Si- and Fe-based eutectic structures. The flying speed of the debris particles was about 1,800 mm/s and their flight distance from the specimen was about 100 mm. The velocity of the dislocation-like movements was found to be less than 1,000 mm/s, and this motion was seen repeatedly before and after sample failure occurred.     

Self-induced jumping of a rigid body of revolution on a smooth horizontal surface

The article is devoted to the study of the motion of a rigid body of revolution on a rigid and perfectly smooth horizontal surface under the influence of the uniform gravitational field. Basic equations are listed and their solutions are given. The unilateral contact between the body and the plane at non-steady motion is investigated and the procedure of calculation of threshold values of the body energy above which the contact is broken is given. In contrast to Shimomura et al. [Dynamics of an axisymmetric body spinning on a horizontal surface. II. Self-induced jumping. Proc. R. Soc. A 461 (2005) 1775-1809], who assumed sliding friction in their analysis, it is found that the self-induced jumping can also occur in the absence of friction at the very beginning of the motion. The free motion after the contact is lost and impact of the body when it again makes contact with the plane is discussed. The motion of a spheroid and a disk which illustrate the results of the general theory are discussed in some detail.     

Sliding a body on snow

Snow is considered as an ideal nonlinear elastoplastic medium. A body performs planeparallel motion on snow. The area of its contact with snow is a part of a rectangular plate. The contact zone changes during the motion of the body. Steady motions are found from the derived equations of motion in the case when the constant external forces and the moment exerted on the body are given. The inverse problem of determining the forces and moments is solved for a given steady motion of a vehicle.     

Initial stage of the inclined impact of a smooth body on a thin fluid layer

The two-dimensional problem of the oblique impact of a free rigid body with a smooth flat bottom on a thin layer of an ideal incompressible fluid is considered. The initial stage of the impact when the body motion is accompanied by the formation of jets on the boundary of the body-fluid contact zone is investigated. The problem is solved jointly, i.e., the fluid flow initiated by the body motion and the motion of the body itself are determined simultaneously. A priori the “body-fluid” contact zone is unknown and determination of its time evolution represents a significant difficulty and the method of asymptotic matched expansions is used to overcome this difficulty. A system of integro-differential equations is obtained and the motion of the body under the action of hydrodynamic loads is investigated numerically on the basis of this system. It is shown that the hydrodynamic force exerted on the body during the impact is maximum precisely in the initial stage; therefore, the motion of the body varies fairly significantly in time considered.     

The bouncing motion appearing in a robotic system with unilateral constraint

The hopping or bouncing motion can be observed when robotic manipulators are sliding on a rough surface. Making clear the reason of generating such phenomenon is important for the control and dynamical analysis for mechanical systems. In particular, such phenomenon may be related to the problem of Painlevé paradox. By using LCP theory, a general criterion for identifying the bouncing motion appearing in a planar multibody system subject to single unilateral constraint is established, and found its application to a two-link robotic manipulator that comes in contact with a rough constantly moving belt. The admissible set in state space that can assure the manipulator keeping contact with the rough surface is investigated, and found which is influenced by the value of the friction coefficient and the configuration of the system. Painlevé paradox can cause either multiple solutions or non-existence of solutions in calculating contact force. Developing some methods to fill in the flaw is also important for perfecting the theory of rigid-body dynamics. The properties of the tangential impact relating to the inconsistent case of Painlevé paradox have been discovered in this paper, and a jump rule for determining the post-states after the tangential impact finishes is developed. Finally, the comprehensively numerical simulation for the two-link robotic manipulator is carried out, and its dynamical behaviors such as stick-slip, the bouncing motion due to the tangential impact at contact point or the external forces, are exhibited.     

Limitations of passive earth pressure theory for cage wheel lug and tine force predictions

Experiments in wet clay soil with cage wheel lug showed that the failure pattern in front of a lug was totally different from that assumed in passive soil pressure theory. Based on the failure pattern, the area of deformation zone and surcharge buildup in front of the lug, it was observed that the existing passive soil pressure theory could not be used to describe the soil movement caused by the action of the cage wheel lug. While working with a tine, four types of soil failure patterns were observed. It was found that these types of soil failures in front of a rigid tine were a strong function of soil moisture content. Passive pressure theory does not accurately predict the forces measured.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND-BLOWN SAND MOVEMENT BASED ON SPH

运用光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particles hydrodynamics, SPH)方法对沙粒和气流的相互耦合运动特性进行了分析,研究提出了风沙流的SPH数值方法并进行了数值模拟. 首先提出了风沙流的SPH建模方法和基本理论,建立了风沙流动的SPH数值模拟平台. 其次通过建立风沙流的SPH 模型并施加边界条件,对自然风作用下沙粒的运动情况进行了数值模拟,详细分析了沙粒运动轨迹及特性,最后通过与相关研究成果对比分析,验证了完善后的SPH方法有效性. 通过考虑气流场的可变性,在风沙流SPH计算模型中引入了加载(起风)和卸载(停风)方式,观察并对比分析了沙粒的运动轨迹和特性. 为进一步研究风沙流的实时动态非线性行为提供了SPH理论基础和数值分析方法.     

New method for oblique impact dynamics research of a flexible beam with large overall motion considering impact friction force

A flexible beam with large overall rotating motion impacting with a rigid slope is studied in this paper. The tangential friction force caused by the oblique impact is analyzed. The tangential motion of the system is divided into a stick state and a slip state. The contact constraint model and Coulomb friction model are used respectively to deal with the two states. Based on this hybrid mod-eling method, dynamic equations of the system, which include all states (before, during, and after the collision) are obtained. Simulation results of a concrete example are compared with the results obtained from two other models: a nontangential friction model and a modified Coulomb model. Differences in the results from the three models are discussed. The tangential friction force cannot be ignored when an oblique impact occurs. In addition, the results obtained from the model proposed in this paper are more consistent with real movement.