Empirical models for NOx and SO2 removal in a double stage flue gas irradiation process

A multidimensional regression method has been applied to construct empirical model equations of NO_x and SO₂ removal efficiency in e–b process for a two-stage irradiation system based on results achieved for the EPS Kaw czyn pilot plant. The influence of different parameters such as dose, temperature, gas humidity and ammonia stoichiometry have been studied. Model equations describe with satisfactory accuracy experimental results. Therefore obtained models equations can be used for prediction of NO_x and SO₂ removal efficiency in e–b process during two-stage irradiation of flue gases, particularly in the case of scale-up. The results will be implemented in the industrial electron beam flue gas treatment installation being constructed at EPS Pomorzany, Dolna Odra PS Group SA, Poland (flue gas flow 270,000 N m³/h, total beam power of applied accelerators 1.2 MW).     

复杂烟气条件下太西活性焦脱除Hg0的实验研究

为了解复杂烟气条件下活性焦吸附剂的脱汞特性,利用汞渗透管和主要气体成分模拟复杂烟气,在实验室规模的固态吸附剂汞吸附效能测定系统上,进行了太西活性焦吸附单质汞的实验研究,并采用FT-IR对活性焦表面进行了光谱表征。结果表明,在活性焦表面存在各种含氧官能团;在CO₂/N₂/O₂/SO₂/Hg⁰烟气体系中,当SO₂加入量为400、855、1 520 mL/m³时,出口汞浓度分别为36、43、48 μg/m³,SO₂对系统吸附Hg⁰的能力有抑制作用;在CO₂/N₂/O₂/NO/Hg⁰烟气体系中,较低浓度的NO对Hg⁰脱除有抑制作用,而高浓度值的NO抑制作用减弱;在CO₂/N₂/O₂/NO/SO₂/Hg⁰烟气体系下,提高NO浓度对Hg⁰脱除有一定的促进作用,而提高SO₂浓度初期促进汞的脱除,后期则表现为抑制作用。     

应用水汽相变促进湿法脱硫净烟气中PM_(2.5)和SO_3酸雾脱除的研究

在石灰石-石膏法脱硫净烟气中分别采用添加适量蒸汽和湿空气方式建立PM_(2.5)和SO_3酸雾凝结长大所需的过饱和水汽环境,在测试分析湿法脱硫净烟气中PM_(2.5)及SO_3酸雾物性的基础上,考察了蒸汽及湿空气添加量、脱硫净烟气温度等的影响。结果表明,湿法脱硫净烟气中PM2.5除含有燃煤飞灰外,含Ca SO_4、Ca SO_3及未反应的Ca CO_3等组分;由于SO_3酸雾基本处于亚微米级粒径范围,湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统对SO_3酸雾的脱除率仅为35%-55%;添加适量蒸汽及湿空气方式均可促进湿法脱硫净烟气中PM_(2.5)和SO_3酸雾脱除,最终排放浓度随蒸汽或湿空气添加量的增加而降低,其中,添加蒸汽方式适合于脱硫净烟气温度较低(≤50-55℃)的场合,在脱硫净烟气温度较高(≥55-60℃)时,利用添加湿空气方式替代添加蒸汽更具技术经济优势。     

Application of an Electrostatic Precipitator for Instrumental Sampling of Sulfuric Acid

Abstract

A means of separating gaseous sulfuric acid from flue gas particles has been evaluated. Previous attempts to achieve this separation by filtration resulted in retention of the acid by the particulate buildup on the filter surface. By conducting a laboratory study of a prototype electrostatic precipitator, followed by actual flue gas sampling, it was found that the precipitator may eliminate the need for a filter without affecting the measurement results. It was also found that the precipitator could be used prior to a prototype acid monitor for the successful continual monitoring of H₂S0₄ in combustion gases.     

410t/h煤粉锅炉的汞排放及其NID系统除汞特性研究

对配备有NID系统的410t/h燃煤电站锅炉的煤、底渣、飞灰进行取样,测定了样品中汞的含量。采用Ontario Hydro方法测定了NID前和ESP后烟气中汞的形态。实验结果表明,汞主要以飞灰形式排放,占总汞量的90%,烟气汞占10%。NID前和ESP后的烟气中,汞的浓度分别为21.3μg/m3~22.4μg/m3和1.93μg/m3~3.67μg/m3,说明该NID系统对烟气中汞具有相当高的脱除效率,达到83.6%~90.9%。对汞的化学形态研究表明,NID前烟气汞主要以Hg2+形式存在,占气态汞量的67%;ESP后烟气中Hg2+占气态汞量的71.8%~85.1%,Hg0的含量为零,说明烟气中Hg0在NID系统中经历一系列的氧化还原反应后,被氧化成Hg2+并吸附脱除。     

The study of electron beam flue gas treatment for coal-fired thermal plant in Japan

The fundamental research work with simulated coal-fired flue gas was performed in JAERI to get basic data for electron beam treatment of flue gas from thermal power plants in Japan. The standard condition of the experiments was set to be the same as that of next large scale pilot test in Nagoya. The concentrations of NO_x and SO_x were 225 ppm and 800 ppm, respectively. The temperature of the system was 65°C. The effect of multiple irradiation was observed for NO_x removal. The target SO_x and NO_x removals (94% and 80%, respectively) with low NH₃ leakage (less than 10 ppm) were achieved at 9 kGy irradiation with 0.9 NH₃ stoichiometry during 7 hours continuous operation. The facility for the pilot plant (12,000 Nm³/hr) has just built at the site of Shin-Nagoya power plant of Chubu Electric Power Company and will be started in full operation in November 1992.     

电晕法烟气脱硫脱硝的测试问题

在电晕法烟气脱硫脱硝实验中发现，只有巧妙地设计测试方法，方能保证ＳＯ２和ＮＯｘ浓度的测试结果的准确性和可靠性。本文报道了作者提出了取样烟气脱氨测ＳＯ２，用Ｈ２Ｏ２脱ＳＯ２测ＮＯｘ等改进方法。     

热预处理影响褐煤热解行为研究

采用固定床反应器研究了不同气氛热预处理对内蒙胜利褐煤结构的改变,及其对后续热解行为的影响。结果表明,与原煤相比,热预处理后煤中羟基含量和芳香氢与脂肪氢的比减少,脂肪氢的相对含量增加。与未经处理的煤热解相比,N2、N2+O2、CO2气氛下热预处理后热解水收率下降,热解气收率增加,热解气中CO2含量增高,导致高位热值下降。过热水蒸气热预处理后,焦油质量收率提高3～4个百分点。热解焦油组成的变化与预处理气氛、温度密切相关,过热水蒸气200℃下预处理使得焦油中轻质组分的含量(沸点低于360℃的馏分)比原煤焦油提高了约27个百分点;水蒸气和模拟烟气混合气氛下在200℃及250℃预处理后,其热解焦油中轻油和酚油含量分别提高约60和42个百分点。     

Influence of gas flow patterns on NOx removal efficiency

Dose distribution in flue gas irradiation vessel is not uniform due to limited electron penetration range. This phenomena influence overall NO_x removal efficiency is observed in the process. The remarkable increase in the efficiency can be achieved by multistage gas irradiation and gas mixing between stages. The results of modelling for longitudinal beam scanning as applied at EPS Kawêczyn pilot plant are presented in the paper. These are the basis for process vessel upscaling.     

Kinetics of SO2 removal from flue gas by electron beam technique

Laboratory scale experiments were carried out in order to get more information about the oxidation of SO₂ by OH radicals (homogeneous reaction) and the oxidation of SO₂ at aerosol surfaces (heterogeneous reaction). For the experiment of homogeneous reaction, SO₂ was added to synthetic flue gas without initial NO and without ammonia and the mixture was irradiated with electron beam. The SO₂ removal was measured as a function of temperature and water vapour concentration at constant dose. For the experiment of heterogeneous reaction, SO₂ was added to nucleating sulfuric acid aerosol. No SO₂ removal was observed in this case. So, it can be concluded that the heterogeneous oxidation of SO₂ is negligible in the absence of ammonia. Therefore, the oxidation of SO₂ must be interpreted merely by homogeneous gas phase chemistry. The gas phase kinetics are derived from comparison of experimental results and computer modelling.     

LIFAC烟气脱硫中应用蒸汽相变促进细颗粒物脱除的实验研究

在炉内喷钙尾部增湿活化(LIFAC)脱硫后的低温高湿烟气中添加适量蒸汽建立蒸汽相变所需的过饱和环境,促进水汽在细颗粒物表面凝结,进而由高效除雾器脱除凝结长大的含尘液滴.采用电称低压冲击器(ELPI)实时测定细颗粒物数量浓度及粒径分布,维萨拉温湿度变送器测试烟气温度和湿度.考察了活化水添加量、蒸汽添加量、细颗粒物数量浓度...     

On-line monitoring of traces of aromatic-, phenolic- and chlorinated components in flue gases of industrial scale incinerators and cigarette smoke by direct-inlet laser ionization-mass spectrometry (REMPI-TOFMS)

The combination of laser induced resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) represents a highly selective as well as sensitive analytical technique, well suited for species selective real-time, on-line monitoring of trace-gases. Results presented are obtained with a newly designed, mobile REMPI-TOFMS instrument, optimized for field applications. The mobile REMPI-TOFMS device either is equipped with a compact excimer laser (KrF, λ = 248 nm) or a small Nd:YAG laser (forth harmonic frequency, λ = 266 nm). A special effusive molecular beam inlet system was used, which allows direct inlet of flue gases from e.g. waste incinerators without memory effects for compounds of a molecular weight of up to 260–280 amu. Detection sensitivities in the sub-ppb region are achieved under field measurement conditions. Applications concerning on-line monitoring of combustion byproducts and fuel components are presented. This includes on-line analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the flue gas of a 0.5 MW waste incineration pilot plant, headspace analysis of wood gasification products and crude oil composition (fuel analysis) as well as highly time resolved (single puff resolution) on-line analysis of cigarette smoke. The application of the on-line REMPI-TOFMS monitor for continuous analysis of dioxin indicators in the flue gas of e.g. hazardous waste incinerators is discussed.     

流化床快速制不定形活性焦脱除烟气中SO2的研究

利用大型流化床制得了适用于脱除烟道气中二氧化硫的不定形活性焦AC-A,并对其进行了特性分析,在固定床上考察了不同条件下脱除SO2的性能。与硫容相近的商业活性焦AC-B的脱硫性能对比,发现其脱硫性能较好。实验结果表明,在烟气中的二氧化硫的体积分数为0.05%~0.12%,反应温度为80 ℃～100 ℃,空速（GHSV）为1 200 h-1,O2的体积分数为6%,水蒸气为10%的情况下,活性焦AC-A保持SO2脱除率在90%以上达5 h。再生循环脱硫实验表明,活性焦AC-A具有良好的再生脱硫活性。     

Properties of the wastes produced in the semi-dry FGD installation

In this paper the examination results of chemical and phase composition as well as wastes graining from the semi-dry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) have been presented. The wastes contain mainly semi-hydrate calcium sulfite and calcium sulfate. The phase composition changes of wastes at the temperature of 350 and 600°C have been determined. On the basis of carried out examinations, possibilities of flue gas desulfurization wastes utilization in building materials production (sulfite and anhydrite cement) are proposed.     

面向环境应用的超重力反应器强化技术:从理论到工业化

工业酸性气体是造成环境污染的最主要因素之一.本文围绕国家环保超低排放新要求,提出了超重力反应强化理论原理和新途径,利用超重力反应器数量级强化传质和超短停留时间优势,高选择性地从混合酸性气体中反应脱除SO2、H2S或CO2,实现了硫化物超低排放;提出了"科学实验+微观机理模型+宏观CFD模拟"三位一体的超重力反应器放大方法,实现了超重力反应器的工程放大,研制出国际规模最大的超重力反应器(转子直径3.5 m、外壳5 m,气体处理量20×104 m3/h)并投入产业化应用;该强化新技术现已在工业尾气脱SO2、石油炼厂气和海洋天然气脱H2S、电厂烟气脱CO2等环保工程中实现了工业应用和推广.     

On-line monitoring of traces of aromatic-, phenolic- and chlorinated components in flue gases of industrial scale incinerators and cigarette smoke by direct-inlet laser ionization-mass spectrometry (REMPI-TOFMS)

The combination of laser induced resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) represents a highly selective as well as sensitive analytical technique, well suited for species selective real-time, on-line monitoring of trace-gases. Results presented are obtained with a newly designed, mobile REMPI-TOFMS instrument, optimized for field applications. The mobile REMPI-TOFMS device either is equipped with a compact excimer laser (KrF, λ = 248 nm) or a small Nd:YAG laser (forth harmonic frequency, λ = 266 nm). A special effusive molecular beam inlet system was used, which allows direct inlet of flue gases from e.g. waste incinerators without memory effects for compounds of a molecular weight of up to 260–280 amu. Detection sensitivities in the sub-ppb region are achieved under field measurement conditions. Applications concerning on-line monitoring of combustion byproducts and fuel components are presented. This includes on-line analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the flue gas of a 0.5 MW waste incineration pilot plant, headspace analysis of wood gasification products and crude oil composition (fuel analysis) as well as highly time resolved (single puff resolution) on-line analysis of cigarette smoke. The application of the on-line REMPI-TOFMS monitor for continuous analysis of dioxin indicators in the flue gas of e.g. hazardous waste incinerators is discussed. Received: 25 September 1998 / Revised: 7 December 1998 / Accepted: 10 December 1998     

UV/H2O2工艺湿法脱除燃煤烟气中NO的研究

在自行设计的内置紫外光-鼓泡器中，利用UV/H₂O₂高级氧化工艺湿法脱除燃煤烟气中的NO气体。主要对紫外光强度、H₂O₂初始浓度、NO初始浓度以及烟气总流量对NO脱除效率的影响进行了考察。研究结果表明，在实验范围内，NO脱除效率随着紫外光强度和H₂O₂初始浓度的增加而增加，但当达到一定值后，NO脱除效率的增加幅度均变得相对平缓；NO脱除效率随着NO初始浓度以及烟气总流量的增加呈近似线性减小。通过离子色谱对液相离子产物进行了定性与定量检测，并对NO中的氮元素进行了物料平衡计算，在此基础上对NO脱除路径与产物形态进行了理论分析。
     

Role of Ceria in the Design of Composite Materials for Elemental Mercury Removal

The necessity to drastically act against mercury pollution has been emphatically addressed by the United Nations. Coal‐fired power plants contribute a great deal to the anthropogenic emissions; therefore, numerous sorbents/catalysts have been developed to remove elemental mercury (Hg⁰) from flue gases. Among them, ceria (CeO₂) has attracted significant interest, due to its reversible Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ redox pair, surface‐bound defects and acid‐base properties. The removal efficiency of Hg⁰ vapor depends among others, on the flue gas composition and temperature. CeO₂ can be incorporated into known materials in such a way that the abatement process can be effective at different operating conditions. Hence, the scope of this account is to discuss the role of CeO₂ as a promoter, active phase and support in the design of composite Hg⁰ sorbents/catalysts. The elucidation of each of these roles would allow the integration of CeO₂ advantageous characteristics to such degree, that tailor‐made environmental solution to complex issues can be provided within a broader application scope. Besides, it would offer invaluable input to theoretical calculations that could enable the materials screening and engineering at a low cost and with high accuracy.     

一种新型半干法烟气脱硫方法的机理分析

湿法烟气脱硫是目前效率最高、应用得最为广泛的一种烟气脱硫技术，因制浆设备庞大，占地面积大，管道设备易腐蚀、结垢，有废水污染和烟气再加热系统等，使其投资和运行费用均较高，使湿法脱硫在某些场合(如要求中等脱硫效率且费用低)的应用受到一定的限制。与湿法脱硫相比，干法烟气脱硫由于不需要喷水和再加热系统而成为一种简易的低成本脱硫方法，     

Modified on-line monitoring of total gaseous mercury in flue gases using Semtech Hg 2000 analyzer

The Semtech Hg 2000 analyzer continuously monitors the Hg0 content in flue gas. An on-line measurement method of total gaseous mercury in flue gas developed in our laboratory is described, which uses the absorption cell of the Semtech Hg Analyzer connected to a converter that is located in a furnace heated up to 650 degrees C. The converter can be heated up to 800 degrees C by both the furnace and an extra heating of a Ni-Cr alloy heating wire. Both the absorption cell and the converter are made of quartz. All gaseous Hg2+ species in flue gas are thermally reduced to Hg0 by the converter and detected by the Semtech Hg 2000 analyzer. The thermal reduction efficiencies of different conversion materials, which were filled in the converter, such as quartz chips, granular MgO, Ni and CoO powder, were tested using different flue gas conditions. Studies have shown that HCI is the major factor to inhibit the thermal reduction of Hg2+ to Hg0, and in the converter and the absorption cell Hg0 will react readily with HCl to form HgCl2. Both MgO and Ni could be used in the converter to absorb HCl in the flue gas, but Ni has better absorption efficiency. By using an original Semtech and a modified one, both Hg0 and total gaseous Hg contents in flue gas could be monitored simultaneously and continuously.