The Eigenvalues of Mathieu's Equation and their Branch Points

A comprehensive account is given of the behavior of the eigenvalues of Mathieu's equation as functions of the complex variable q. The convergence of their small-q expansions is limited by an infinite sequence of rings of branch points of square-root type at which adjacent eigenvalues of the same type become equal. New asymptotic formulae are derived that account for how and where the eigenvalues become equal. Known asymptotic series for the eigenvalues apply beyond the rings of branch points; we show how they can now be identified with specific eigenvalues.     

Limit points of eigenvalues of (di)graphs

The study on limit points of eigenvalues of undirected graphs was initiated by A. J. Hoffman in 1972. Now we extend the study to digraphs. We prove 1. Every real number is a limit point of eigenvalues of graphs. Every complex number is a limit point of eigenvalues of digraphs. 2. For a digraph D, the set of limit points of eigenvalues of iterated subdivision digraphs of D is the unit circle in the complex plane if and only if D has a directed cycle. 3. Every limit point of eigenvalues of a set D of digraphs (graphs) is a limit point of eigenvalues of a set of bipartite digraphs (graphs), where consists of the double covers of the members in D. 4. Every limit point of eigenvalues of a set D of digraphs is a limit point of eigenvalues of line digraphs of the digraphs in D. 5. If M is a limit point of the largest eigenvalues of graphs, then −M is a limit point of the smallest eigenvalues of graphs.     

Eigenvalues of Quantum Walks of Grover and Fourier Types

A necessary and sufficient conditions for a certain class of periodic unitary transition operators to have eigenvalues are given. Applying this, it is shown that Grover walks in any dimension has both of \(\pm \, 1\) as eigenvalues and it has no other eigenvalues. It is also shown that the lazy Grover walks in any dimension has 1 as an eigenvalue, and it has no other eigenvalues. As a result, a localization phenomenon occurs for these quantum walks. A general conditions for the existence of eigenvalues can be applied also to certain quantum walks of Fourier type. It is shown that the two-dimensional Fourier walk does not have eigenvalues and hence it is not localized at any point. Some other topics, such as Grover walks on the triangular lattice, products and deformations of Grover walks, are also discussed.

     

Dependence of eigenvalues of Dirac system on the parameters

The dependence of eigenvalues of Dirac system with general boundary conditions is studied. It is shown that the eigenvalues of Dirac operators depend not only continuously but also smoothly on the coefficients, the boundary conditions, and the endpoints of the problem. Furthermore, the differential expressions of the eigenvalues as regards these parameters are given. The results obtained in this paper would provide theoretical support for the numerical calculations of eigenvalues of the corresponding problems.     

Numerical enclosure for multiple eigenvalues of an Hermitian matrix whose graph is a tree

In this paper we consider a numerical enclosure method for multiple eigenvalues of an Hermitian matrix whose graph is a tree. If an Hermitian matrix A whose graph is a tree has multiple eigenvalues, it has the property that matrices which are associated with some branches in the undirected graph of A have the same eigenvalues. By using this property and interlacing inequalities for Hermitian matrices, we show an enclosure method for multiple eigenvalues of an Hermitian matrix whose graph is a tree. Since we do not generally know whether a given matrix has exactly a multiple eigenvalue from approximate computations, we use the property of interlacing inequalities to enclose some eigenvalues including multiplicities.In this process, we only use the enclosure of simple eigenvalues to enclose a multiple eigenvalue by using a computer and interval arithmetic.     

A method for separating nearly multiple eigenvalues for Hermitian matrix

In this paper, we propose a numerical method to verify for nearly multiple eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix not being strictly multiple eigenvalues. From approximate eigenvalues computed, it seems to be difficult to distinguish whether they are strictly multiple eigenvalues or simple ones, and if they are very close each other, the verification method for simple eigenvalues may fail to enclose them separately, because of singularity of the system in the verification. There are several methods for enclosing multiple and nearly multiple eigenvalues (e.g., [Rump, Computational error bounds for multiple or nearly multiple eigenvalues, Linear Algebra Appl. 324 (2001) 209–226]), For such cases, there is no result to decide the enclosed eigenvalues are nearly multiple or strictly multiple, up to now. So, for enclosed eigenvalues, we propose a numerical method to separate nearly multiple eigenvalues.     

Location for the right eigenvalues of quaternion matrices

This paper aims to discuss the location for right eigenvalues of quaternion matrices. We will present some different Gerschgorin type theorems for right eigenvalues of quaternion matrices, based on the Gerschgorin type theorem for right eigenvalues of quaternion matrices (Zhang in Linear Algebra Appl. 424:139?C153, 2007), which are used to locate the right eigenvalues of quaternion matrices. We shall conclude this paper with some easily computed regions which are guaranteed to include the right eigenvalues of quaternion matrices in 4D spaces.     

Absence of Critical Mass Densities for a Vibrating Membrane

We study the dependence of the eigenvalues of a N-dimensional vibrating membrane upon variation of the mass density. We prove that the elementary symmetric functions of the eigenvalues depend real-analytically on the mass density and that such functions have no critical points with constant mass constraint. In particular, the elementary symmetric functions of the eigenvalues, hence all simple eigenvalues, have no local maxima or minima on the set of those mass densities with a prescribed total mass.     

Computable eigenvalue bounds for rank-k perturbations

We investigate lower bounds for the eigenvalues of perturbations of matrices. In the footsteps of Weyl and Ipsen & Nadler, we develop approximating matrices whose eigenvalues are lower bounds for the eigenvalues of the perturbed matrix. The number of available eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the original matrix determines how close those approximations can be, and, if the perturbation is of low rank, such bounds are relatively inexpensive to obtain. Moreover, because the process need not be restricted to the eigenvalues of perturbed matrices, lower bounds for eigenvalues of bordered diagonal matrices as well as for singular values of rank-k perturbations and other updates of n×m matrices are given.     

具有周期系数的左定Sturm-Liouville问题的特征值不等式

该文利用了左定问题与右定问题的联系,得到了具有周期系数的左定Sturm-Liouville问题在区间[a,a+kh]上的周期和半周期特征值的描述,阐明了周期特征值之间的不等式关系,并明确给出了区间[a,a+kh]上的周期、半周期特征值和区间[a,a+h]上特征值的一一对应关系.     

Spectra of positive and negative energies in the linearized NLS problem

We study the spectrum of the linearized NLS equation in three dimensions in association with the energy spectrum. We prove that unstable eigenvalues of the linearized NLS problem are related to negative eigenvalues of the energy spectrum, while neutrally stable eigenvalues may have both positive and negative energies. The nonsingular part of the neutrally stable essential spectrum is always related to the positive energy spectrum. We derive bounds on the number of unstable eigenvalues of the linearized NLS problem and study bifurcations of embedded eigenvalues of positive and negative energies. We develop the L²‐scattering theory for the linearized NLS operators and recover results of Grillakis [5] with a Fermi golden rule. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

On the eigenvalues of quaternion matrices

This article is a continuation of the article [F. Zhang, Ger?gorin type theorems for quaternionic matrices, Linear Algebra Appl. 424 (2007), pp. 139–153] on the study of the eigenvalues of quaternion matrices. Profound differences in the eigenvalue problems for complex and quaternion matrices are discussed. We show that Brauer's theorem for the inclusion of the eigenvalues of complex matrices cannot be extended to the right eigenvalues of quaternion matrices. We also provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a complex square matrix to have infinitely many left eigenvalues, and analyse the roots of the characteristic polynomials for 2?×?2 matrices. We establish a characterisation for the set of left eigenvalues to intersect or be part of the boundary of the quaternion balls of Ger?gorin.     

A Generalization of a Levitin and Parnovski Universal Inequality for Eigenvalues

In this paper, we derive “universal” inequalities for the sums of eigenvalues of the Hodge de Rham Laplacian on Euclidean closed submanifolds and of eigenvalues of the Kohn Laplacian on the Heisenberg group. These inequalities generalize the Levitin–Parnovski inequality obtained for the sums of eigenvalues of the Dirichlet Laplacian of a bounded Euclidean domain.     

Inequalities for lower-order eigenvalues of a fourth-order elliptic operator

In this paper, we investigate the Dirichlet weighted eigenvalues problem of a fourth-order elliptic operator with variable coefficients on a bounded domain with smooth boundary in ? ⁿ . We establish some inequalities for lower-order eigenvalues of this problem. In particular, our results contain an inequality for eigenvalues of the biharmonic operator derived by Cheng, Huang, and Wei.     

Some limit theorems for the eigenvalues of a sample covariance matrix

Limit theorems are given for the eigenvalues of a sample covariance matrix when the dimension of the matrix as well as the sample size tend to infinity. The limit of the cumulative distribution function of the eigenvalues is determined by use of a method of moments. The proof is mainly combinatorial. By a variant of the method of moments it is shown that the sum of the eigenvalues, raised to k-th power, k = 1, 2,…, m is asymptotically normal. A limit theorem for the log sum of the eigenvalues is completed with estimates of expected value and variance and with bounds of Berry-Esseen type.     

Superharmonic instability of stokes waves

A stability of nearly limiting Stokes waves to superharmonic perturbations is considered numerically in approximation of an infinite depth. Investigation of the stability properties can give one an insight into the evolution of the Stokes wave. The new, previously inaccessible branches of superharmonic instability were investigated. Our numerical simulations suggest that eigenvalues of linearized dynamical equations, corresponding to the unstable modes, appear as a result of a collision of a pair of purely imaginary eigenvalues at the origin, and a subsequent appearance of a pair of purely real eigenvalues: a positive and a negative one that are symmetric with respect to zero. Complex conjugate pairs of purely imaginary eigenvalues correspond to stable modes, and as the steepness of the underlying Stokes wave grows, the pairs move toward the origin along the imaginary axis. Moreover, when studying the eigenvalues of linearized dynamical equations we find that as the steepness of the Stokes wave grows, the real eigenvalues follow a universal scaling law, that can be approximated by a power law. The asymptotic power law behavior of this dependence for instability of Stokes waves close to the limiting one is proposed. Surface elevation profiles for several unstable eigenmodes are made available through  http://stokeswave.org website.     

Estimates for eigenvalues of quasilinear elliptic systems. Part II

In this paper we find explicit lower bounds for Dirichlet eigenvalues of a weighted quasilinear elliptic system of resonant type in terms of the eigenvalues of a single p-Laplace equation. Also we obtain asymptotic bounds by studying the spectral counting function which is defined as the number of eigenvalues smaller than a given value.     

On products and line graphs of signed graphs, their eigenvalues and energy

In this article we examine the adjacency and Laplacian matrices and their eigenvalues and energies of the general product (non-complete extended p-sum, or NEPS) of signed graphs. We express the adjacency matrix of the product in terms of the Kronecker matrix product and the eigenvalues and energy of the product in terms of those of the factor graphs. For the Cartesian product we characterize balance and compute expressions for the Laplacian eigenvalues and Laplacian energy. We give exact results for those signed planar, cylindrical and toroidal grids which are Cartesian products of signed paths and cycles.We also treat the eigenvalues and energy of the line graphs of signed graphs, and the Laplacian eigenvalues and Laplacian energy in the regular case, with application to the line graphs of signed grids that are Cartesian products and to the line graphs of all-positive and all-negative complete graphs.     

A symplectic method for approximating all the eigenvalues of a Hamiltonian matrix

A fast method for computing all the eigenvalues of a Hamiltonian matrix M is given. The method relies on orthogonal symplectic similarity transformations which preserve structure and have desirable numerical properties. The algorithm requires about one-fourth the number of floating-point operations and one-half the space of the standard QR algorithm. The computed eigenvalues are shown to be the exact eigenvalues of a matrix M + E where ∥E∥ depends on the square root of the machine precision. The accuracy of a computed eigenvalue depends on both its condition and its magnitude, larger eigenvalues typically being more accurate.     

Sums of Laplace eigenvalues—rotationally symmetric maximizers in the plane

The sum of the first n?1 eigenvalues of the Laplacian is shown to be maximal among triangles for the equilateral triangle, maximal among parallelograms for the square, and maximal among ellipses for the disk, provided the ratio ³(area)/(moment of inertia) for the domain is fixed. This result holds for both Dirichlet and Neumann eigenvalues, and similar conclusions are derived for Robin boundary conditions and Schrödinger eigenvalues of potentials that grow at infinity. A key ingredient in the method is the tight frame property of the roots of unity. For general convex plane domains, the disk is conjectured to maximize sums of Neumann eigenvalues.