二甲醚和乙醇低压层流预混火焰的对比研究

利用分子束质谱结合真空紫外同步辐射光电离技术对相同燃烧条件下的低压层流预混二甲醚/氧气/氩气和乙醇/氧气/氩气火焰进行研究.通过测量光电离效率曲线,识别了二甲醚和乙醇火焰的中间物种,得到相应的火焰质谱;通过测量火焰中各物种在燃烧炉炉膛各位置的电离信号强度,得到了各物种的摩尔分数分布曲线.结合两种燃料分子不同的化学结构及详细的燃烧化学反应机理,分析了两火焰中间物种生成特性的异同.研究结果表明:甲醛为两火焰中最主要的C1中间物种;二甲醚火焰趋向于生成C1中间物种,C2物种摩尔分数较低;乙醇火焰中乙醛、乙烯、乙炔和乙烯酮等C2中间物种的摩尔分数明显高于二甲醚火焰中的值.     

掺混含氧燃料的柴油替代物部分预混火焰中多环芳香烃的荧光光谱和碳烟浓度

为研究不同含氧燃料与柴油掺混后碳烟降低机理, 本文在自行设计的燃烧器上构建部分预混层流火焰, 采用甲苯和正庚烷混合物(T20, 20%(体积分数)甲苯、80%正庚烷)作为柴油替代物,并分别添加甲醇、乙醇、正丁醇、丁酸甲酯和2,5-二甲基呋喃(DMF), 且保证混合燃料的含氧量均为4%. 进而应用激光诱导荧光法和激光诱导炽光法分别测量不同混合燃料的火焰中多环芳香烃(PAHs)的荧光光谱和碳烟浓度. 结果表明: 通过PAHs的荧光光谱可测量不同燃料火焰中PAHs的生成和增长历程. 四环芳香烃(A4)的生成氧化规律和碳烟基本一致, 说明通过分析A4变化可以预测碳烟变化. 添加含氧燃料后, T20燃料中甲苯含量降低是导致PAHs的荧光光谱强度降低和碳烟生成量减少的主要原因; 同时不同含氧燃料本身对多环芳香烃的生成贡献能力也是影响PAHs的荧光强度和碳烟生成的重要原因. 含氧量相当时, 掺混正丁醇后PAHs的荧光光谱强度和碳烟浓度比添加甲醇、乙醇、丁酸甲酯和DMF这四种含氧燃料的更低. 因此从含氧燃料结构来讲, 正丁醇掺混入T20燃料中降低PAHs和碳烟作用最显著.     

高密度航空航天燃料合成化学

高密度液体碳氢燃料是为提高航空航天飞行器性能(航程、载荷、速度)而人工合成的燃料,与常规燃料(例如航空煤油和火箭煤油)相比,具有高密度和高体积热值等优点,具有重要的应用价值。本文首先从分子结构的角度阐述高密度燃料的特征及合成策略,然后综述了几类典型燃料的合成进展,包括通过加成、加氢、异构等反应合成多环烃类燃料和烷基金刚烃类燃料,通过环丙烷化和光化学等反应合成高张力燃料(环丙烷燃料、四环庚烷燃料和五环十一烷燃料),通过聚合、缩合、烷基化等反应合成高密度生物质燃料,通过纳米颗粒表面改性制备含有硼、铝、碳等固体颗粒的纳米悬浮燃料。同时,也总结了一些重要反应涉及的催化剂和量子化学机理,以及代表性燃料的性能参数等。最后,在此基础上对高密度燃料合成化学的发展趋势进行了展望。     

醇类燃料汽车主要非常规排放物的分离测定

本文通过对醇类燃料汽车主要非常规排放物甲醛、乙醛、甲醇、乙醇、1,3丁二烯及苯的分离温度进行计算机最优化模拟预测,得到了它们的最佳色谱分离温度,并用氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)获得这些物质的最低检测限为5×10-6(体积分数),基本上满足了对醇类燃料发动机非常规排放物的一般检测要求。本法无需对排放尾气进行任何前期处理,直接采样分析,简单、快速,为在不同催化条件下进一步研究主要非常规排放物和颗粒物的脱除奠定了基础。1实验部分1.1仪器和试剂HP6890气相色谱仪(惠普公司);FFAP色谱柱(25m×0.25mmi.d.,0.20μm,极性色谱柱);FID…     

富氧条件下氮氧化物的选择性催化还原Ⅱ.Ag/Al2O3催化剂上含氧有机物选择性还原NOx的性能

 在富氧条件下分别以含氧有机物甲醇、乙醇、乙醛和乙酸等为还原剂,考察了Ag/Al2O3对NOx选择性催化还原的活性. 结果表明,当银负载量为4%时,催化剂具有最高的催化活性. 在整个实验温度范围内,乙醇较丙烯具有更高的还原NOx的活性,且操作温度范围更宽(300~610 ℃),NOx脱除率可高达90%,更加适合柴油机尾气中NOx的净化. 添加10%的水可提高乙醇还原NOx的低温活性. 随着乙醇浓度的增加,NOx转化率显著提高. 在相同的浓度下,甲醇和乙酸还原脱除NOx的效率较低; 而乙醛还原脱除NOx的效率与乙醇相当. 原位红外光谱研究结果表明,反应过程中生成大量吸附态的烯醇式物种(CH2∶CHO-)是乙醇和乙醛呈现较高还原活性的主要原因.     

碘量紫外分光光度法测定碳氢燃料过氧化值

建立测定碳氢燃料过氧化值的碘量紫外分光光度法。样品溶于乙醇中，加入0.50 mL冰乙酸，用饱和碘化钾-乙醇溶液定容至10 mL，避光显色90 min，过氧化物在酸性条件下与碘化钾反应生成黄色的I₃^-，在360 nm处测定吸光度，计算过氧化氢的含量。过氧化氢的质量浓度在0.106 1～1.061μg/mL范围内与吸光度线性关系良好，相关系数为0.999 8，方法检出限为0.015μg/mL。样品加标回收率为97.3%～103.6%，测定结果的相对标准偏差小于5%(n=6)。该法适用于测定碳氢燃料的过氧化值。     

高温沉淀铁基催化剂上费托合成含氧化合物生成机理的研究

采用漫反射原位红外光谱法及化学捕获方法,考察了费托合成过程中高温沉淀铁基催化剂表面吸附物种的变化,并探讨了含氧化合物的生成机理。结果表明,CO在高温沉淀铁基催化剂上有线式和桥式两种吸附态存在,同时,CO的吸附在催化剂表面生成大量含氧化合物前驱体。费托原位实验捕获到了一些较关键的中间产物:表面乙酸盐、表面酰基、甲氧基等。同时发现高温沉淀铁基催化剂表面具有以下反应共性:醇类可与表面羟基结合生成烷氧基团;催化剂表面的吸附分子具有氧化性;一些基础化学物质如OH^-、晶格氧等可以与甲醇或乙醛分子发生反应。对CH₃OH + CO及CH₃I + CO + H₂两个反应的化学捕获实验表明,酰基是C₂⁺含氧化合物的重要中间产物,酰基加氢是形成C₂⁺含氧化合物的关键步骤。根据表面中间产物及反应特性,得到了高温沉淀铁基催化剂上费托合成含氧化合物的生成机理。     

氧清除剂用于增强吸热型碳氢燃料热氧化安定性

热氧化安定性是吸热型碳氢燃料贮存和使用过程中评价燃料品质的重要性质之一,反映了喷气燃料在260℃以下组分受溶解氧影响的程度和燃料氧化反应进行的深度。为评价氧清除剂,选用一种实验室自制的吸热型燃料,运用加速氧化法,配合滴定、红外光谱、粒度分布和JFTOT等测试方法对燃料的基础物性和热氧化安定性进行评估,比较了三苯基膦(TPP)、二环己基苯基膦(DCP)和1,2,5-三甲基吡咯(TMP)三种氧清除剂对吸热型碳氢燃料自氧化过程的影响,并确定了测试范围内的最佳添加量。结果显示,三种氧清除剂的添加对燃料的组成和基础物性无明显影响;燃料中的溶解氧浓度随添加量增加不断下降,最大可降低溶氧浓度31.95 mg/m~3;加速氧化后,样品的过氧化值和酸值均不同程度下降;胶团粒径分布趋向于更小粒径方向; JFTOT测试结果均满足国标规定。总体上,氧清除剂的添加均能有效提升燃料的热氧化安定性,三者的最优添加量均为质量分数1.5×10~(-5),作用效果优劣顺序为TMPTPP≈DCP。     

分级结构AgAu纳米合金用于高效电催化乙醇氧化

乙醇由于具有无毒、理论能量密度高、易存储等优点,被广泛用于直接醇类燃料电池研究.乙醇电氧化是直接醇类燃料电池中重要的阳极反应,通常涉及C1和C2反应路径.C1路径中乙醇分子主要转化成二氧化碳,但该过程涉及C-C键断裂,会有COad和CH(x)ad等中间体产生;C2路径中乙醇分子转化成乙醛,最终转化成乙酸或乙酸根.为提升...     

高热安定型碳氢燃料的理论设计与制备

结合碳氢燃料的组成-性质关系和喷气燃料的基本理化性质指标,建立了高热安定性碳氢燃料的设计方法.通过碳氢燃料烃族组成(直链烷烃、异构烃、环烷烃、芳烃)和性质关系的三角相图,确定符合吸热型碳氢燃料基本理化性质(密度、闪点、冰点、热值与热安定性)的烃族组成域.对4种燃料样品的热安定性研究表明,在确定的组成域内燃料的热安定性优于RP-3,证实了燃料理论设计方法的可靠性.     

Study of combustion intermediates in fuel‐rich methyl methacrylate flame with tunable synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry

A fuel‐rich premixed laminar methyl methacrylate (MMA)/O₂/Ar flame at low pressure (30 Torr) with the equivalence ratio (?) of 1.60 is studied in this work. Synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization combined with molecular beam mass spectrometry is employed to identify the combustion intermediates including isomeric intermediates. The observed combustion intermediates can be classified as four types: radicals, non‐cyclic hydrocarbons, cyclic hydrocarbons and oxygenates. Benzene is the unique aromatic hydrocarbon detected in this work, and several oxygenates with two oxygen atoms are identified. Mole fraction profiles of most intermediates are evaluated, which can help understand the MMA combustion mechanism under fuel‐rich conditions. The similarities among rich flames of MMA and other oxygenated fuels, as well as the characteristics of rich MMA flame, are also discussed. The results show that combustion of MMA not only reduces soot emissions, but also has low concentrations of some potential toxic by‐products. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Magnesium boride sintered as high-energy fuel

Boron was chosen as fuel owing to its excellent thermodynamic values for combustion. The difficulty of the boron in combustion is the formation of a surface oxide layer, which postpones the combustion process, reducing the performance of the rocket engine. In this paper, magnesium boride was sintered as high-energy fuel as a substitute for boron. The combustion heat and efficiency of magnesium boride and boron were determined using oxygen bomb calorimeter. The combustion characteristics of magnesium boride were investigated by thermal analysis, chemical analysis, XRD, and EDS. Results show that the combustion performance of magnesium boride are better than that of amorphous boron in oxygenated environments. The evaporation of magnesium in magnesium boride combustion process prevent the formation of a closed oxide layer, leading to higher combustion efficiency.     

NiFe Hydroxide Lattice Tensile Strain: Enhancement of Adsorption of Oxygenated Intermediates for Efficient Water Oxidation Catalysis

The binding strength of reactive intermediates with catalytically active sites plays a crucial role in governing catalytic performance of electrocatalysts. NiFe hydroxide offers efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysis in alkaline electrolyte, however weak binding of oxygenated intermediates on NiFe hydroxide still badly limits its catalytic activity. Now, a facile ball‐milling method was developed to enhance binding strength of NiFe hydroxide to oxygenated intermediates via generating tensile strain, which reduced the anti‐bonding filling states in the d orbital and thus facilitated oxygenated intermediates adsorption. The NiFe hydroxide with tensile strain increasing after ball‐milling exhibits an OER onset potential as low as 1.44 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) and requires only a 270 mV overpotential to reach a water oxidation current density of 10 mA cm^?2.     

An S‐Oxygenated [NiFe] Complex Modelling Sulfenate Intermediates of an O2‐Tolerant Hydrogenase

To understand the molecular details of O₂‐tolerant hydrogen cycling by a soluble NAD⁺‐reducing [NiFe] hydrogenase, we herein present the first bioinspired heterobimetallic S‐oxygenated [NiFe] complex as a structural and vibrational spectroscopic model for the oxygen‐inhibited [NiFe] active site. This compound and its non‐S‐oxygenated congener were fully characterized, and their electronic structures were elucidated in a combined experimental and theoretical study with emphasis on the bridging sulfenato moiety. Based on the vibrational spectroscopic properties of these complexes, we also propose novel strategies for exploring S‐oxygenated intermediates in hydrogenases and similar enzymes.     

Isomer-specific influences on the composition of reaction intermediates in dimethyl ether/propene and ethanol/propene flame

This work provides experimental evidence on how the molecular compositions of fuel-rich low-pressure premixed flames are influenced as the oxygenates dimethyl ether (DME) or ethanol are incrementally blended into the propene fuel. Ten different flames with a carbon-to-oxygen ratio of 0.5, ranging from 100% propene (phi = 1.5) to 100% oxygenated fuel (phi = 2.0), are analyzed with flame-sampling molecular-beam mass spectrometry employing electron- or photoionization. Absolute mole fraction profiles for flame species with masses ranging from m/z = 2 (H2) to m/z = 80 (C6H8) are analyzed with particular emphasis on the formation of harmful emissions. Fuel-specific destruction pathways, likely to be initiated by hydrogen abstraction, appear to lead to benzene from propene combustion and to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde through DME and ethanol combustion, respectively. While the concentration of acetaldehyde increases 10-fold as propene is substituted by ethanol, it decreases as propene is replaced with DME. In contrast, the formaldehyde concentration rises only slightly with ethanol replacement but increases markedly with addition of DME. Allyl and propargyl radicals, the dominant precursors for benzene formation, are likely to be produced directly from propene decomposition or via allene and propyne. Benzene formation through propargyl radicals formed via unsaturated C2 intermediates in the decomposition of DME and ethanol is negligibly small. As a consequence, DME and ethanol addition lead to similar reductions of the benzene concentration.     

多胺钴氧合配合物的室温固相合成、表征及性质

用室温固相法分别合成了以二乙三胺、三乙四胺为配体、以钴为中心离子的配合物.室温下，每摩尔配合物消耗2 mol O2，其中1 mol O2用来和钴离子配位形成超氧配合物，另外消耗的1 mol O2则是由于配体被活化氧氧化所致.采用混合溶剂法分离出两种固态氧合配合物[Co(NH2CH2CH2N=CHCH2NH2)2O2](Ac)2•2H2O和[Co(NH2CH2CH2N=CHCH2NHCH2CH2NH2)2O2](Ac)2•2H2O.通过元素分析、红外光谱、电导、XRD、NMR、热分析等测试手段研究了该配合物的性质，确定了该配合物的组成，初步探讨了相关机理.     

组氨酸钴氧合配合物二聚体形态的电喷雾串联质谱验证研究

电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)是一种软电离质谱技术,已在配合物的结构和机理的研究中显示了重要的作用。本文根据组氨酸钴(CoL2)(L=组氨酸)对分子氧活性很高,极易生成双核氧合配合物(CoL2-O2-CoL2)的特点,采用ESI-MS方法研究了组氨酸钴氧合物(CoL2-O2-CoL2)和组氨酸配合物ML2(M=Cu、Zn)。结果发现,质谱图中在相应于双核氧合配合物的高质荷比端(m/z>ML2),CoL2出现质谱峰,而组氨酸配合物ML2(M=Cu、Zn)在质谱图中高质荷比端没有出现质谱峰,只有配合物ML2的相关峰;这个结果证明了文献报道中的双核氧合配合物(CoL2-O2-CoL2)的存在,根据所得质谱结果,初步研究了组氨酸钴双核氧合配合物和ML2配合物的裂解规律。结果表明,可根据质谱数据中有无二聚体形态,做出Co配合物有无吸氧性能的初步判断,因此电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)可做为研究Co配合物氧合反应和表征Co氧合配合物的有效分析手段。     

Theoretical Investigation of Mono and Multiply Oxygenated C70 Fullerenes

We have applied DFT calculations to investigate atomic arrangements of fullerene oxides, C₇₀O _n with n = 1, 5, 15, 20, and 25. The oxidation reaction energies are generally exothermic. In the case of C₇₀O, the most stable configuration is the one in which the oxygen atom is chemisorbed on the C–C bond at the equatorial belt of fullerene with oxidoannulene like structure. In highly oxygenated fullerenes, the addition of oxygen atoms on the [6, 6] bonds near the pole area of the C₇₀ leads to lower values of reaction energies. Among these, C₇₀O₂₀ with three oxygen atoms adsorbed on a benzenoid ring yields the most energetically favorable configuration. Different positions of the oxygen atoms on the surface of the mono oxygenated fullerenes lead to significant differences in their ¹⁷O NQR parameters. Meanwhile, the ¹⁷O NQR parameters of the highly oxygenated fullerenes divide their oxygen nuclei into a few groups. For example, the electric field gradient tensor for oxygen atoms chemisorbed on the [6, 5] bonds with larger η values becomes considerably asymmetric in comparison to those chemisorbed on the [6, 6] bonds. These are also reflected in the calculated natural charges of oxygen atoms.