Rarefied hypersonic flow in a plane channel with a surface glow discharge

The gasdynamic structure of a hypersonic molecular nitrogen flow in a plane channel whose opposite surfaces are segmented electrodes for generating a continuous surface glow discharge is investigated using a two-dimensional computational model. The electrodynamic structure of the surface glow discharge in the hypersonic rarefied gas flow (distributions of the charged particle concentrations, current density, and electric potential) is studied. A two-dimensional conjugate electrical-gasdynamic model consisting of the continuity, Navier-Stokes, and energy conservation equations and the chargedparticle continuity equations in the ambipolar approximation is proposed. The real thermophysical and transport properties of molecular nitrogen are taken into account. It is shown that using a surface glow discharge in a hypersonic rarefied gas flow makes it possible effectively to modify the shock-wave flow structure and hence to consider this type of discharge as additional tool for controlling rarefied gas flows.     

触摸高温气体动力学

回顾了高温气体动力学与高超声速科技相关的一些重要研究进展,探讨几个具有基础性研究意义的方向：即高超声速流动模拟;高温气体热化学反应机制;高超声速流动滞止区预测;高超声速边界层转捩和激波/激波相互作用诱导的气动热问题．这些研究方向与高温气体效应和强激波密切相关,对高超声速科技关键技术的突破起着重要作用．     

近空间高超声速飞行器气动特性研究的若干关键问题

在30$\sim$70km空域机动飞行的高超声速飞行器的优点是可以耦合利用所处空域的空气产生的升力和高速飞行的离心力进行远距离机动滑翔飞行,具有重要的实用价值.尽管过去数十年在高超声速流动研究方面取得显著进展,但在设计研究近空间远程滑翔的高超声速飞行器方面仍然存在许多挑战,特别是对特定飞行条件下的流动机理了解不清楚.本文介绍了作者研究团队在开展近空间高超声速飞行器有关的关键气动问题方面的研究进展,主要包括:建立了近空间高超声速飞行的流动模型,发展了系统的相关计算空气动力学方法,针对高空高速飞行条件下稀薄气体效应和真实气体效应的耦合作用影响研究了合适的滑移边界条件,考虑了不同组分存在条件下的温度、速度和压力的滑移效应影响;提出了飞行器气动外形的动态优化方法,获得了可工程实用化的高升阻比飞行器气动外形;建立了高速飞行器动稳定性理论,在实现高超声速飞行器动态稳定飞行方面取得重大进展;最后讨论了高超声速飞行器设计中进一步需要关注的若干关键技术和科学问题、可能解决的途径及其所涉及的学科发展方向.      

热喷干扰气体模型对飞行器气动特性影响分析

针对不同气体模型对高超声速飞行器喷流反作用控制系统(RCS)热喷干扰流场模拟的计算效率和准确性问题, 基于喷流燃气物理化学模型, 通过数值求解含化学反应源项的三维N-S方程, 建立了飞行器RCS热喷干扰流场数值模拟方法, 分别采用化学反应流、反应冻结流、二元异质流以及空气喷流四种气体模型开展了典型外形热喷干扰流场的数值模拟, 研究了不同气体模型对热喷干扰流场结构、飞行器气动力热特性的影响, 分析了不同马赫数、飞行高度下的变化规律. 研究表明: 化学反应流模型计算精度较高, 计算与风洞试验数据的吻合程度优于其他三种简化模型; 在本文的低空条件下, 采用简化模型进行热喷干扰流场数值模拟, 会低估分离区大小, 使飞行器气动力特性预测出现偏差, 同时也会低估表面热环境, 对防热系统设计不利, 随着马赫数增加, 简化模型对气动力热特性预估的误差进一步增大, 同时不同简化模型之间的差异也进一步增大; 飞行高度较高时, 模型之间的差异减小, 此时可采用简化模型进行计算以提高计算效率. 本文的研究结果可为飞行器热喷干扰流场数值模拟及喷流反作用控制系统设计提供参考.      

Hypersonic flow past a flat body in a regime of intense radiative heat transfer

The paper is devoted to the investigation of hypersonic flow regimes in which radiative transfer plays a significant part. A numerical solution is obtained to the two-dimensional steady problem of hypersonic flow past a flat thermally insulated body of an inviscid radiating gas with allowance for radiative transfer of energy in the approximation of radiative thermal conductivity. It is noted that a heated region is formed around the body, its dimensions exceeding by an order of magnitude those of the body itself; the temperature is effectively equalized, and the gas velocity is close to the velocity of the oncoming flow. Heated gas flows past the body at a moderate Mach number (M ～ 3–6). A thin region of strongly compressed gas is formed directly in front of the body.     

Study on the numerical schemes for hypersonic flow simulation

Hypersonic flow is full of complex physical and chemical processes, hence its investigation needs careful analysis of existing schemes and choosing a suitable scheme or designing a brand new scheme. The present study deals with two numerical schemes Harten, Lax, and van Leer with Contact (HLLC) and advection upstream splitting method (AUSM) to effectively simulate hypersonic flow fields, and accurately predict shock waves with minimal diffusion. In present computations, hypersonic flows have been modeled as a system of hyperbolic equations with one additional equation for non-equilibrium energy and relaxing source terms. Real gas effects, which appear typically in hypersonic flows, have been simulated through energy relaxation method. HLLC and AUSM methods are modified to incorporate the conservation laws for non-equilibrium energy. Numerical implementation have shown that non-equilibrium energy convect with mass, and hence has no bearing on the basic numerical scheme. The numerical simulation carried out shows good comparison with experimental data available in literature. Both numerical schemes have shown identical results at equilibrium. Present study has demonstrated that real gas effects in hypersonic flows can be modeled through energy relaxation method along with either AUSM or HLLC numerical scheme.     

高超声速喷管设计理论与方法

在高超声速飞行技术领域,特别是涉及到高焓气体流动的研究,高超声速风洞试验仍然是目前最可靠的研究手段.风洞流场的品质是高超声速风洞研发最重要的一项性能指标,其取决于喷管设计采用的理论与方法,也是风洞设计最关注的一项核心技术.针对二维轴对称型面喷管设计,本文首先综述了传统高超声速喷管设计的主要理论和常用方法,它们在高超声速...     

高超声速高焓边界层稳定性与转捩研究进展

边界层由层流向湍流的转捩是高超声速飞行器设计面临的重大空气动力学问题. 随着飞行速域与空域的不断拓展, 高超声速高焓边界层中的高温气体效应会使得量热完全气体假设失效, 从而深刻影响流动转捩过程. 相关研究涉及多个学科, 是典型的多物理场耦合问题. 近年来, 随着相关飞行器技术的快速发展, 高超声速高焓边界层转捩问题的重要性越来越得到体现, 相关研究已成为国际上的热点领域. 本文综述相关研究进展, 首先介绍目前常用的高温气体物理模型, 尤其关注热化学非平衡模型, 并介绍激波捕捉、激波装配和边界层方程解等常用的高焓流动求解方法, 以及相关风洞和飞行试验技术的进展. 然后综述高温气体效应对转捩过程中的感受性、模态增长、瞬态增长和非线性作用等的影响的相关研究, 其中流向不稳定性中出现较大增长率的第三模态和超声速模态引起了广泛的研究兴趣. 最后进行总结, 并对未来发展略作展望.      

Asymptotic solutions of the two-dimensional equations for a thin viscous shock layer in a rarefied gas

Two-dimensional hypersonic rarefied gas flow around blunt bodies is investigated for the continuum to free-molecular transition regime. In [1], as a result of an asymptotic analysis, three rarefied gas flow regimes, depending on the relationship between the problem parameters, were detected and one of these regimes was investigated. In the present study, asymptotic solutions of the thin viscous shock layer equations at small Reynolds numbers are obtained for the other two flow regimes. Analytical expressions for the heat transfer, friction and pressure coefficients are obtained as functions of the incident flow parameters and the body geometry and temperature. As the Reynolds number tends to zero, the values of these coefficients approach their values in free-molecular flow. The scaling parameters of hypersonic rarefied gas flow around bodies are determined for different regimes. The asymptotic solutions are compared with the results of direct Monte Carlo simulation.     

Generalized reference enthalpy formulations and simulation of viscous effects in hypersonic flow

A generalized reference enthalpy formulation for the skin friction, heat transfer and radiation-equilibrium temperature distributions over aerodynamic surfaces in attached hypersonic / hyperenthalpic flow is proposed. The formulation, which has been extensively employed in various forms by numerous investigators in the perfect gas regime, has also been recently demonstrated to provide adequate estimates of the heat transfer distribution in thermochemically active high enthalpy flow conditions when coupled to thermochemically active Euler solutions. It is now used to reveal the relevant similitude parameters for viscous effects in hypersonic flow, and the importance of the temperature distribution across the boundary layer and of the temperature-viscosity relation. It is shown that, although reproduction of the flight total flow enthalpy as well as surface temperature is the obvious solution for full viscous simulation in (perfect gas) hypersonic flow, the hot surface testing requirement and, in a number of practical applications, also the hot flow requirement may be relaxed with reasonably small error that can be of the same order as the measurement accuracy in present-day hypersonic testing. This similitude error, however, may increase significantly in cases exhibiting strong viscous/inviscid interaction or when the laminar-turbulent transition process becomes important. In this respect, alternative full simulation solutions, which are less demanding in terms of reproduction of the high levels of flight freestream and surface temperature or even Reynolds number, are discussed. Received 6 May 1997 / Accepted 8 October 1997     

Self-similar solutions for energy liberation in a gas stream

By using dimensional analysis some possible kinds of nonstationary and stationary gas flows with energy liberation which result in self-similar problems are investigated. The cases of energy liberation in a gas at rest and in uniform supersonic and hypersonic streams are examined. The gas is assumed inviscid and perfect. Results of a computation of some hypersonic self-similar gas motions are presented. Three classes of self-similar gas motions have been well studied at this time: the strong explosion, the power-law flow caused by the expansion of a plane, cylindrical, or spherical piston [1], and conical flow (including combustion and detonation waves [2–4]). Some new self-similar motions caused by energy liberation on certain lines, surfaces, or in volumes will be examined below.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 106–113, November–December, 1974.     

The effects of variable specific heat on the stability of hypersonic boundary layer on a flat plate

The gas temperature within hypersonic boundary layer flow is so high that the specific heat of gas is no longer a constant but relates to temperature. How variable specific heat influences on boundary layer flow stability is worth researching. The effect of the variable specific heat on the stability of hypersonic boundary layer flows is studied and compared with the case of constant specific heat based on the linear stability theory. It is found that the variable specific heat indeed has some effects on the neutral curves of both the first-mode and the second-mode waves and on the maximum rate of growth also. Therefore, the relationship between specific heat and temperature should be considered in the study of the stability of the boundary layer.     

Three-dimensional boundary layer on a plane delta wing in the intermediate hypersonic interaction regime

The results of calculating the three-dimensional boundary layer on a plane delta wing of finite length in the intermediate hypersonic interaction regime are presented. The effect of the hypersonic interaction parameter on the gas flow in the boundary layer and the aerodynamic characteristics is investigated.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 110–116, May–June, 1991.     

关于飞行器高超声速不平衡气体绕流的数值模拟

高速飞行器气动计算是伴随着计算机技术及空气动力学的发展而发展的.较早从宏观角度出发求解欧拉方程,N-S方程,到考虑真实气体影响带化学反应和电离的N-S 方程的求解,以及从微观角度出发用蒙特卡洛法对气体分子运动直接模拟求解(DSMC),即代表计算动力学理论的发展,也是计算机技术发展的结果.虽然从理论上说DSMC方法适用于各种流动,但所需的计算时间非常巨大,因此只在不可避免的情况下才会应用,否则仍用宏观的解决方法.本文讨论的是与气动热有关的高超声速飞行问题,包括数学模型的选择,空气化学组分的确定及其化学反应,边界条件处理,辐射热的计算等等,最后推荐如何正确选择高超声速飞行的数学模拟方法.      

Component desorption effect on the material catalyticity in high-temperature multicomponent gases

The distinctive features of the formation of the catalyticity of materials with respect to atom recombination on the material surface are investigated for mixtures of different high-temperature gases under conditions of hypersonic atmospheric flight or bench setups. It is shown that in general the catalyticity constants (heterogenous recombination probabilities) of individual components determined experimentally in dissociated flows of “pure” gases are improperly used for calculating the heat fluxes to material surfaces in multicomponent gas flows, owing to differences in the occupation of the surface by atoms in pure gases and mixtures. This effect must be taken into account in interpreting the experimental data which so far have been the only source of information on material catalyticity in gas mixtures. Otherwise, the results of calculations of the heat transfer to hypersonic flight vehicles could turn out to be invalid. Examples of the possible effect of ignoring this factor on the calculated heat fluxes are presented.     

高超声速飞行复现风洞理论与方法

针对高超声速飞行伴随的热化学反应流动,本文回顾了郭永怀先生的科研理念和学科布局,综述了他亲手成立的高温气动团队在高超声速飞行风洞实验模拟理论与方法方面的研究进展.高温气体的迅速产生与迅速应用是一种理想的风洞运行方法,而激波管就是这样一种实验装备.论文首先介绍了激波管技术的基本理论与方程,指出将其用于高超声速流动实验模拟时所具有的独特优势.然后讨论了应用激波风洞复现需要的高超声速飞行状态的可行性、基本方程和需要解决的关键问题.针对这些关键问题,进一步介绍了如何应用爆轰现象研发激波风洞驱动技术的理论,并给出了基于爆轰驱动方法的技术发展和工程应用验证.最后,论文介绍了爆轰驱动激波风洞的界面匹配条件,该条件奠定了长实验时间激波风洞运行基础,是其他驱动方法尝试解决而没能完全解决的难题.高温气动团队关于高超声速飞行复现风洞的理论与技术研究,实现了郭永怀先生的战略规划,成就了国际领先的高超声速热化学反应流动研究平台.      

Singularities of the Flow Field in the Neighborhood of the Windward Surface of a Small Aspect Ratio Delta Wing in Hypersonic Stream

Fluid Dynamics - Significantly inhomogeneous gas flow in the neighborhood of the lower surface of a plain delta wing at an angle of attack in hypersonic stream is considered. The most general case...     

Hypersonic flow past a wing at large angles of attack with detached shock wave

The thin shock layer method [1–3] has been used to solve the problem of hypersonic flow past the windward surface of a delta wing at large angles of attack, when the shock wave is detached from the leading edge (but attached to the apex of the wing) and the velocity of the gas in the shock layer is of the same order as the speed of sound. A classification of the regimes of flow past a delta wing at large angles of attack has been made. A general solution has been obtained for the problem of three-dimensional hypersonic flow past the wing allowing for nonequilibrium physicochemical processes of thermal radiation of the gas at high temperatures.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 149–157, May–June, 1985.     

Relaxation processes in hypersonic rarefied binary gas mixture flow around a cylinder

Using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method, the hypersonic flow of a binary gas mixture around a cylinder is investigated over a wide rarefaction range: from an almost continuum regime (at the Knudsen number Kn = 0.01) to free-molecular flow. The effect of a small admixture of heavy diatomic particles in a light gas flow on the relaxation processes near the cylinder and the heat flux is studied.