A discrete particle approach to simulate the combined effect of blast and sand impact loading of steel plates

The structural response of a stainless steel plate subjected to the combined blast and sand impact loading from a buried charge has been investigated using a fully coupled approach in which a discrete particle method is used to determine the load due to the high explosive detonation products, the air shock and the sand, and a finite element method predicts the plate deflection. The discrete particle method is based on rigid, spherical particles that transfer forces between each other during collisions. This method, which is based on a Lagrangian formulation, has several advantages over coupled Lagrangian-Eulerian approaches as both advection errors and severe contact problems are avoided. The method has been validated against experimental tests where spherical 150 g C-4 charges were detonated at various stand-off distances from square, edge-clamped 3.4 mm thick AL-6XN stainless steel plates. The experiments were carried out for a bare charge, a charge enclosed in dry sand and a charge enclosed in fully saturated wet sand. The particle-based method is able to describe the physical interactions between the explosive reaction products and soil particles leading to a realistic prediction of the sand ejecta speed and momentum. Good quantitative agreement between the experimental and predicted deformation response of the plates is also obtained.     

Experimental mechanics at velocity extremes —Very high strain rates

The early experimental work of Clark and Wood with regard to von Kármán's theory on the effect of material flow and fracture at high strain rates has led to many controversial issues on these effects. Interest has been greatly revived in recent years because of the increased emphasis on such high-velocity forming processes as explosive and capacitor discharge. Considerable new work has been performed by Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., for the Air Force, the results of which are presented in this paper. Data have been accumulated on tensile and compression specimens, spherical bulging and cylindrical bulging for a wide variety of materials. This high-speed information has been generated with the use of a special projectile impact machine and special presses utilizing various combinations of explosive and capacitor-discharge energy, with strain rates to 10¹/sec. The effect of velocity on ductility is discussed for total strain distribution, uniform strain, double necking and critical impact velocity. The modes of failure for various part shapes are presented and related to the forming velocity.     

The Mori–Tanaka method for composite materials with nonlinear interface debonding

We have used the Mori–Tanaka method to study the effect of nonlinear interface debonding on the constitutive behavior of composite material with high particle volume fraction. The interface debonding is characterized by a nonlinear cohesive law determined from the fracture test of the high explosive PBX 9501. Using the example of the composite material with spherical particles subject to hydrostatic tension, we show that the particle size has an important effect on the behavior of the composite material, namely hardening for small particles and softening for large particles. The critical particle size that separates the hardening and softening behavior of the composite material is determined. For the composite material with large particles, the particle/matrix interface may undergo catastrophic debonding, i.e., sudden, dynamic debonding even under static load. The energy release during catastrophic debonding can be very large, thus may trigger the reaction or detonation of high explosives. For the high explosive PBX 9501, the energy release due to catastrophic debonding of coarse (large) particles is equivalent to the free drop of the high explosive from a height of 110 m. This value become much higher, 455 m, once the debonding of fine (small) particle is accounted for.     

条形装药土中爆炸空腔发展过程的实验研究

本文通过X光摄影观察无限介质(土)中条形装药爆炸空腔发展的高速现象。得到了实验条件下的空腔发展规律,分析了空腔发展过程中一些重要现象。实验表明:空腔发展符合幂函数规律:空腔运动过程受装药的传爆特征、空腔长径比和裂缝出现时间的影响、空腔最终形状与起爆端位置无关。     

爆炸冲击下复合材料层合扁球壳的动力屈曲

研究计及横向剪切的复合材料层合扁球壳在爆炸冲击载荷作用下的非线性轴对称动力屈曲问题。通过在复合材料层合扁球壳非线性稳定性的基本方程中增加横向转动惯量项并引入R.H.Cole理论的爆炸冲击力,得到爆炸冲击下复合材料层合扁球壳的动力控制方程,应用Galerkin方法得到用顶点挠度表达的爆炸冲击动力响应方程,并采用Runge-Kutta方法进行数值求解,采用Budiansky-Roth准则确定冲击屈曲的临界载荷,讨论了壳体几何尺寸对复合材料层合扁球壳冲击屈曲的影响;数值算例表明,此方法是可行的。     

强约束球形装药反应裂纹传播和反应烈度表征实验

炸药燃烧的高温高压气体产物可以进入基体裂纹中引发炸药表面热传导燃烧,形成所谓的对流燃烧。在一定约束条件下,不断上升的气体压力反过来又使炸药基体产生更多的裂纹,为对流燃烧提供更多的通道和燃烧表面积,快速生成大量产物气体导致高烈度反应现象的产生。本文中设计了一种新型强约束球形装药中心点火实验,针对一种HMX为基的PBX炸药,对高烈度反应条件下燃烧裂纹传播和反应增长过程进行了观测,实验中采用测得的反应压力和壳体速度历程对反应烈度进行了量化表征。在带窗口结构中,早期炸药中的燃烧裂纹不可见;中期燃烧裂纹扩展到药球表面时,先形成4条沿经线方向近似对称的主裂纹,随后环向贯通并扩展到整个药球表面;最后的剧烈反应造成强烈发光。上述反应演化经历低压增长阶段约为100 μs,之后伴随着壳体变形膨胀产生剧烈的反应,此时产物压力在约10 μs时间内超过1 GPa,并形成约20%相对于裸炸药爆轰的超压输出。在全钢结构中,20 mm厚的壳体膨胀速度最大可达到500 m/s,此时壳体完全破裂。     

稀土金属材料填充方式对预混气体爆炸特性抑制研究

利用20 L球形爆炸装置,探究了在多孔稀土金属材料两种不同的填充方式（球状和片状）下甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸特性的变化规律,考虑了留空率和填充密度对预混气体爆炸特性的影响,并利用压力传感器记录球体内爆炸压力曲线。研究结果表明:甲烷爆炸压力、最大压力上升速率和爆炸指数均与留空率呈正比例关系,与填充密度呈反比例关系,片状材料下最大压力下降幅度大于球状材料下的;片状材料抑爆性能优于球状材料的,片状材料的双重抑爆作用对爆炸威力的影响更甚;2种不同填充方式下阻火抑爆的主要机理存在差异。     

A new material model for concrete in high-dynamic hydrocode simulations

Summary  The development of material laws for concrete subjected to highly dynamic loadings is a topic of current research. Explosive charges or high-velocity impacts produce high pressures in the kilobar region within microseconds. Hydrocode simulations by coupling of Lagrangian with Eulerian grids have been carried out, considering the interaction between explosive loading and the structure. Concrete is a composite material with a variety of inhomogenities. By homogenization of the microstructure, a macroscopic approach in the framework of continuum mechanics has been adopted. Appropriate constitutive laws that enable the nonlinear rate-dependent as well as the local damage behaviour to be modelled had to be introduced. A new damage law that describes void compaction as well as the classical theory of plasticity had been taken into account. An equation of state had to be provided to ensure the compliance with conservation laws on which hydrocodes are based. To obtain the necessary material data, experimental investigations were indispensable. Therefore, a series of field tests with specimens which were concrete slabs exposed to explosive contact charges has been conducted. Received 19 March 1999; accepted for publication 9 December 1999     

The cohesive law for the particle/matrix interfaces in high explosives

The debonding of particle/matrix interfaces has an important effect on the macroscopic behavior of composite materials. There are extensive analytical and numerical studies on interface debonding in composite materials based on cohesive zone models which assume a phenomenological relation between the normal (and shear) traction(s) and opening (and sliding) displacement(s) across the particle/matrix interface. However, there are little or no experiments to determine the cohesive law for particle/matrix interfaces in composite materials. In this paper, we develop a method to determine the cohesive law for particle/matrix interfaces in the high explosive PBX 9501. We use the digital image correlation technique to obtain the stress and displacement around a macroscopic crack tip in the modified compact tension experiment of PBX 9501. We use the extended Mori-Tanaka method (which accounts for the effect of interface debonding) and the equivalence of cohesive energy on the macroscale and microscale to link the macroscale compact tension experiment to the microscale cohesive law for particle/matrix interfaces. Such an approach enables us to quantitatively determine key parameters in the microscale cohesive law, namely the linear modulus, cohesive strength, and softening modulus of particle/matrix interfaces in the high explosive PBX 9501. The present study shows that Ferrante et al.'s [1982 Universal binding energy relations in metallic adhesion. In: J.M. Georges (Ed.), Microscopic Aspects of Adhesion and Lubrication, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 19-30.] cohesive law, which is established primarily for bimetallic interfaces, is not suitable to the high explosive PBX 9501.     

爆炸载荷下脆性颗粒体系破碎特性的数值研究

试验发现,以球形TNT为中心爆源,球形玻璃珠构成的颗粒和球壳中发生破碎的颗粒体积分数随当量比（颗粒球壳的质量与TNT炸药的质量比）的增加呈现指数衰减规律。采用有限元与离散元耦合的连续非连续数值方法,揭示了中心炸药起爆后颗粒环壳内爆炸波的传播衰减和在环壳外界面反射后的稀疏卸载过程。由于爆炸波的短脉冲特性,颗粒内部应力场始终处于应力非均衡状态,采用应力均衡状态下颗粒破碎强度的Weibull分布会得到远高于试验测得的破碎颗粒体积分数。因此采用破坏波传播特征时间内的平均诱导应力而非瞬时诱导应力作为颗粒破碎强度的应力指标,并通过试验结果确定破坏波传播特征时间。考虑了应力传播的非均匀性对于颗粒破碎的影响,得到了平均诱导应力峰值的概率分布随比例距离的变化规律,结合修正后的颗粒破碎强度Weibull分布建立了破碎颗粒体积分数随比例距离的变化模型。     

Heat transfer to a single explosive particle injected into SCB plasma

This paper is concerned on the interaction of SCB plasma with Lead Azide, Lead Styphnate (LTNR) and Nickel Hydrazine Nitrate (NHN) primary explosive particles, with emphasis on the effects which the heat of explosive imposes on heat transfer from SCB plasma. The heat transfer from SCB plasma to a single spherical particle is calculated by simple calculation method. The effect of the ion and electron recombine reaction at particle’s surface and a spot of explosive reaction during the heating process was discussed. The results with a relatively simple analysis showed that the effect of particle charging on the heat transport to a particle from SCB plasma is not significant especially for the small particles. The effect of the heat of explosive on heat transfer to a particle is stronger for explosive materials with lower activation energy and larger heat of explosive or higher density.     

爆炸加载下金属壳体膨胀断裂过程中的关键物理问题

爆炸加载下金属壳体膨胀断裂过程是武器研制领域关注的重要课题,该过程包含着丰富的力学与材料学基础科学问题,吸引着众多学者的长期关注。本文中通过分析爆炸加载下金属壳体膨胀断裂过程,明确了其中蕴含的3个关键物理问题:材料动态拉伸本构、壳体膨胀断裂机理和破片尺寸控制机理,综合分析了这3个关键物理问题的研究现状与趋势。     

条形药包的空腔发展过程模拟

通过分析条形药包爆破中等效单元球药包与岩土体中实际球药包间的不同特点，计算了任一单元球药包的空腔发展过程，为模拟条形药包的空腔发展过程提供了可供选择的途径。     

柱形装药条件下锥形水中爆炸激波管内的冲击波特性

锥形水中爆炸激波管是进行水中爆炸实验的一种装置,该装置能够通过较小装药量在相同距离处实现自由场水中较大装药量爆炸的冲击波峰值。为了获得柱形装药条件下锥形水中爆炸激波管内的冲击波特性,本文通过数值计算的方式,对不同圆锥角和不同柱形装药质量下锥形激波管内的冲击波传播过程进行了模拟,通过对不同工况下激波管内冲击波特性进行分析,发现其初始冲击波的衰减规律符合自由场水中的指数衰减形式,并拟合得到了与自由场水中爆炸相容的冲击波峰值、比冲量和能流密度经验公式;发现其二次脉动压力周期与炸药质量呈反常规的变化规律,并引入等效静水压深度解释了这一现象;发现其二次脉动压力幅值与初始冲击波幅值之比比自由场水中更大,而二次脉动压力的比冲量与初始冲击波冲量之比与自由场水中相当。     

轴向分布式药包激发地震波场模型

炸药震源激发地震波场幅频特性直接影响地震勘探精度,本文通过计算研究轴向分布式药包激发地震波场幅频特征规律:以球形空腔震源模型为基础,采用叠加方法获得轴向分布式药包激发地震波场计算方法,并与数值模拟结果进行对比。研究表明:该方法误差在7%以内;在爆心距大于药柱总长度9.8倍时轴向分布式药包所激发地震波速度场与球形药包基本一致,但地震波的频率更高。     

RESPONSE OF SPHERICAL SANDWICH STRUCTURE UNDER INNER BLAST LOADING

轻质夹芯结构在能量吸收领域有很广泛的应用。本文采用数值仿真的方法分析了球形密闭夹芯结构在内爆载荷作用下的动态响应。发现与主要靠夹芯层吸能的平板或曲板结构不同,球形密闭夹芯结构的内壁在能量耗散中起关键作用。与相同质量的均质球壳相比,夹芯层可以有效地降低外壁的变形和应力水平。此外,利用理论分析的方法,得出了几何尺寸对球形夹芯结构能量吸收特性的影响。最后指出,在爆炸容器的设计中,如果充分利用球形夹芯结构的内壁进行耗能,可以显著提高结构的抗爆当量。     

A spherical wave in a viscoelastic half-space

The propagation of spherical waves in an isotropie elastic medium has been studied sufficiently completely (see, e.g., [1–4]). it is proved [5, 6] that in imperfect solid media, the formation and propagation of waves similar to waves in elastic media are possible. With the use of asymptotic transform inversion methods in [7] a problem of an internal point source in a viscoelastic medium was investigated. The problem of an explosion in rocks in a half-space was considered in [8]. A numerical Laplace transform inversion, proposed by Bellman, is presented in [9] for the study of the action of an explosive pulse on the surface of a spherical cavity in a viscoelastic medium of Voigt type. In the present study we investigate the propagation of a spherical wave formed from the action of a pulsed load on the internal surface of a spherical cavity in a viscoelastic half-space. The potentials of the waves propagating in the medium are constructed in the form of series in special functions. In order to realize viscoelasticity we use a correspondence method [10]. The transform inversion is carried out by means of a representation of the potentials in integral form and subsequent use of asymptotic methods for their calculation. Thus, it becomes possible to investigate the behavior of a medium near the wave fronts. The radial stress is calculated on the surface of the cavity.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 1, pp. 139–146, March–April, 1976.     

铝纤维炸药土中扩腔现场实验与数值模拟

为检验铝纤维炸药的做功能力,对铝纤维炸药土中爆炸扩腔现象进行实验,并采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件进行数值模拟,得出铝纤维炸药爆腔半径随药量变化的关系。结果表明,现场实验与数值模拟均能较好地表征铝纤维炸药土中爆炸扩腔的规律,铝纤维炸药相对于工业乳化炸药做功能力强,且由于其成型效果好等特点,应用于一些复杂的环境能够取得理想效果,可为类似工程提供参考。     

神经网络状态方程在强爆炸冲击波数值模拟中的应用

强爆炸数值模拟的主要挑战在于如何准确地描述爆炸产物状态方程。利用BP神经网络和强爆炸产物状态数据对神经网络产物状态方程进行训练,并将得到的状态方程植入自编的一维球对称数值模拟程序,对强爆炸冲击波参数进行了计算。结果显示,计算得到的冲击波峰值超压、冲击波到时、正压时间与标准值吻合较好,证明将神经网络状态方程应用于强爆炸冲击波数值模拟是可行的。研究结果对确定强爆炸数值模拟方法具有很好的借鉴意义。     

Container for Localization of an Explosion of a Compact High–Explosive Charge with an Inert Shell

Results of an experimental study of fragmentation effects in the explosion and the piercing power of the fragments of inert masses in the form of hemispherical aluminum and soft–steel shells enclosing the spherical charge of a high explosive under their action on flat steel, aluminum, steel–net, and claydite—concrete barriers are given. A design of the lightest spherical explosion–proof container with a load–carrying steel or glass–reinforced plastic shell protected by a splinter–proof layer capable of withstanding an explosion of a high–explosive charge (with a twofold safety factor) with an inert steel shell is proposed.