Vitamin D

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

The Measurement of Nanogram Quantities of Vitamin D3

Abstract

An isotope dilution method is described for the measurement of nanogram quantities of vitamin D₃ (cholecalciferol). Use is made of the Diels -Alder reaction between vitamin D₃ and tetracyanoethylene.

Increasing quantities of exogeneous vitamin D₃ added to a standard reaction mixture of ¹⁴C-labelled vitamin D₃ and tetracyanoethylene produced a decrease in the ratio of reacted to unreacted vitamin D₃. The ratio (y) was measured by radio-scanning of an eluted thin-layer chromatogram, and quantitation of added vitamin D₃ was thereby achieved.     

Sunbeds as Vitamin D Sources

The objectives of this work were: (1) To determine whether repeated exposures to small doses from a commercial sun bed (Wolff Solarium Super Plus 100 W) over 5 weeks gave less vitamin D than repeated exposures to twice as large, but still nonerythemogenic, doses. (2) To investigate whether the contribution to the vitamin D status from such sessions of exposures was dependent on the baseline status before the start of the sessions. (3) To determine the decay rate of the induced increment of vitamin D. The sun bed sessions raised the 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels from typical winter values to typical summer values. The mean value after exposure being 80 n m (±14) and the increase being 15 n m on average. Persons with the lowest initial levels got the largest increase. The level in this group was back to the pre-exposure level after 2–4 weeks. To maintain a summer level through the winter, when no vitamin D is produced by the sun in northern countries, one should consider increasing the recommended intake of vitamin D intake significantly, or encouraging the population to get moderate, nonerythemal sun bed exposures.     

Vitamin D and Skin Cancer

Vitamin D signaling plays a key role in many important processes, including cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, immune regulation, hormone secretion and skeletal health. Furthermore, vitamin D production and supplementation have been shown to exert protective effects via an unknown signaling mechanism involving the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in several diseases and cancer types, including skin cancer. With over 3.5 million new diagnoses in 2 million patients annually, skin cancer is the most common cancer type in the United States. While ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is the main etiologic factor for nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), UVB also induces cutaneous vitamin D production. This paradox has been the subject of contradictory findings in the literature in regards to amount of sun exposure necessary for appropriate vitamin D production, as well as any beneficial or detrimental effects of vitamin D supplementation for disease prevention. Further clinical and epidemiological studies are necessary to elucidate the role of vitamin D in skin carcinogenesis.     

Zur Bestimmung von Vitamin D

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Sun Exposure and Vitamin D Status as Northeast Asian Migrants Become Acculturated to Life in Australia

Vitamin D deficiency is more common in Northeast‐Asian immigrants to western countries than in the local population; prevalence equalizes as immigrants adopt the host country's culture. In a community‐based study of 100 Northeast‐Asian immigrants in Canberra, Australia, we examined predictors of vitamin D status, its association with indicators of acculturation (English language use; time since migration) and mediators of that association. Participants completed a sun and physical activity diary and wore an electronic ultraviolet radiation (UVR) dosimeter for 7 days. Skin colour was measured by reflectance spectrophotometry. Serum concentrations of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and cardio‐metabolic biomarkers were measured on fasting blood. In a multiple linear regression model, predictors for 25(OH)D concentration were season of blood collection, vitamin D supplementation, UVR exposure, body mass index, physical activity and having private health insurance (R² = 0.57). Greater acculturation was associated with lower risk of vitamin D deficiency (de‐seasonalized 25(OH)D level <50 nmol L^?1) (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 0.22 [95%CI 0.04–0.96]); this association was statistically mediated by physical activity and time outdoors. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with higher total cholesterol levels (>5.0 mmol L^?1) (AOR: 7.48 [95%CI 1.51–37.0]). Targeted public health approaches are required to manage the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in migrants retaining a traditional lifestyle.     

Sunshine is an Important Determinant of Vitamin D Status Even Among High‐dose Supplement Users: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial in Crohn's Disease Patients

Sunshine is considered to be the most important source of vitamin D. Due to an increased risk of skin cancer, sun avoidance is advised, but this directly contributes to the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. The simple solution is to advise vitamin D supplementation. The aim of this study was to examine the absolute and relative contribution of sunshine and supplementation to vitamin status. This study was a secondary analysis of an RCT of 92 Crohn's disease patients in remission (49% female, median age = 44). Participants were randomized to 2000 IU day^?1 of vitamin D3 or placebo for 1 year, with 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) being measured at baseline and every 4 months. Based on participant's place of residence, daily ambient UVB dose at wavelengths that can induce vitamin D synthesis (D‐UVB) was obtained. Cumulative and weighted ambient D‐UVB (cw‐D‐UVB) exposure prior to each blood draw was calculated for each participant. Linear regression analysis and multilevel modeling were used to examine the association between UVB exposure, supplementation and 25(OH)D concentration. There was considerable annual variation in D‐UVB, cw‐D‐UVB and 25(OH)D. Both supplementation and cw‐D‐UVB were found to be strongly associated with 25(OH)D: in multilevel model, an increase of approximately 6 nmol L^?1 for every 100 kJ m^?2 in cw‐D‐UVB was found, among those receiving placebo and supplementation (P < 0.0001). Treatment was associated with increase of 23 nmol L^?1 (P < 0.0001). Sunshine is an important determinant of 25(OH)D concentration, even in those who are taking high‐dose vitamin D supplements and reside at a higher mid‐latitude location.     

Ultraviolet Index and Location are Important Determinants of Vitamin D Status in People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

This study aimed to document the vitamin D status of HIV‐infected individuals across a wide latitude range in one country and to examine associated risk factors for low vitamin D. Using data from patients attending four HIV specialist clinics across a wide latitude range in Australia, we constructed logistic regression models to investigate risk factors associated with 25(OH)D < 75 nmol L^?1. 1788 patients were included; 87% were male, 76% Caucasian and 72% on antiretroviral therapy. The proportion with 25(OH)D < 50 nmol L^?1 was 27%, and <75 nmol L^?1 was 54%. Living in Melbourne compared with Cairns (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.30; 95% CI 2.18, 4.99, P < 0.001) and non‐Caucasian origin (aOR 2.82, 95% CI 2.12, 3.75, P < 0.001) was associated with an increased risk, while extreme UV index compared with low UV index was associated with a reduced risk (aOR 0.33; 95% CI 0.20, 0.55, P < 0.001) of 25(OH)D < 75 nmol L^?1. In those with biochemistry available (n = 1117), antiretroviral therapy was associated with 25(OH)D < 75 nmol L^?1; however, this association was modified by serum cholesterol status. Location and UV index were the strongest factors associated with 25(OH)D < 75 nmol L^?1. Cholesterol, the product of an alternative steroid pathway with a common precursor steroid, modified the effect of antiretroviral therapy on serum 25(OH)D.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定畜禽肉中维生素D_3和25-OH-D_3

采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定畜禽肉中维生素D3和25-OH-D3的含量。样品经过皂化,固相萃取净化,正相制备后,Symmetry C18色谱柱分离,采用大气压化学电离源多反应监测模式检测。氘代维生素D3作为内标物。维生素D3和25-OH-D3的线性范围均为5~100μg·L-1,检出限(3S/N)均为0.60μg·kg-1。方法用于猪肉样品的分析,加标回收率在75.0%~97.1%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.9%~5.6%之间。     

The Role of Vitamin C,Vitamin D,and Selenium in Immune System against COVID-19

Low levels of micronutrients have been associated with adverse clinical outcomes during viral infections. Therefore, to maximize the nutritional defense against infections, a daily allowance of vitamins and trace elements for malnourished patients at risk of or diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be beneficial. Recent studies on COVID-19 patients have shown that vitamin D and selenium deficiencies are evident in patients with acute respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D improves the physical barrier against viruses and stimulates the production of antimicrobial peptides. It may prevent cytokine storms by decreasing the production of inflammatory cytokines. Selenium enhances the function of cytotoxic effector cells. Furthermore, selenium is important for maintaining T cell maturation and functions, as well as for T cell-dependent antibody production. Vitamin C is considered an antiviral agent as it increases immunity. Administration of vitamin C increased the survival rate of COVID-19 patients by attenuating excessive activation of the immune response. Vitamin C increases antiviral cytokines and free radical formation, decreasing viral yield. It also attenuates excessive inflammatory responses and hyperactivation of immune cells. In this mini-review, the roles of vitamin C, vitamin D, and selenium in the immune system are discussed in relation to COVID-19.     

Eine Schnellmethode zur Bestimmung von Vitamin D in Gegenwart von Vitamin A

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

HPLC-APCI(+)-MS/MS测定乳制品中的维生素D_2及D_3

建立了一种高效液相色谱-大气压化学电离串联四极杆质谱,正离子监测模式下(HPLC-APCI(+)-MS/MS)测定乳制品中维生素D2和D3的方法。样品经皂化后,用石油醚提取,提取液经无水硫酸钠干燥,在氮气保护下旋转蒸发浓缩至10 m L以下,氮气吹干,用10 m L甲醇溶解后,经ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(1.7μm,2.1 mm×100 mm)分离,甲醇-水(95∶5)洗脱,多反应监测模式测定。维生素D2和D3在0.01~0.2 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数(r2)分别为0.998 7和0.999 1,方法回收率为83.0%~99.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.0%~8.3%。     

Die quantitative chemische Bestimmung von Vitamin D

Zusammenfassung Es werden die Bedingungen zur photometrischen Bestimmung von Vitamin D mit Antimontrichlorid und Guajakol festgelegt. Die von der Vitamin D-Konzentration abhängige, beständige Grünfärbung wird durch Sterine nicht gestört, es sei denn, daß sie in 100fachem Überschuß vorhanden sind. Fette und deren Spaltprodukte stören durch eine gelbbraune Färbung, wodurch eine Verseifung natürlicher Fette notwendig wird.Die Absorptionskurven von Vitamin D₂ und D₃ zeigen völlige Übereinstimmung. Der Vitamin D₂-Gehalt wird unter dem Einfluß von Licht und Luft vermindert, wobei sich der Luftsauerstoff ungünstiger auswirkt als Licht. Kurzzeitiges Erhitzen auf 80–100° C schädigt das Vitamin D₂ nicht, eine längere Einwirkung höherer Temperaturen bedingt einen Abfall, der in einer Stickstoff-Atmosphäre geringer ist als unter SauerstoffAtmosphäre.Durch U.V.-Bestrahlung wird das Vitamin D₂ ebenso wie durch Sonnenlicht geschädigt, wobei die Verminderung durch 3stündige Sonnenbestrahlung etwa derjenigen einer 3 Minuten langen U.V.-Bestrahlung entspricht. Der Einfluß von Suprasterin und Toxisterin auf die Vitamin D-Reaktion ist nur gering, was für die Vitamin D-Bestimmung in bestrahlten Hefen von Bedeutung ist.     

Die quantitative chemische Bestimmung von Vitamin D

Zusammenfassung Die zur Vitamin D₂-Bestimmung bekannten spezifischen Farbreaktionen nachHalden und H.Brockmann werden durch die Unbeständigkeit des erhaltenen Farbtones und dieser durch Fettbegleitsubstanzen empfindlich gestört. Es gelingt, eine für Vitamin D spezifische, im Farbton beständige Reaktion bei Verwendung einer 20%igen Antimontrichloridund 5%igen Guajakol-Lösung in Chloroform. Die Empfindlichkeit der Reaktion ist 1200000. Es können quantitativ 15 in 2,8 ml Chloroform nachgewiesen werden bei tunlichster Einhaltung der beschriebenen Versuchsbedingungen.Der Einfluß der Sterine auf die Reaktion ist sehr gering, doch werden die Empfindlichkeit und die Spezifität dann vermindert, wenn sehr große Mengen dieser Begleitstoffe vorhanden sind. Mit Hilfe der Adsorption an frisch behandeltes, bei 120 erhitztes Aluminiumoxyd können störende Begleitstoffe abgetrennt werden. Das Vitamin D₂ wird dabei in einer scharf umrissenen Zone festgehalten, die im UV.-Licht weiß aufleuchtet.Die vorliegende Methode ist geeignet zur mengenmäßigen Bestimmung von Vitamin D in tierischen und pflanzlichen Fetten, in Milch und Milcherzeugnissen, in Kindernährmitteln, bestrahlten Hefen und pharmazeutischen Präparaten. Um die hier auftretenden, störenden Begleitstoffe auszuschalten, werden die Präparate nach der Extraktion des Vitamins D verseift, und der unverseifbare Anteil wird an Aluminiumoxyd adsorbiert. Dabei wird das Vitamin D bei Einhaltung der Arbeitsvorschrift immer in einer charakteristischen schmalen Zone festgehalten, die im Tageslicht gelb bis rosafarben erscheint. Durch die Anwesenheit von Vitamin A, Provitamin A und anderen. Carotinoiden kann die Reaktion gestört werden, so daß auch hier eine chromatographische Auftrennung erforderlich ist, die sich aber leicht durchführen läßt.     

Chemische Vitamin D3-Bestimmung in Lebertran

The different aspects of Vitamin D₃ determination and the data reported in the literature are discussed. The spectrophotometric determination of Vitamin D₃ in cod-liver oil is carried out after the alkaline saponification, extraction of unsaponified parts, precipitation of accompanying sterols and the column- and thin-layer chromatographic purification and separation of vitamin D₃ on 40 cm plates from other vitamins. The dyestuff α-naphtholbenzein is suited well as standard substance for the better location and identification of vitamin D₃ zone on the thin-layer plate. The results obtained from the chemical method were checked through the simultaneous biological determination.     

Serum Levels of 25‐Hydroxy‐Vitamin D3 Among Sun‐protected Outdoor Workers in Israel

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of reduced sun exposure of outdoor workers on vitamin D status using different modalities of sun protection, for primary prevention of skin cancer. 25‐OH‐D3 measurements were performed in two successive winters, 8 (interim) and 20 months after initiation of the study, in three groups of male outdoor workers, enrolled in either a complete, partial or minimal sun protection program. Ambient solar UVB radiation was monitored simultaneously. No intragroup or intergroup differences were observed between the interim‐ and postintervention measurements of mean 25‐OH‐D3, which were close to 30 ng mL^?1. Significant risk factors for postintervention 25‐OH‐D3 levels >33.8 ng mL^?1 (a surrogate for reduced sun protection) were: previous sunburn episodes (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.01–6.3; P = 0.05) and younger age (OR 0.92; 95 CI 0.86–0.98; P = 0.009). Outdoor workers of Western, compared with those of Eastern paternal origin had a borderline significant risk (OR 2.4; 95% CI 0.9–6.3; P = 0.07). A borderline significant effect (OR 2.9; 95% CI 0.97–10.1; P = 0.085) was also noted for those in the minimal intervention group. In conclusion, sun protection among outdoor workers following a successful intervention did not suppress mean winter 25‐OH‐D3.     

Validation of Brief Questionnaire Measures of Sun Exposure and Skin Pigmentation Against Detailed and Objective Measures Including Vitamin D Status

Self‐reported sun exposure is commonly used in research, but how well this represents actual sun exposure is poorly understood. From February to July 2011, a volunteer sample (n = 47) of older adults (≥45 years) in Canberra, Australia, answered brief questions on time outdoors (weekdays and weekends) and natural skin color. They subsequently maintained a sun diary and wore an ultraviolet radiation (UVR) digital dosimeter for 7 days. Melanin density was estimated using reflectance spectrophotometry; lifetime sun damage was assessed using silicone casts of the back of the hand; and serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was assayed. Questionnaire‐reported time outdoors correlated significantly with diary‐recorded time outdoors (Spearman correlation r_s = 0.66; 95% CI 0.46, 0.80; P < 0.001) and UVR dosimeter dose (r_s = 0.46; 95% CI 0.18, 0.68; P = 0.003), but not 25(OH)D concentration (r_s = 0.24; 95% CI ?0.05, 0.50; P = 0.10). Questionnaire‐reported untanned skin color correlated significantly with measured melanin density at the inner upper arm (r_s = 0.49; 95% CI 0.24, 0.68; P < 0.001). In a multiple linear regression model, statistically significant predictors of 25(OH)D concentration were self‐reported frequency of physical activity, skin color and recent osteoporosis treatment (R² = 0.54). In this study, brief questionnaire items provided valid rankings of sun exposure and skin color, and enabled the development of a predictive model for 25(OH)D concentration.     

Vitamin D(2) modulates melittin-membrane interactions

In the present work, mutual interaction of melittin, a pore forming hemolytic toxin from bee venom, and vitamin D(2), an antioxidant steroid, with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) multilamellar liposomes has been investigated. Turbidity and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic measurements, in combination with thermodynamic calculations, were used to monitor the modulating effect of vitamin D(2) on a melittin-DPPC membrane system. The results indicate that melittin on its own decreases the main phase transition to lower temperatures and also dramatically decreases the stability of the membrane. It has an overall disordering effect on the phospholipid membrane structures. Inclusion of vitamin D(2) at low concentrations (3, 6 mol%) into melittin containing DPPC liposomes slightly shifts the main phase transition to lower temperatures. High concentration of vitamin D(2) (9 mol%) has a more dramatic effect in shifting the main phase transition to lower temperature. It also causes a significant broadening in the phase transition curve. The present study also demonstrates that, with the addition of vitamin D(2) into melittin-DPPC system, absorbance value in turbidity study and the frequency of the CH(2) stretching band in FTIR study changes in a manner that are consistent with a reduction in the membrane perturbing effect of melittin on DPPC liposomes. Vitamin D(2) diminishes the disordering effect of melittin on DPPC lipids and produces a more ordered membrane system. These results were confirmed with thermodynamic calculations.