Infrared radiation detector interrogated by optical frequency-domain reflectometer

We experimentally demonstrated a fast infrared (IR) radiation sensor. It is capable of measuring IR radiation independently from the environmental temperature fluctuations. Experimental work shows that this IR detection prototype have strong conveniences (fast response and reliability in harsh environment) compared to previous detectors which makes it a very good option for early fire detection systems.     

An approach for the compensation of the background variability in fire detection systems

Background (BG) variability is an important issue in fire detection. Due to atmospheric situations in general a high correlation can be assumed between the BG infrared radiation for spatially near zones. This correlation can be even greater if similar forest and soil-surface conditions exist in these zones. In this paper we present an approach for fire detection in ground systems. This approach takes into account the temporal and spatial BG behavior. We show that if we use differences of sensor outputs of BG zones with highly correlated surface temperature and reflectance then the false alarm probability is reduced for a given threshold. We also show that for a fixed false alarm probability the use of differences between sensors instead of a single sensor provides higher fire detection probability.     

海空背景下红外-紫外双色探测技术研究

舰船采用紫外-红外多传感器探测低空飞行的导弹、飞机等目标，对各个传感器采集的目标图像数据进行融合处理，可提高对目标的探测识别概率。本文分析了红外传感器器和紫外传感器的各自的优越性、海空背景下导弹羽烟的紫外辐射传输特性，得出采用红外-紫外图像融合技术能使红外、紫外传感器的优势得到互补，融合级别适合在特征级上进行，并对红外-紫外双色探测技术进行了展望。     

Detection of Arterial Occlusions Using Viscoelastic Wave Propagation

We consider the problem of detecting cardiac artery occlusions using stenosis driven viscoelastic (VE) waves propagated through biotissue to body surface sensors. We investigate possible statistical model formulations (ordinary least squares (OLS), generalized least squares (GLS)) and post analysis techniques (residual plots) to ascertain uncertainty in estimates as well as validity of the statistical models as part of a methodology for stenosis detection using viscoelastic waves.     

Low-cost active optical system for fire surveillance

Detection of smoke plumes using active optical sensors provides many advantages with respect to passive methods of fire surveillance. However, the price of these sensors is often too high as compared to passive fire detection instruments, such as infrared and video cameras. This article describes robust and cost effective diode-laser optical sensor for automatic fire surveillance in industrial environment. Physical aspects of the sensing process allowing to simplify the hardware and software design, eventually leading to significant reduction of manufacturing and maintenance costs, are discussed. The article is published in the original.     

一种新型光纤光栅围栏防火防入侵同步预警系统

利用布喇格光纤光栅传感器对应变和温度同时敏感的特性,根据应变和温度导致光栅中心波长变化趋势及规律的不同,在光纤光栅围栏入侵监测系统中,从信号时域、频域提取的多方位特征对周界入侵和火灾发生等威胁安全事件进行智能识别和报警.在光纤光栅围栏防入侵功能基础上,无需做任何硬件封装的改变,也无需另外增加温度敏感光缆和集成其他温度监测系统,即可同时达到火灾监测的目的,实现防火和防入侵的同步预警.处理结果验证了该方法的有效性.     

Using an infrasonic method to monitor the destruction of glaciers in Arctic conditions

We study the application of an infrasonic method to detect infrasonic acoustic emission caused by the destruction of glaciers in the Arctic. We consider the main approaches and methods for automatic signal detection from the data of infrasonic microarrays from the viewpoint of their practical use in conditions of frequent and significant variations in the noise level characteristics of the Arctic coast. We propose a novel method for the automatic detection of infrasonic events based on representation of a plane wave signal and adaptive estimation of the noise level. The method makes it possible to detect signals with a small number of sensors (up to three) in the specific conditions of the Arctic coast. We present the results of infrasonic monitoring of the destruction of Icefjord outlet glaciers (Spitsbergen archipelago) carried out by the Kola Branch of the RAS Geophysical Survey in 2011–2012.     

Single and networked CuO nanowires for highly sensitive p‐type semiconductor gas sensor applications

Development of high‐performance p‐type semiconductor based gas sensors exhibiting fast‐response/recovery times with ultra‐high response are of major importance for gas sensing applications. Recent reports demonstrated the excellent properties of p‐type semiconducting oxide for various practical applications, especially for selective oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this work, sensors based on CuO nanowire (NW) networks have been successfully fabricated via a simple thermal oxidation process on pre‐patterned Au/Cr pads. Our investigation demonstrates high impact of the process temperature on aspect ratio and density of copper oxide NWs. An optimal temperature for growth of thin and densely packed NWs was found to be at 425 °C. The fabricated sensors demonstrated ultra‐high gas response by a factor of 313 to ethanol vapour (100 ppm) at an operating temperature of 250 °C. High stability and repeatability of these sensors indicate the efficiency of p‐type oxide based gas sensors for selective detection of VOCs. A high‐performance nanodevice was fabricated in a FIB‐SEM system using a single CuO NW, demonstrating an ethanol response of 202 and rapid response and recovery of ～198 ms at room temperature. The involved gas sensing mechanism of CuO NW networks has been described. We consider that the presented results will be of a great interest for the development of higher‐performance p‐type semiconductor based sensors and bottom‐up nanotechnologies. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Dynamic analysis and temperature measurements of concrete cantilever beam using fibre Bragg gratings

We analyzed the action of fire, causing degradation in a concrete cantilever beam using dynamic testing. The structure was fitted with two fibre Bragg gratings (FBG) sensors. One of them measured vibration and the other measured the temperature inside of the cantilever beam, while the beam was exposed to fire. A high-temperature probe based on a simple packaging system, which isolates the sensing FBG from any mechanical action, was developed. A low-cost fibre Bragg grating interrogation system, including easy assembly and maintenance, was used for the measurements. The temperature in the cantilever beam increased until 150 °C and a reduction in the strength of concrete was observed through modal analysis. Results reveal a considerable reduction in strength occurs even with exposures to moderate temperatures (less than 90 °C).     

Infrared dim target detection based on fractal dimension and third-order characterization

We propose an improved algorithm based on fractal dimension and third-order characterization to detect dim target with cluttered background in an infrared （IR） image. We also illustrate the performance and efficiency comparisons between the presented algorithm and the traditional fractal detection method on real IR images. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is robust and efficient for IR dim target detection.     

Polycrystalline lead selenide: the resurgence of an old infrared detector

The existing technology for uncooled MWIR photon detectors based on polycrystalline lead salts is stigmatized for being a 50-year-old technology. It has been traditionally relegated to single-element detectors and relatively small linear arrays due to the limitations imposed by its standard manufacture process based on a chemical bath deposition technique (CBD) developed more than 40 years ago. Recently, an innovative method for processing detectors, based on a vapour phase deposition (VPD) technique, has allowed manufacturing the first 2D array of polycrystalline PbSe with good electro optical characteristics. The new method of processing PbSe is an all silicon technology and it is compatible with standard CMOS circuitry. In addition to its affordability, VPD PbSe constitutes a perfect candidate to fill the existing gap in the photonic and uncooled IR imaging detectors sensitive to the MWIR photons. The perspectives opened are numerous and very important, converting the old PbSe detector in a serious alternative to others uncooled technologies in the low cost IR detection market. The number of potential applications is huge, some of them with high commercial impact such as personal IR imagers, enhanced vision systems for automotive applications and other not less important in the security/defence domain such as sensors for active protection systems (APS) or low cost seekers. Despite the fact, unanimously accepted, that uncooled will dominate the majority of the future IR detection applications, today, thermal detectors are the unique plausible alternative. There is plenty of room for photonic uncooled and complementary alternatives are needed. This work allocates polycrystalline PbSe in the current panorama of the uncooled IR detectors, underlining its potentiality in two areas of interest, i.e., very low cost imaging IR detectors and MWIR fast uncooled detectors for security and defence applications. The new method of processing again converts PbSe into an emerging technology.     

基于多源卫星多光谱遥感数据的过火面积估算研究

露天生物质燃烧是重要的大气污染物排放源,导致空气质量恶化并引起气候变化。卫星遥感数据能够提供大尺度、多时相的监测信息,然而燃烧火点监测和火烧迹地监测两种方式都存在着局限性。以美国东南部地区为研究区域,通过结合卫星遥感获取的高分辨率燃烧面积数据及多时相的燃烧火点数据,建立时空匹配模型估算露天生物质燃烧过火面积。通过分析植被燃烧前后的光谱变化特征,基于高分辨率的Landsat-5 TM4波段(0.84 μm)与7波段(2.22 μm)数据, 利用差分归一化燃烧比(dNBR: the differential normalized burn ratio)提取燃烧面积数据;而燃烧火点数据则通过分析燃烧植被的热红外光谱特征利用MODIS 4与11 μm波段数据提取。结果显示,该地区燃烧面积与燃烧火点数量之间相关系数达0.63,并且二者之间的比例关系随植被类型而发生变化,林地、草地、灌木、耕地和沼泽五种植被类型对应的像元燃烧面积分别为0.69,1.27,0.86,0.72和0.94 km2。通过与美国火灾中心(national interagency fire center, NIFC)地面调查数据比对,模型估算的美国东南部过火面积数据较为精确,而同期的MODIS燃烧面积产品(MCD45)及燃烧源清单产品(global fire emissions database, GFED)遗漏了该区域大量的小面积燃烧事件。因此,本研究建立的过火面积估算模型能够提供更为精确的排放源参数信息,有利于区域空气质量模式准确地模拟露天生物质燃烧排放状况。     

基于双核的视频智能消防水炮设计

随着大空间公共建筑越来越多,传统的喷洒水灭火已满足不了需求,这些场所的消防安全也显得日益突出。针对现有自动消防炮灭火装置存在大多采用红外传感器作为火源探测元件,易受环境气流影响,导致灭火准确性降低。为此,采用红外视频探测方式,基于双核处理方式实现视频智能消防水炮。着重介绍了视频智能消防水炮工作原理,进行硬件电路结构设计和软件设计,并提出射流分段补偿方法。试验结果表明,所研制的水炮基于视频识别火源跟踪定位和射流分段补偿方法,提高了灭火定位的准确性;基于双核的工作方式,保证了水炮检测火源时效性。该水炮既能满足大空间场所设计要求,同时又能满足国标要求,为大空间场所和野外灭火提供了新的灭火设备选择。     

Fabrication and characterization of silicon antireflection structures for infrared rays using a femtosecond laser

We focus on IR sensors with lower reflection for the wavelength around 10 μm, strongly awaited for detecting human bodies. A concave structure was designed as a more suitable reflection-free structure for IR light, and an optical system with a femtosecond laser was employed for verification of the effectiveness of the structure. The microstructures prepared through this process were fabricated and optically measured using SEM, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopy. The measurement revealed that good reflection-free structures were realized for IR sensors with lower reflection for the wavelength of around 10 μm.     

基于多光谱图像的烟雾检测

烟雾检测对于火灾早期防范非常重要,传统的智能视频和图像处理技术易受背景运动信息影响,抗干扰性差,且不容易区分森林水雾和燃烧产生的烟雾,森林防火误报率高。为此提出一种新的多光谱图像检测方法检测烟雾。采用多光谱成像系统,获取400至720 nm波段范围的烟雾、水雾光谱图像序列,对图像进行分层像素整合处理;利用欧氏距离度量不同分块光谱特征差异,获取动态区域光谱特征向量,根据目标与背景间光谱特征向量差异,提取烟雾、水雾区域。室内外试验结果表明：多光谱图像检测方法可用于烟雾检测,能够有效地检测并区分烟雾和水雾,与视频图像方法结合,可有效地用于森林火灾监测,降低森林火灾检测误报率。     

Application of a Passive Polarimetric Infrared Sensor in Improved Detection and Classification of Targets

Automatic detection and recognition of targets by means of passive IR sensors suffer from limitations due to lack of sufficient contrast between the targets and their background, and among the facets of a target.In this paper the results of a suite of polarization-sensitive automatic target detection and recognition algorithms on sets of simulated and real polarimetric IR imagery are presented. A custom designed Polarimetric IR (PIR) imaging sensor is used for collecting real polarimetric target data-three of the four Stokes parameters under a variety of conditions. Then a set of novel algorithms are designed and tested that uses the target and background Stokes parameters for detection, segmentation and classification of targets.The empirical performance results are obtained in terms of the probabilities of detection, false alarm rate, segmentation accuracy, and recognition probabilities as functions of number of pixels on target, aspect and depression angles and under several background conditions (clutter densities) on the polarimetric and non-polarimetrirc data. These results show that a noticeable improvement over the non-polarimetric ATR can be achieved.     

Dynamic imaging with MRI contrast agents: quantitative considerations

Time-resolved MRI has had enormous impact in cognitive science and may become a significant tool in basic biological research with the application of new molecular imaging agents. In this paper, we examine the temporal characteristics of MRI contrast agents that could be used in dynamic studies. We consider "smart" T1 contrast agents, T2 agents based on reversible aggregation of superparamagnetic nanoparticles and sensors that produce changes in saturation transfer effects (chemical exchange saturation transfer, CEST). We discuss response properties of several agents with reference to available experimental data, and we develop a new theoretical model that predicts the response rates and relaxivity changes of aggregation-based sensors. We also perform calculations to define the extent to which constraints on temporal resolution are imposed by the imaging methods themselves. Our analysis confirms that some small T1 agents may be compatible with MRI temporal resolution on the order of 100 ms. Nanoparticle aggregation T2 sensors are applicable at much lower concentrations, but are likely to respond on a single second or slower timescale. CEST agents work at high concentrations and temporal resolutions of 1-10 s, limited by a requirement for long presaturation periods in the MRI pulse sequence.     

基于导模共振效应的自支撑超灵敏生物探测器

基于多层平面波导理论,采用自支撑共振光栅,提出了一种应用于生物探测领域的超高准确度传感器.理论计算表明,本文提出的生物传感器,其探测准确度于共振光栅的周期成正比,接近基于共振效应传感器的理论极限.采用单层共振光栅的归一化色散方程,计算了色散曲线随探测介质折射率的变化关系,从而证明了其探测准确度.此外,基于此共振光栅结构,设计了工作在近红外和中红外波段的生物探测器,分别应用于液体(1.3～1.7)和气体探测,折射率的分辨能力在近红外波段可以达到1×10^-5,在红外波段优于1×10^-6,能满足绝大多数生物材料的探测.相比于传统的基于导模共振效应的共振传感器,本文提出的生物传感器,其探测准确度有一至两个数量级的提高.     

Band-selective chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging with hyperpolarized xenon-based molecular sensors

Molecular imaging based on saturation transfer in exchanging systems is a tool for amplified and chemically specific magnetic resonance imaging. Xenon-based molecular sensors are a promising category of molecular imaging agents in which chemical exchange of dissolved xenon between its bulk and agent-bound phases has been use to achieve sub-picomolar detection sensitivity. Control over the saturation transfer dynamics, particularly when multiple exchanging resonances are present in the spectra, requires saturation fields of limited bandwidth and is generally accomplished by continuous wave irradiation. We demonstrate instead how band-selective saturation sequences based on multiple pulse inversion elements can yield saturation bandwidth tuneable over a wide range, while depositing less RF power in the sample. We show how these sequences can be used in imaging experiments that require spatial-spectral and multispectral saturation. The results should be applicable to all CEST experiments and, in particular, will provide the spectroscopic control required for applications of arrays of xenon chemical sensors in microfluidic chemical analysis devices.     

THz电磁场的新型电光探测技术及应用

介绍了一种基于线电光效应和适用于探测自由空间传播ＴＨｚ是磁辐射场的新型电光技术及潜在应用，给出最新的实验研究成果，综合比较得出用电光晶体探测ＴＨｚ电磁辐射波形明显优于传统光导偶极天线探测技术，并指出该新型电光探测系统在实时二维远红外成像技术应用中有很好的发展前景。