雷公藤的药效及毒性与微量元素的研究

雷公藤是一种药效大、毒性也大的中药。研究了雷公藤的28种无机元素，发现其有益元素铁、锰、锌、硒含量较高．其有害元素铅、砷、镉含量也较高，与其药效和毒性一一相对应。雷公藤对风湿性关节炎、肾病、肝脏病、皮肤病的疗效．与铁、锰、锌、硒在人体中生物学机理一致。雷公藤对消比道、心血管、肝脏、泌尿系统、造血系统的毒害作用，与铅、砷、镉在人体中的生物学效应一致。所以在使用雷公藤时，应考虑到微量元素作用．可提高雷公藤的疗效，降低其毒性。     

镉在雄性泥鳅体内的富集分布

以雄性泥鳅作为模型动物,采用半静水式暴露体系,研究了镉(Cd)在泥鳅体内的富集分布以及17β-雌二醇(E2)对Cd富集分布的影响。研究结果显示,肾脏、肝脏、肠和鳃是Cd在雄性泥鳅体内的主要富集器官,且Cd的富集量呈现明显的时间-效应和剂量-效应关系。肌肉、骨头和性腺中Cd的富集量却很低。并且,E2的共同暴露或预暴露并没有改变Cd的主要富集器官。     

雷公滕的药效及毒性与微量元素的研究

雷公藤是一种药效大、毒性也大的中药。研究了雷公藤的２８种无机元素，发现其有益元素铁、锰、锌、硒含量较高，其有害元素铅、砷、镉含量我高，与其药效和毒性一一相对应，雷公藤对风湿性关节炎、肾病、肝脏病、皮肤病的疗效，与铁、锰、锌、硒在人体中生物机理一致。雷公藤对消化道、心血管、肝脏、泌尿系统、造血系统的毒害作用，与铅、砷、镉在人体中的生物学效应一致。所以在使用雷公藤时，应考虑到微量元素作用，可提高雷公藤     

毒性效应引导的高风险消毒副产物识别方法

水处理工艺中的消毒环节可有效预防介水疾病的传播,但消毒处理中产生的消毒副产物可能对人体健康和生态安全造成负面影响.由于水体中消毒副产物种类多、性质差异大、浓度水平跨度大,需综合考虑暴露剂量和毒性效应,筛选高风险消毒副产物并予以控制.目前多数研究的重点在未知消毒副产物的识别上,对高风险消毒副产物的识别效率较低,且存在一定的盲目性.本综述对消毒副产物的分子结构识别和毒性测试方法进行了简要总结,并介绍了毒性效应引导的消毒副产物识别方法的特点和流程,为消毒后水体的质量控制提供参考.     

硒对镉毒性的拮抗与解毒作用实验研究

不同剂量的硒对高剂量镉的拮抗作用引起大鼠全血中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和心肝、肾脏器相对重量的变化，用以评价硒对镉毒性的缓解作用，实验结果显示，经口给适量的硒对镉引起的毒性有拮抗作用，对机体有保护作用。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定人血液中铅砷汞镉

现代社会的人类活动使环境受到一定的污染，其中重金属污染对人体健康有一定影响。本法采用氢化物发生一原子荧光光谱法（HGAFS）测定铅、砷、汞和镉，方法具有检出限低、精密度好等优点。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定人体指甲中痕量镉

通过对氢氧化四甲胺溶解人体指甲样品分解方法的研究，建立了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定指甲中痕量镉的方法，方法具有试剂用量少，空白易控制，操作方便等优点，用此法对长期从事与镉接触的工作人群与普通人群指甲中镉含量的分析对比，初步揭示指甲作为样本具有代表性，长期从事接触镉的工作会引起镉在人体中的积累。     

环境镉污染及镉对环境暴露人群影响的研究

叙述了镉在环境中存在的形态及其在有毒重金属中的毒性位置，以及镉对环境暴露人群健康影响 的研究实例。     

发镉测定的临床意义

综述了，发镉测定的临床意义，内容包括：(1)母亲镉暴露对婴儿镉负荷的影响；(2)发镉与认知功能的关系；(3)发镉对精神发育不全的诊断检验。     

膜受体介导双酚A低剂量内分泌干扰效应的分子机制

双酚A(Bisphenol A, BPA)为苯酚系衍生物,作为生产聚碳酸酯塑料和环氧树脂的中间体被广泛应用于多种产品制造中,为全球产量最大的工业品之一。BPA的大量应用使普通人群暴露BPA的几率显著增加。BPA结构与雌激素相似,为一典型雌激素样内分泌干扰物,可以对机体产生多种毒性效应。高剂量BPA主要通过拮抗雌激素受体而发挥其内分泌干扰效应;环境相关低剂量BPA由于不能与雌激素竞争结合雌激素受体,主要通过膜受体介导的信号通路以非基因组方式诱导细胞生物学功能改变。但是,具体何种膜受体介导BPA的低剂量效应以及相关分子机制目前还不清楚。基于此,我们课题组近年来在这些方面做了一系列工作。我们发现,膜G蛋白偶联受体30和整合素αvβ3及其介导的信号传导通路分别介导了环境相关低剂量BPA对雄性生殖细胞的增殖诱导和甲状腺素基因转录的干扰。对环境相关低剂量BPA作用机制的深入理解不仅有助于更客观真实评价和预测环境暴露BPA对人体健康的可能潜在影响以及采取有针对性的预防和干预措施。同时,也将为评价其他类似结构雌激素样环境内分泌干扰物的健康效应提供理论基础及技术支持。本文将结合我们近年来的研究工作,综述目前环境低剂量BPA暴露对人体健康影响的分子机制研究进展、存在的问题以及将来研究的一些思考。     

Evaluation of serum metal profile in relation to biri smoking using ICP-MS

The metals intake through tobacco smoking is associated with adverse effects for human health. The present study was aimed to understand the effects of biri smoking on smoker’s serum metal profile. Seven metals, cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), were analysed in serum samples of 20 biri smokers and 20 non-smokers from North India. The Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr and Cu concentrations were higher while Fe and Zn concentrations were lower in smokers compared to non-smokers. The Fe concentrations, the highest among all metals, seemed to be unassociated with the smoking activity. This study indicated that biri smoking is a contributor to the body burden of Cd, Ni, Cu and Cr in the smoker’s body. The Cd, Ni, Cu and Fe concentrations are non-significantly associated with the age of smokers at p < 0.01 significance level, whereas Pb and Cr concentrations increase and Zn concentrations decrease with the increase in the age of smokers. Serum metal concentrations in the smoker subjects of North India are higher compared to the results of other similar studies. This could be linked to the poor quality of tobacco used in biri. We recommend conducting more detailed and controlled studies in this regard as a smoker is also subjected to other sources of exposure to metals.     

The determination of environmental and industrial exposure to heavy metals based on the quantitative isolation of metallothionein from human fluids, with application of covalent affinity chromatography with thiol-disulphide interchange gel as a solid-phase extraction support

The aim of this study was to present a new analytical method for the quantitative determination of metallothionein (MT) proteins in human body fluids and tissues, in order to determine the level of environmental and industrial exposure to heavy metals. For MT isolation, covalent affinity chromatography with thiol-disulphide inter-change (CAC-TDI) was applied. Fundamentals of indirect determination of the contents of metallothionein proteins were worked out through estimation of the quantities of metals bound with metallothionein protein and adsorbed on covalent affinity chromatography gel as on solid-phase extraction support during separating process. The (CAC-TDI) gel, specially prepared, was used as a solid phase extraction support (SPE) for preconcentration of Hg-thionein (Hg-Th), Cd-thionein (Cd-Th), Zn-thionein (Zn-Th) and Cu-thionein (Cu-Th) proteins and Hg, Cd, Zn and Cu bonded with MTs from water, human fluids such as: urine, human plasma, breast milk and tissues homogenates.     

环境铅接触对健康的影响

环境中的铅污染已成为严重的问题。从铅的性质和存在。环境铅的接触，铅对人体健康的影响，铅中毒的治疗和预防进行了综述。并提出今后仍需进一步加强环境中的铅研究工作。寻求解决铅污染的新途径和新方法。     

砷镉复合污染稻田修复研究进展

我国农田土壤重金属污染严重,其中稻田土壤砷镉(As/Cd)复合污染形势严峻。相较于其他粮食作物,水稻具有更强的积累As/Cd能力,稻米中As/Cd通过食物链进入人体会对人类健康带来危害。因此,修复As/Cd复合污染稻田土壤,降低稻米As/Cd含量,对保障我国粮食安全生产意义重大。本文综述农田As/Cd复合污染现状及危害,讨论了As/Cd有效性影响因素及水稻中As/Cd吸收转运机制,详细探讨了稻田中As/Cd污染的修复方法。最后针对目前修复技术提出存在的不足和展望,以期为As/Cd复合污染稻田土壤修复提供一定的指导。     

In vivo activation analysis: Present and future prospects

In vivo activation analysis has proved to be an analytical assay for the elemental composition of the human body. Applications have included the diagnosis of disease, the evaluation of therapeutic clinical interventions, the study of basic human physiology (especially of the aging process), and the development of reference standards for indirect measures of body composition. This paper will focus on the in vivo activation techniques currently in use and their future prospects, with an emphasis on body Ca, N, C and Cd. The prospects for delayed, prompt, and pulsed neutron activation will be included in the discussion.     

Zinc and cadmium accumulation in single zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos — A total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry application

Trace metals such as Cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn) are known to exhibit adverse effects on many aquatic organisms including early life stages of fish. In contact with contaminated sediment, fish eggs and embryos may be exposed to metals via the water phase as well as via direct contact with contaminated particles. This may result in body burdens that are difficult to predict and may vary according to individual micro scale exposure conditions. The highly sensitive total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) may provide a tool to analyse individual embryos for internal contaminant concentrations and thus helps to develop a better understanding of dose–response relationships. To test this hypothesis, embryos of Danio rerio were exposed to Cd and Zn spiked sediment in different treatments applying an ion exchange resin for modification of bioavailable concentrations. The TXRF analysis indicated individual embryos with dramatically enhanced exposure compared to other individuals despite uniform exposure conditions on a macro scale. Ion exchanger reduced embryo Zn concentrations to values close to control value with a comparably low standard deviation. Cadmium concentrations in embryos were in the range of 4000 to 7000 µg/g with a median of 5740 µg/g. A commercial ion exchanger reduced individual body burdens by a factor 50 to 100. Individual peak body burdens of up to 3160 µg/g were accompanied by reduced weight of the fish eggs due to early death i.e. coagulation. The investigation of exposure and effects on an individual-based scale may significantly help to reduce uncertainty and inconsistencies occurring in conventional analysis of pooled fish embryo samples.     

土壤中镉的污染及治理

阐述了土壤中的镉污染及其治理,包括:土壤中镉污染的来源以及对植物和人类的危害,同时介绍了土壤镉污染的检测和治理方法。     

Bioaccessiblity features of particulate bound toxic elements: Review of extraction approaches,concentrations and health risks

For a better and accurate risk assessment of metal toxicity, the concentration of the bioaccessible fraction (BAF) is more relevant than the total metal concentration. This review describes different extraction methods with different leaching agents for various chemical forms of elements such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in ambient particulate matter (APM). Several leaching agents simulating the human body fluids have been developed to determine the bioaccessible metal fractions in APM. This study aims to enhance the knowledge of the bioaccessible concentrations and its impact on human health, documented for different locations worldwide. Furthermore, this study disclosed that confined observations have been found concerning the application and evolution of standard methods for the estimation of biologically relevant elements in ambient particulate matter. This review also revealed that human body simulated fluids like lung and gastric fluids, on comparing to water, provide more realistic values of bioaccessible fractions of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in assessing human health risks.     

Certified reference material (CRM 397) for the quality control of trace element analysis of human hair

Summary Analyses of human hair are routinely performed by a number of organisations to monitor the level of exposure of a population to toxic elements, e.g. heavy metals. To control the quality of such determinations, the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) has produced a reference material (CRM 397) certified for its contents of Cd, Hg, Pb, Se and Zn. This material was collected in a moderately contaminated area, carefully prepared and its homogeneity and long term stability were verified. This paper presents the certification work performed.