Theoretical analysis of hydrostatic implodable cylindrical volumes with solid inner structures

The basic analytical theory for hydrostatically caused implosions of spherical volumes, which has been known for nearly a century, has been extended for the treatment of cylindrical volumes with deformable solid inner structures. Theoretical analyses are developed that treat the inner structure as infinitely hard, elastically deformable, plastically deformable or shattering under the influence of the pressure from the surrounding implosion event. Parametric studies are made of the effect of the inner structure’s geometric and material properties on the pressure field of the surrounding water. Results are compared with a previous study that focused on spherical volumes.     

随机激励下考虑SSI效应的TMD-结构控制参数优化设计

TMD是高层建筑结构抗震和抗风等减震控制的主要方法,结构体系频率和TMD参数的适配性对控制效果起决定性作用。现有规范中忽略土对上部结的构的影响,使得TMD-结构振动控制与实际工程情况存在脱节。本文以结构的最大层间位移为控制指标,将优化算法与概率密度理论方法结合,以十层混凝土框架TMD-结构参数优化为例,研究了SSI对TMD结构控制效果的影响,并实现了随机激励下TMD建筑结构参数的优化设计。为TMD建筑结构最优化设计提供了新的思路和方法。     

Mechanics of the implosion of cylindrical shells in a confining tube

A fundamental experimental investigation, with corresponding computational simulations, was conducted to understand the physical mechanisms of implosions of cylindrical shells occurring within a tubular confining space which has a limited potential energy reservoir. In particular, attention was focused on studying the generation of pressure waves from the implosion, the interaction of the pressure waves with the confining tube walls and end caps, and the collapse mechanisms of the implodable volume. Experiments were conducted with three implodable volume geometries which had similar critical collapse pressures. The implodable volumes were aluminum 6061-T6 cylindrical tubing and were placed concentrically within the confining tube. Pressure histories recorded along the length of the confining tube during the experiments were utilized to analytically evaluate the deformation of the implodable volume using fluid–structure coupled deformation models. Computational simulations were conducted using a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian scheme to explicitly model the implosion process of the tubes along with the resulting compressible fluid flow. The numerical model developed in this study is shown to have high correlation with the experimental results and will serve as a predictive tool for the simulation of the implosion of different cylindrical geometries as well as various tube-in-tube implosion configurations. The experimental results show that the limited hydrostatic potential energy available in a confined environment, as compared to a free field, significantly influences the implosion process. The wall velocities of the implodable volume during the collapse, as well as the extent of the collapse progression, are largely affected by the sudden decrease in the available hydrostatic potential energy. This energy is shown to be partially transformed into elasto-plastic strain energy absorbed in the deformation of the implodable volume, as well as the kinetic energy of the water during the implosion process. Experiments also show that the extent of the collapse progression of an implodable volume can potentially be inhibited within a closed environment, which can lead to the arresting of an implosion event prior to completion for larger implodable volumes. The pressure waves generated during collapse comprise of waves emitted due to the impact of the implodable volume walls, the arrest of rushing water and contact propagation along the walls. These processes later evolve into water hammer type axial wave behavior.     

Computational algorithms for tracking dynamic fluid–structure interfaces in embedded boundary methods

A robust, accurate, and computationally efficient interface tracking algorithm is a key component of an embedded computational framework for the solution of fluid–structure interaction problems with complex and deformable geometries. To a large extent, the design of such an algorithm has focused on the case of a closed embedded interface and a Cartesian computational fluid dynamics grid. Here, two robust and efficient interface tracking computational algorithms capable of operating on structured as well as unstructured three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics grids are presented. The first one is based on a projection approach, whereas the second one is based on a collision approach. The first algorithm is faster. However, it is restricted to closed interfaces and resolved enclosed volumes. The second algorithm is therefore slower. However, it can handle open shell surfaces and underresolved enclosed volumes. Both computational algorithms exploit the bounding box hierarchy technique and its parallel distributed implementation to efficiently store and retrieve the elements of the discretized embedded interface. They are illustrated, and their respective performances are assessed and contrasted, with the solution of three‐dimensional, nonlinear, dynamic fluid–structure interaction problems pertaining to aeroelastic and underwater implosion applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Linear Rayleigh-Taylor instability analysis of double-shell Kidder＇s self-similar implosion solution

This paper generalizes the single-shell Kidder＇s self-similar solution to the double-shell one with a discontinuity in density across the interface. An isentropic implosion model is constructed to study the Rayleigh-Taylor instability for the implosion compression. A Godunov-type method in the Lagrangian coordinates is used to compute the one-dimensional Euler equation with the initial and boundary conditions for the double-shell Kidder＇s self-similar solution in spherical geometry. Numerical results are obtained to validate the double-shell implosion model. By programming and using the linear perturbation codes, a linear stability analysis on the Rayleigh-Taylor instability for the double-shell isentropic implosion model is performed. It is found that, when the initial perturbation is concentrated much closer to the interface of the two shells, or when the spherical wave number becomes much smaller, the modal radius of the interface grows much faster, i.e., more unstable. In addition, from the spatial point of view for the compressibility effect on the perturbation evolution, the compressibility of the outer shell has a destabilization effect on the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, while the compressibility of the inner shell has a stabilization effect.     

The numerical simulations of explosion and implosion in air: use of a modified Harten's TVD scheme

Numerical simulations of explosion and implosion in air are carried out with a modified Harten's TVD scheme. The new scheme has a high resolution for contact discontinuities in addition to maintaining the good features of Harten's TVD scheme. In the numerical experiment of spherical explosion in air, the second shock wave (which does not exist in the one‐dimensional shock tube problem) and its subsequent implosion on the origin have been successfully captured. The positions of the main shock wave, the contact discontinuity and the second shock wave have shown satisfactory agreement with those predicted from previous analysis. The numerical results are also compared with those obtained experimentally. Finally, simulations of a cylindrical explosion and implosion in air are carried out. Results of the cylindrical implosion in air are compared with those of previous work, including the interaction of the reflected main shock wave with the contact discontinuity and the formation of a second shock wave. All these attest to the successful use of the modified Harten's TVD scheme for the simulations of shock waves arising from explosion and implosion. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vibration frequency and lock-in bandwidth of tensioned,flexible cylinders experiencing vortex shedding

In-water vortex-induced vibration (VIV) tests of top-tensioned, flexible cylindrical structures were conducted at Shell Westhollow Technology Center current tank. These tests revealed that the top tension and structural stiffness (both lateral and axial) can have a significant impact on vibration frequencies. During lock-in between the vortex-shedding frequency and the structure's natural frequency, the increase of the vibration frequency with flow speeds is strongly related to the rise of the axial tension. After an initial abrupt rise, the vibration frequency of a bending-stiffness-dominated structure only increased slightly during lock-in. Alternative explanations are provided on why the vibration frequency does not rise significantly but there can still exist a broad lock-in band, and why a more massive structure has a narrower lock-in bandwidth.     

Attenuating the large-scale turbulent oscillations sustained by shallow cavities with a perforated lid

Marine engineers face a challenging problem when designing recessed cavities that require perforated covers. Under certain geometric and kinematic conditions, the separated shear layers directly above the perforations support the spatial maturity of periodic large-scale structures. Intermittent spoilers attenuate the structure's maturity by interrupting communication between the shear layer and the adjacent inner cavity, but this success fails during transient flow conditions. In the far-field, the corresponding noise pulse is easily detectable. Evolutionary growth of the streamwise structures originates from small Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) waves within the shear layers just after separation and are sustained by a pressure feedback mechanism that occurs within the cavity itself. Herein, the resolved physics from large-eddy simulations along with the previous experimental evidence show analogous fundamental characteristics between the open and perforated covered cavities regardless of whether upstream separation is laminar or turbulent. These quantitative analogies are equally similar for lids perforated by staggered circular holes or slots that are tightly spaced in the streamwise direction. An alternative measure permits formation of the K–H waves, then successfully mitigates their streamwise growth by elongating the distance between perforations. This latter corrective measure reverses the mean resultant lid force to the preferred outboard direction.     

基于模糊数学的贴片式左手超材料微结构选择方法研究

研究了基于模糊数学的贴片式左手超材料结构的选择机制,其核心思想是基于现有左手超材料结构构建左手材料微结构集合,将集合中结构的特性参数以某种隶属函数映射到[0,1]区间,用隶属度表示各元素对设计需求的符合度;根据模糊目标及约束的隶属度确定元素的模糊优越集,最终找到最适合于相应设计的结构方案。给出了材料库中每种结构方案相对于模糊目标及约束的隶属度的确定方法。为了验证所提出选择方法的可行性,建立了不同拓扑形式的左手超材料构型集合和不同尺寸的巾型构型集合,针对具体的设计目标和约束要求,计算了相应集合的模糊优越集,给出了最适合的个体元素排序,计算结果表明本文提出的结构选择方法可选出满足设计要求的结构构型。     

Determination of column-buckling criteria using vibratory data

A mathematical model is presented which describes a nondestructive testing procedure for determining buckling criteria for structures. The procedure requires identification of the structure's support boundary conditions using vibration data. Column-buckling experiments are presented which validate the model. The results illustrate the feasibility of using such models to predict the buckling load for structures whose support boundary conditions are not known in advance of service.     

Experimental study on steam chugging phenomenon in a vertical sparger

Unstable direct contact condensation called ``Chugging'' that occurs in certain conditions in the pressure suppression pool of Primary Containment Vessel of Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) was studied experimentally. The mechanisms of every phase of the chugging was described, and experimental results useful for the development and validation of more accurate CFD models were provided. The experiment was conducted with a transparent pool and a transparent polycarbonate pipe or a stainless steel pipe with inner diameter of 27 mm under the conditions of the steam mass flux of 5.5–19.5 kg/m²s and the pool temperature of 19–46.5 °C. Pressure pulses were measured and synchronized with a high speed video camera for images acquisition. It was identified that the bubble implosion occurred while the pressure in the bubble quickly decreased. This condition might establish instability in the interfacial area which grew abruptly causing the implosion. Moreover the transparent apparatus allowed to interpret and relate internal condensations, generating pressure spikes of around 1.2 MPa because of the condensation-induced water hammer. Finally, the chugging condensation regime map was created from the experimental data.     

Servo-hydraulic System for Controlled Velocity Water Impact of Marine Sandwich Panels

Slamming, the impact between a marine craft’s hull and the water surface is a critical load case for structural design of marine vessels. The importance of hull slamming has led to a significant body of work to understand, predict and model these impacts. There is however, a lack of experimental data for validation, particularly for deformable panels and sandwich structures. This paper describes a high-velocity panel slamming test system that enables the generation of comprehensive and reliable experimental data on slamming impacts for both rigid and flexible panel structures. The pressure magnitudes, time-histories and spatial distributions resulting from testing of a nominally rigid panel have been compared with previous analytical, semi-empirical and experimental studies. Slamming impacts of a deformable sandwich panel are shown to cause different pressures to those from a rigid panel impact, resulting in increased transverse shear loading at the panel edge.     

Displacement and strain of vibrating structures using time-average holography

A technique for computing the bending strain resulting from the resonant modal deformation of vibrating plate-like structures is described. Interferometric fringes obtained by time-average holography are used as the basis for generating a mathematically continuous series approximation of a plate-like structure's normal displacement. The terms of the series consist of the clamped-free or free-free eigenfunctions of a simple beam. The bending strain is then obtained by computing the second derivative of the displacement series. The coefficients of the terms of the displacement series are computed for a given segment of a cantilevered plate-like structure based upon the holographic-fringe values lying along the same plate segment. A linear least-squares-solution routine is used to solve for the series coefficients, called modal weighting coefficients, in terms of the normal displacement values obtained from the holographic-fringe value. A ‘best fit’ solution is thus obtained for the plate displacement. This least-squares approach in conjunction with the fact the beam-series functions exactly satisfy the plate's geometric boundary conditions and approximately satisfy the plate's natural boundary conditions, results in a displacement series that yields quite accurate displacement and bending strain values. The technique described above has been programmed for use on a Tektronix 4010 interactive computer terminal. The accuracy and effectiveness of the computer algorithm, called HOLOCURVE, is checked by determining the displacement and bending strain at selected segment locations for three different modes of vibration of a cantilevered plate. The results are compared to those of an eigenvalue analysis carried out on a finite-element model of the plate using the finite-element computer program, NASTRAN. The HOLOCURVE results are in excellent agreement with the finite-element analysis except for cases where the bending strain is essentially zero as in the case of chordwise segment for a torsional-mode shape.     

电磁内爆套筒动力屈曲的实验和数值模拟

用实验及数值模拟方法研究了电磁内爆套筒的屈曲响应规律。用电容器组脉冲发生器装置作为驱动源,设计4种不同材料、不同尺寸的金属套筒,通过调节电容器组的充电电压得到不同的加载电流,研究材料及几何参数、加载脉冲特性对套筒屈曲的影响;采用瞬态非线性有限元方法对实验结果进行了数值模拟。研究表明,在同样加载电流作用下相同材料套筒形成的屈曲波数随半径/厚度比增大而增大,不同材料套筒的屈曲波数随屈服强度/塑性强化模量比值增大而增大,而相同材料的屈曲波数不随加载电流的大小而改变;模拟计算结果与实验结果基本吻合。     

三维显式有限元程序及炸药冲击起爆应用

冲击和爆炸数值模拟在军事工程和民用领域都应用广泛。基于显式有限元理论,本文介绍了自主研发的三维冲击和起爆流体动力学程序。该程序的功能包含了材料本构、状态方程、炸药反应速率方程和接触碰撞算法,能够模拟复杂条件下结构冲击和炸药起爆问题。由于采用面向对象的编程方法,程序结构相对简单并且容易修改。首先,进行了Taylor杆碰撞数值模拟,并将计算结果与实验结果以及DYNA2D结果进行了比较;接着,基于Lee-Tarver点火增长模型,模拟了冲击加载下裸炸药和带壳炸药的冲击起爆问题。计算结果表明,三维程序计算结果与实验值和商业软件结果都非常吻合,该程序能够较准确地模拟三维结构的冲击和炸药起爆问题。同时,基于面向对象开发的三维计算程序实现了模块化功能,易于后续开发,为冲击和爆炸计算程序的开发提供了参考。     

Dynamic shakedown of structures with variable appended masses and subjected to repeated excitations

Elastic shakedown for discrete, or finite-element discretized, structures subjected to combinations of static and time-variable loads is addressed in the hypothesis of elastic-perfectly plastic material behavior. The static load is conceived as the weight of an additional mass appended to the structure, whereas the time-variable load is conceived as an unknown sequence of excitations belonging to a specified domain, with intervals between subsequent excitations during which the structure is considered as being motionless. It is shown that, in the plane of the static and time-variable load parameters, the structure's dynamic shakedown domain is nonconvex and that its boundary curve generally exhibits local minima and maxima at those static load values at which a resonant and anti-resonant structural behavior, respectively occurs. It is also shown that, for static loads close to the resonant behavior values, the shakedown limit load can be sensibly smaller than the value computed without taking the appended mass into account. The problem of evaluating the shakedown limit load is discussed and a numerical example presented.     

An experimental study of the under-expanded swirling jet with secondary coaxial stream

The present study addresses experimental results for investigating the details of the near field flow characteristics produced in an under-expanded, dual, coaxial, swirling jet. The under-expanded swirling jet is discharged from a sonic inner nozzle. An outer annular nozzle produces co- and counter-swirling streams relative to the inner primary swirling jet. The interaction between both the outer annular swirling stream and inner under-expanded swirling jet is quantified by impact and static pressure measurements, and visualized by using the shadowgraph method. Experiments are performed for several different pressure ratios. The results show that the outer secondary co-swirling jet significantly changes the structure of the inner under-expanded swirling jet, such as the shock structures and the recirculation region generated at the jet axis. The effect of the outer secondary stream on the major structures of the inner primary swirling jet is strongly dependent on the pressure ratio of the inner swirling jet, regardless of the swirl direction of the outer stream.Received: 17 May 2004, Accepted: 27 September 2004, Published online: 26 November 2004[/PUBLISHED]H.D. Kim: Correspondence to     

An experimental study of drop migration in shear flow between concentric cylinders

The phenomenon of migration of liquid drops in Couette flow between concentric cylinders due to non-Newtonian fluid properties and shape deformation has been studied experimentally. The results agree very well with the theory of Chan and Leal, which included the effect of hydrodynamic interaction with the bounding walls, and that of velocity profile curvature in a Couette device. Significant observations that were not reported in previous studies include the migration of a deformable Newtonian drop to an equilibrium position between the centerline and the inner rotor, and the competition between normal stresses and shape deformation effects for the case of a Newtonian drop in a non-Newtonian fluid.     

基于面积折减等效模型的光电倍增管水下内爆机理研究

光电倍增管(photomultiplier tube，PMT)是中微子探测器的核心部件，是由玻璃材料制成的内部真空的薄壳结构，排列在深水中工作，若一个PMT被压溃会产生内爆冲击波，会引起周围PMT发生殉爆。针对PMT内爆，建立了PMT内爆数值计算简化模型，并将计算与试验结果进行对比，验证简化模型的合理性。在此基础上，提出了基于面积折减等效模型的PMT内爆计算方法，通过等效模型分析了防护装置破口面积对PMT内爆的影响，得出随着防护装置破口面积的减小，水流碰撞发生PMT内爆的时刻相应提前，内爆产生的冲击波脉宽基本保持不变，冲击波压力峰值明显减小。该研究有利于找到有效的PMT内爆防护方法。