Homogeneous Photodegradation of PVC by Tungstophosphoric Acid

The photocatalytic degradation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films by tungstophosphoric acid (HPW) was investigated. The main reason for highly enhanced photodegradation of HPW-doped PVC film was studied and discussed.     

Nanostructured BiVO4 Derived from Bi-MOF for Enhanced Visible-light Photodegradation

BiVO4,a promising visible-light responding photocatalyst,has aroused extensive research interest because of inexpensiveness and excellent chemical stability.However,its main drawback is the poor photoinduced charge-transfer dynamics.Building nanostructures is an effective way to tackle this problem.Herein,we put forward a new method to prepare nanostructured BiVO4 from Bi-based metal-organic frameworks[Bi-MOF(CAU-17)]precursor.The as-prepared material has a rod-like morphology inherited from the Bi-MOF sacrificial template and consists of small nanoparticle as building blocks.Compared with its counterparts prepared by conventional methods,MOF-derived nanostructured BiVO4 shows better light absorption ability,narrower bandgap,and improved electrical conductivity as well as reduced recombination.Consequently,BiVO4 nanostructure demonstrates high photocatalytic activity under visible light towards the degradation of methylene blue.Methylene blue can be degraded up to 90%within 30 min with a reaction rate constant of 0.058 min-1.Moreover,the cycling stability of the catalyst is excellent to withstand unchanged degradation efficiency for at least 5 cycles.     

Photodegradation of methylene blue in water,a standard method to determine the activity of photocatalytic coatings?

The degradation of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solutions has been re-examined as a method to characterize the photocatalytic activity of transparent TiO₂ coatings. Increasing irradiation intensities leads to a change in the observed kinetic behavior from zero-order to pseudo-first-order regarding the concentration of MB. This is due to a diffusion inhibition of MB. In order to obtain data within a zero-order kinetic regime at an initial MB concentration of 10 μmol/l and, thus, to avoid the diffusion control, irradiation intensities below E=5 W/m² for substrates comprising higher photonic efficiencies than ζ=0.09% have to be applied. Recommendations for a standard protocol are given.     

Graphitic Carbon Nitride Microspheres Supportedα-FeO(OH)Hybrids for Visible Light Photodegradation of MO

Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C3N4)microspheres supported a-FeO(OH)hybrids[α-FeO(OH)/g-C3N4]were prepared by means of a self-assembly method in deionized water.By UV-visible diffiise reflectance spectroscopy,it has been confirmed thatα-FeO(OH)/g-C3N4 has a wider absorption range thanThe feature ofα-FeO(OH)/g-C3N4 can be attributed to the efficient separation of the electron-hole pairs with photoluminescence spectra.The degradation rate of methyl orange(MO)is up to 99%under the optimal conditions of 110 min,initial concentration of 30 mg/L,anα-FeO(OH)/g-C3N4 dosage of 15 mg as well as visible light.The mechanism for this photocatalytic reaction was proposed,with hydroxyl radicals being a major active catalytic species.     

Photodegradation of Riboflavin under Alkaline Conditions: What Can Gas-Phase Photolysis Tell Us about What Happens in Solution?

The application of electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) as a direct method for detecting reactive intermediates is a technique of developing importance in the routine monitoring of solution-phase reaction pathways. Here, we utilise a novel on-line photolysis ESI-MS approach to detect the photoproducts of riboflavin in aqueous solution under mildly alkaline conditions. Riboflavin is a constituent of many food products, so its breakdown processes are of wide interest. Our on-line photolysis setup allows for solution-phase photolysis to occur within a syringe using UVA LEDs, immediately prior to being introduced into the mass spectrometer via ESI. Gas-phase photofragmentation studies via laser-interfaced mass spectrometry of deprotonated riboflavin, [RF − H]⁻, the dominant solution-phase species under the conditions of our study, are presented alongside the solution-phase photolysis. The results obtained illustrate the extent to which gas-phase photolysis methods can inform our understanding of the corresponding solution-phase photochemistry. We determine that the solution-phase photofragmentation observed for [RF − H]⁻ closely mirrors the gas-phase photochemistry, with the dominant m/z 241 condensed-phase photoproduct also being observed in gas-phase photodissociation. Further gas-phase photoproducts are observed at m/z 255, 212, and 145. The value of exploring both the gas- and solution-phase photochemistry to characterise photochemical reactions is discussed.     

Photodegradation of EDTA using Fenton’s reagent: a pilot-scale study

The presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in decontamination wastes can cause complexation of cations resulting in interferences in their removal by various treatment processes, for example chemical precipitation, ion exchange, etc., and can negatively affect the quality of the final form of the waste. Advanced oxidation processes using ozone, H₂O₂, ultrasonics (US), ultraviolet (UV) light, Fenton’s reagent (Fe(II) + H₂O₂), alone or in combination, are regarded as possible methods of clean and ecologically safe remedial treatment for the degradation of organics. In this study, the development of a column photoreactor (15 L) and a shallow-tank photoreactor (100 L) was carried out at the Centralised Waste Management Facility, Kalpakkam, India. Pilot-scale (batch) studies of the photocatalytic degradation of EDTA (20,000 mg/L) using UV + Fenton’s reagent in these reactor geometries were attempted. The effect of the power of the UV radiation on the kinetics of photodegradation of EDTA (20,000 mg/L) was studied using the column photoreactor. The shallow-tank reactor was used to study the photodegradation of EDTA (20,000 mg/L) using UV radiation, visible radiation, and sunlight. The successful use of sunlight as a source of energy and its greater effectiveness than UV radiation in the treatment of EDTA are presented.     

Photodegradation of substituted stilbene compounds: what colors aging paper yellow?

Photodegradation of lignin is one of the major postprocessing problems in paper production, as this renders yellowing of the paper and reduced paper quality. In this study, we have explored the photochemical properties of substituted stilbene derivatives believed to be key chromophores in the photodegradation of lignin derived from cinnamyl alcohol. In particular, the present work focuses on the computation of UV/vis electronic absorption spectra for different methoxylated stilbenes and their proposed photodegradation products. All calculations were performed using the time-dependent formalism of density functional theory (TD-DFT) and the B3LYP hybrid functional. It is concluded that the methodology employed is capable of reproducing not only the overall spectra, but also subtle features owing to the effects of different substitution patterns. For the strongly absorbing first excited singlet state (HOMO --> LUMO excitation) of the methoxylated stilbenes, the calculated transition energies are, albeit somewhat fortuitously, in excellent agreement with experimental data. The light-induced yellowing indirectly caused by the presence of stilbenes can be rationalized in terms of the absorption spectra of the resulting photodegraded o-quinones, for which distinct transitions in the 420-500 nm region of the visible spectrum lacking prior to degradation are observed.     

Inclusion Complexes of Manidipine with γ-Cyclodextrin and Identification of Photodegradation Products

The paper presents results of a study of photochemical decomposition of manidipine and its inclusion complexes with γ-cyclodextrin and identification of photodegradation products. The process was qualitatively assessed by the UV spectrophotometry and by HPLC-MS. The quantitative assessment of its efficiency was performed on the basis of kinetic parameters and quantum yields. The main product of photodegradation was nitrophenylpyridine derivative, while the concentration of nitrozophenylpyridine derivative being the other product of this process, was about 20 times lower. The inclusion complexes of manidipine with γ-cyclodextrin were obtained in the liquid phase. The stoichiometry of the complexes was determined from the Benesi–Hildebrand equation. The photochemical stability of manidipine in inclusion complexes was compared with that of manidipine in non-complexed form.This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected issue number.     

Photodegradation of dye pollutants on TiO_2 pillared bentonites under UV light irradiation

TiO2 pillared bentonite samples dried under different conditions are used to degrade 2,4-dichlorophenol and orange II under UV light irradiation. The supercritical dried sample exhibits a high activity for the photodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol and orange II due to its structural features. TOC and COD are measured during the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol under UV light irradiation using P25 and TiO2 pillared bentonite samples dried under different conditions. The clay-based catalysts can be readily separated by filtration or sedimentation.     

Photodegradation of Methanol Under UV–Visible Irradiation by Titania Dispersed on Polyester Cloth

Titania supported on polyester fabric (TiO₂–PY) with varying titania loadings (2–7 wt%) were prepared via the dip-coating method at room temperature using an aqueous slurry of anatase titania. Structural and morphological characterizations by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the titanium dioxide crystallites deposited on the surface of the polyester fabric were in the micrometer range while their phase remained to be anatase. Photocatalytic activity of TiO₂–PY fabric catalysts was evaluated for vapor-phase oxidation of methanol in air as a test reaction in the presence of UV as well as solar radiation under ambient conditions. These catalysts were found to be quite active in both UV and solar irradiation with activity being higher in the former case. CO₂ yield from photo-oxidation of methanol depended on titania content and also on its dispersion over polyester fabric support.     

Photodegradation: a solution for the shopping bag “visual pollution” problem?

Plastic bags pose a “visual pollution” problem as they have a high surface-to-volume ratio and because they are often brightly coloured. Enhanced photo-oxidation is a possible route to accelerate the mineralisation of such litter. Thus we evaluated the effect of selected metal complexes and an anti-oxidant on the accelerated weathering of blown polyethylene and polypropylene films in a QUV tester. It was found that the additives were more effective in polypropylene than in polyethylene. The transition metal complexes, particularly ferric stearate, were very effective photodegradants. Copper stearate provided a measure of UV protection to polyethylene but not to polypropylene. Poly (1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline), a commercial anti-oxidant, also caused accelerated UV degradation. This is significant as its use as a prodegradant is not expected to adversely affect the recyclability of the polymers.     

Photodegradation of biodegradable polyesters: A comprehensive study on poly(l-lactide) and poly(?-caprolactone)

The photodegradation of melt-crystallized and amorphous-made poly(l-lactide) (PLLA-C and PLLA-A, respectively) and cast-crystallized poly(?-caprolactone) (PCL) was investigated comprehensively for the periods up to 200 h using gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, tensile testing, and polarization optical microscopy. The photodegradation of PLLA and PCL films proceeds via a bulk erosion mechanism, indicating that UV penetrates the specimens with no significant reduction in its intensity, irrespective of the chemical structure and the crystallinity of biodegradable polyesters. The photodegradability of PCL chains was higher than that of PLLA chains. This strongly suggests that the chemical structure of the two sequential groups adjacent to the ester oxygen rather than the density of ester group is crucial to determine the photodegradability of biodegradable polyesters. Although PLLA chains are photodegradable even in the crystalline regions, their photodegradability is lower than that in the amorphous regions. The significant increase in weight-average molecular weight (M_w)/number-average molecular weight (M_n) was observed for PLLA-A and PCL films, even when the decrease in M_n by UV irradiation was small. Most of the tensile properties of PLLA and PCL films remained unchanged during UV irradiation, while solely the elongation at break of PCL film significantly decreased. This result reflects that among the tensile properties the elongation at break was most sensitive to the change in molecular characteristics of biodegradable polyesters by UV irradiation. The contrast between bright and dark parts of Maltese crosses remained unchanged for the spherulites in PLLA-C and PCL films even after UV irradiation for 200 h. This result exhibits that the cleaved fraction of the tie chains was too low to cause the traceable disorientation of lamellae.     

HCH (Hexachlorcyclohexan) und DDT (Dichlor-diphenyl-trichlormethylmethan) in Mischungen in Handelspr?paraten

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Enhanced Charge Separation of α-Bi2O3-BiOI Hollow Nanotube for Photodegradation Antibiotic Under Visible Light

It is highly desirable to exploit semiconductor materials with high photocatalytic degradation activity, especially bismuth oxyhalide semiconductor photocatalysts with special layered structure and suitable bandgap width. The low utilization rate of visible light and high recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole of BiOI photocatalyst severely restrict its development. Herein, a heterojunction photocatalyst of α-Bi₂O₃-BiOI hollow nanotube was prepared by electrospinning method, solvothermal method and ion-exchange method. The α-Bi₂O₃-BiOI(BB-4, the stirring time of Bi₂O₃ in KI solution was 4 h) exhibited the best photocatalytic performance towards degrading the tetracycline hydrochloride(TC) solution, which could remove 85% of TC(10 mg/L) in 2 h under visible light irradiation. The estimated k_TC of α-Bi₂O₃-BiOI(BB-4) was ca. 3.9 and 1.8 times as much as that of α-Bi₂O₃ and pure BiOI, respectively. It indicated that the formation of α-Bi₂O₃-BiOI heterojunction can significantly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, therefore the photocatalytic ability was enhanced. Furthermore, a corresponding photocatalytic mechanism was proposed that ^·O₂^- radical and holes are the main active components in the photodegradation through trapping experiment.     

science in china(scientia sinica)

science in china(scientia sinica)     

LC–MS and UPLC–Quadrupole Time-of-Flight MS for Identification of Photodegradation Products of Aflatoxin B1

UV irradiation of a solution of aflatoxin B₁ in acetonitrile resulted in three major degradation products which have been identified by LC–MS. Accurate masses and proposed molecular formulas of the degradation products—315.0868 (C₁₇H₁₅O₆), 285.0758 (C₁₆H₁₃O₅), and 275.0553 (C₁₄H₁₁O₆)—were obtained with low mass error and high matching property by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–Q-TOF MS). Structural formulas of the photodegradation products, and the degradation pathways leading to the compounds, are proposed on the basis of the molecular formulas and MS–MS spectra. UPLC–Q-TOF MS has been recognized as a powerful analytical tool for qualitative analysis of trace materials and degradation products.     

Pt Modified TiO2–x/C Composites with Metal-organic Frameworks as Precursors for Photodegradation of Organic Dye

A series of Pt modified TiO_2–x/C composites with higher specific surface area were obtained by using a Zn-Ti heterometallic metal-organic framework (MOF) as the precursor. The photocatalytic activities of these composites were studied by methylene blue (MB) as a representative organic pollutant. The chemical composition and porosity of these composites can be adjusted by changing the pyrolysis temperature. Among them, the sample being pyrolyzed at 1000 °C (PTC-P10) showed excellent photocatalytic performance, and its rate constant of degradation of MB was higher than that of ATC-P10 (Ag modified TiO_2–x/C composites) due to the rapid capture of electrons and the expansion of the photoresponse range caused by Pt modifying. This work represents a novel approach towards Pt modified TiO_2–x/C composites as photocatalysts.     

Natriummetaphosphat (I) in Metaphosphors?ure (II)

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Photodegradation of Naproxen Using Ag/AgCl–PANI Composite under Solar Light: Transformation Product and Reaction Kinetics

Kinetics and Catalysis - The photocatalytic degradation of organic micropollutant naproxen (NPX) was evaluated under solar light using Ag/AgCl–polyaniline (Ag/AgCl–PANI) photocatalyst....     

Zur titrimetrischen Mikrobestimmung von Hydrochinon (HC) als Antioxydans in Fetten und ?len (1.), in photographischen Entwicklern (2.) oder als Konservierungsmittel in Narkose?ther (3.)

Ohne Zusammenfassung