Relationship between catalytic activity and π-electron density

A correlation between the activity of unsaturated esters of ,-carboxylic acids and ,-unsaturated ketones and the -electron density of hydrogenated bonds has been found.

---

,- , ,- - .

     

The measurement of heats of mixing of polymer alloys by a heat of solution method

Direct measurement of the heat of mixing (interaction) of polymers is not feasible due to their high viscosity. The indirect approach described here is a heat of solution method, in which a Hess's Law cycle is used to determine the heat of mixing from the individual heats of solution of the alloy and its constituent polymers in a common solvent. The main limitation of this approach lies in obtaining adequate precision on the experimentally determined heats of solution, as these are large compared to the calculated heat of mixing.With this method the heat of mixing of a 75/25 (%by wt) poly(dimethyl) phenylene oxide/polystyrene alloy has been determined by Setaram C-80 microcalorimeter as 4.9 + 0.2 Jg^–1. The precision of the method shows an improvement compared with published data.

---

Zusammenfassung Die direkte Messung der Mischungswärme (Wechselwirkungswärme) von Polymeren ist wegen ihrer hohen Viskosität nicht möglich. Die hier beschriebene indirekte Vorgehensweise beruht auf der Lösungswärme, wobei ein Hess'scher Kreisprozess verwendet wird, um aus den einzelnen Lösungswärmen der Mischung und der sie aufbauenden individuellen Komponenten im gleichen Lösungsmittel die Mischungswärme zu bestimmen. Die entscheidende methodische Grenze ist die notwendige Genauigkeit bei der Bestimmung der Lösungswärmen, da diese gross gegenüber der berechneten Mischurigswärme sind.Mit dieser Methode wurden die Mischungswärme einer Mischung aus 75% Poly(dimethylphenylenoxid) und 25% Polystyren in einem Mikrokalorimeter Setaram C 80 zu 4.9 +- 0.2 J g^–1 bestimmt. Verglichen mit veröffentlichten Daten ist die Methode genauer.

---

() - . , , - . , . -80 — 75 25 %, 4,9 ± 0,2 ·^–1. .

---

---

The permission of the British Petroleum Company plc to publish this paper is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would like to thank Professor Karasz for useful discussions.     

Quantum-chemical examination of the factors rule in terms of simplest cluster calculation approaches

CNDO/BW examination of the factors rule in terms of the cluster approach has revealed its validity not only for the adsorption energy and the frequency shift of the stretching vibrations in the formation of hydrogen bonds but also for the variations of the hydrogen atom charge and the OH bond length.

---

CNDO/BW . () , OH .

     

Thermal behaviour of transition metal complexes of dithiocarbazic esters. II

A thermal study (simultaneous TG and DTA measurements) was carried out on the dithiocarbazic ester complexes M[N³CH₂R₁N²C¹(S)SCH₃]₂, where M=Ni, Pt; R₁=C₆H₅. The following disproportionation reaction occurs in the solid state: II is formed through deprotonation of the CH₂ group bound to N³, whereas III is formed through protonation of N³.The influence of inductive and/or steric effects on the mechanism of this reaction is discussed, taking into account the electrochemical and X-ray data on the complexes Pt[NRNC(S)SR']₂ with differentR substituents: R=H, Ph, CH₂Ph, CH₂C₅H₁₁, CH(CH₃)₂, C(CH₃)₃; R=CH₃, CH₂Ph.These results accord with the behaviour of the same complexes in solution.

---

Zusammenfassung Dithiokarbamidsäureesterkomplexe M[N³CH₂R₁N²C¹(S)SCH₃]₂ mit M=Ni, Pt und R₁=C₆H₅ wurden thermisch untersucht. Im festen Zustand spielt sich folgende Disproportionierungsreaktion ab: II wird durch Deprotonierung der an N³ gebundenen CH₂ Gruppe und III durch Protonierung des Atoms N² gebildet. Unter Zuhilfenahme der elektrochemischen und Röntgendaten der Komplexe Pt[NRNC(S)SR']₂ mit verschiedenen Substituenten R: R=H, Ph, CH₂Ph, CH₂C₅H₁₁, CH(CH₃)₂, C(CH₃)₃ und R=CH₃ bzw. CH₂Ph wurde der Einfluß von induktiven und/or sterischen Effekten auf den Reaktionsmechanismus diskutiert. Diese Ergebnisse stehen in Übereinstimmung mit dem Verhalten der Komplexe in Lösung.

---

M[N³CH₂R₁N²C¹(S)SCH₃]₂, M= Ni, Pt,R ₁=C₆H₅. : II CH₂ , N³, III N². () , Pt[NRNC(S)SR]₂, R= , aR= . .

---

---

We thank prof. A. La Ginestra for many helpful discussions on the various aspects of this work.     

Formation of aromatic hydrocarbons in CO hydrogenation over silica gel-supported palladium

It has been established that several aromatic hydrocarbons are formed in CO hydrogenation over silica gel-supported palladium catalysts. A mechanism for the formation of reaction products is suggested.

---

, , . - .

     

Infrared spectroscopic study of the adsoprtion of methacrylates on aerosil

The type and ratio of the attached groups was measured by FT-IR spectroscopy for the adsorption of three methacrylates. The adsorption enthalpies can be determined from a correlation with infrared frequency shifts.

---

--. -.

     

AB initio SQM FF calculations of vibrational frequencies of acetonitrile coordinated to Lewis acids

Experimental spectra of CH₃CN and CD₃CN were reproduced by scaling ab initio force constants calculated on HF/3-21G level. Scale factors obtained for acetonitrile molecule were used to calculate vibrational spectra of acetonitrile complexes with Lewis acids, such as AlCl₃, AlF₃ and Al(OH)₃. The observed increase of (CN) is due to both the growth in the CN-bond force constant and the kinematic coupling of CN and N-acid bonds.

---

CH₃CN CD₃CN , 3–21G. , , AlCl₃, AlF₃ Al(OH)₃. , (CN) CN- CN -.

     

Kinetic analysis of thermogravimetric data. XX. Study of the thermal decomposition of some tetrathiocyanato-diamino-chromate complexes with derivatograph

The thermal decompositions of 8 complexes of the type A · H[Cr(NCS)₄(am)₂] (A=NH₃, pyridine,-picoline or aniline, andam=NH₃ or aniline) and of 14 complexes of the type M[Cr(NCS)₄(am)₂] (M=K, Ag, Tl, 1/2 Cd, 1/2 Pb or 1/3 Bi, andam=NH₃, benzylamine or aniline derivatives) were studied by means of a derivatograph. In the case of the A · H salts the formation of Cr(NCS)₃ was observed as a labile intermediate. Characteristic temperatures are discussed in terms of the polarizing effect of the outer sphere cations and of the nucleophilic character of the ligands. The results are compared with those obtained in the thermal decompositions of the analogous salts of the complex acid H₃[Cr(NCS)₆].

---

Zusammenfassung Die thermische Zersetzung von 8 Komplexverbindungen des Typs A ·H[Cr(NCS)₄(am)₂] (A=NH₃, Pyridin, -Picolin, Anilin und am=NH₃ und Anilin) und von 14 Komplexen des Typs M[Cr(NCS)₄(am)₂] (M=K, Ag, Tl, 1/2 Cd, 1/2 Pb, 1/3 Bi und am=NH₃, Anilin und Anilinderivate) wurde mit dem Derivatographen untersucht. Im Falle der A. H Salze wird die Bildung von Cr(NCS)₃ als labiles Zwischenprodukt beobachtet. Die charakteristischen Temperaturen und kinetischen Parameter werden abgeleitet und auf der Basis der molekularen Struktur erörtert. Im Falle der M Salze werden die DTAPeaks aufgrund des Polarisationseffektes der Kationen der äußeren Sphäre und des nukleophilen Charakters der Liganden diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse werden mit jenen der thermischen Zersetzung der analogen Salze des H₃[Cr(NCS)₆] Komplexes verglichen.

---

A. H[Cr(NCS)₄ ()₂], — , , - , «» . M[Cr(NCS)₄ ()₂], -, Ag, Tl, 1/2 Cd, 1/2Pb 1/3 Bi, « » — , . . Cr(NCS)₃, . , . , - . H₃[Cr(NCS)₆].

     

Kinetics of thermal decomposition of pyrite in an inert atmosphere

The thermal decomposition of pyrite in an inert atmosphere was studied in order to obtain a detailed knowledge of the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction 2 FeS₂=2FeS+S₂, which is one of the methods of producing elementary sulphur. The process was studied under isothermal conditions at temperatures of 600, 660, 700, 750, 800 and 850 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere, by means of a thermobalance. The rate-controlling processes were determined and their kinetic parameters were calculated. The optimum temperature for the process was found to be 800 °C.

---

Zusammenfassung Es wurde die thermische Zersetzung von Pyrit in inerter Atmosphäre bestimmt, um detaillierte Informationen über Kinetik und Mechanismus der Reaktion 2 FeS₂=2FeS+S₂, einer der Darstellungsreaktionen von elementarem Schwefel zu erlangen. Der Vorgang wurde mittels einer Thermowaage unter isothermen Bedingungen bei Temperaturen von 600, 660, 700, 750, 800 und 850 °C untersucht. Es wurden die geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritte bestimmt und deren kinetische Parameter errechnet. Als Optimumtemperatur für diesen Prozeß erwies sich 800 °C.

---

- 2FeS₂=2FeS + S₂, . 600, 660, 700, 750, 800 850 ° . , 800°.

     

CO and NO adsorption on photoreduced Mo/SiO2 catalysts

CO and NO adsorption on photoreduced Mo/SiO₂ catalysts has been studied by IR and mass-spectrometric methods. Products of interaction between adsorbed molecules and surface molybdates of various structures have been identified.

---

- - CO NO CO Mo/SiO₂ . .

     

Spectroscopic study of silver state in CaO

Electron spectra of the oxidized states of silver (Ag²⁺) in CaO have been identified by comparison of ESR and diffuse reflectance electron spectra.

---

Ag²⁺ CaO .

     

State of components in group IV A metal modified nickel catalysts prepared via decomposition of metal complexes

The dispersity and state of components in (M+Ni)/SiO₂ catalysts (M=Ge, Sn, Pb), prepared via the reduction of anchored complexes, have been studied by chemisorption and electron microscopy. High dispersity of metallic particles (6Å) has been revealed. According to Mössbauer spectroscopy, in (Ni+Sn)/SiO₂ catalysts reduced at 873 K, a partial reduction of Sn to the metallic state is observed.

---

(M+Ni)/SiO₂ ( M=Ge, Sn, Pb), , , - . 873 ° K (Sn+Ni)/SiO₂ , , , 6 Å.

     

Kinetics and mechanism of the decomposition of pyrite under conventional and quasi-isothermal — quasi-isobaric thermoanalytical conditions

The kinetics and mechanism of the thermal decomposition of pyrite were examined by the method of quasi-isothermal and quasi-isobaric thermogravimetry (Q-TG). It emerged that by means of this technique the overlapping partial processes of the complicated oxidation and decomposition reactions of pyrite can be separated and studied independently from one another. It was found that the partial reactions FeS₂=FeS +S and Fe₂O_3–x(SO₄)_x=Fe₂O₃+SO₃ are endothermic processes taking place quasiisothermally and leading to equilibrium, while the oxidation FeS+O₂=Fe₂O_3–x(SO₄)_x is an exothermic process which takes place in an oscillating manner in a rather broad temperature interval.

---

Zusammenfassung Autoren untersuchten die Kinetik und den Mechanismus der thermischen Zersetzung von Pyrit durch quasi-isotherme und quasi-isobare Thermogravimetrie (Q-TG). Es stellte sich heraus, daß sich überlagernde Teilprozesse der komplizierten Oxydations- und Zersetzungsprozesse von Pyrit mit Hilfe dieser Technik absondern und unabhängig voneinander untersuchen lassen. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Teilreaktionen FeS₂=FeS+S und Fe₂O_3–x(SO₄)_x=Fe₂O₃+SO₃ endotherme Prozesse sind, die quasi-isotherm verlaufen und zu einem Gleichgewicht führen, während die Oxydation FeS+O₂=Fe₂O_3–x(SO₄)_x ein exothermer Prozeß ist, der oszillierend in einem ziemlich breiten Temperaturintervall verläuft.

---

(Q-) . . , FeS₂=FeS+S Fe₂O_3–x(S₂O₄)_x=Fe₂O₃+SO₃ , . FeS+O₂ =Fe₂O_3–x(SO₄)_x , .

---

---

The authors thank Prof. E. Pungor for valuable discussions, and Mrs. M. Kiss and Miss I. Fabian for their technical assistance.     

Catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene on solid sulfides and soluble rhenium thiocomplexes

Studies of the reduction of nitrobenzene in the catalytic hydrogenation on soluble rhenium thiocomplexes and solid ReS₂ and Re₂S₇ indicate that on homogeneous and heterogeneous rhenium sulfides it follows the same mechanism. Thiocomplexes are considered as possible analogs of the active sites in ReS₂ and Re₂S₇ sulfide catalysts.

---

ReS₂ Re₂S₇. , . ReS₂ Re₂S₇.

     

Steroid glycosides from the starfishSolaster dawsoni (Verrill)

Two novel glycosides from the starfishSolaster dawsoni (Verrill) have been isolated and characterized: 24-O-(-D-xylopyranosyl)-5-cholestane-3,6,15,24,26-pentaol (solasteroside S₁) and (24R)-29-O-[-D-galactofuranosyl-(16)--D-galactofuranosyl]-24-ethyl-5-cholestane-3, 6,8,15,16,29-hexaol (solasteroside S₂).Translated fromIzvestiya Akademu Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 980–982, May, 1993.     

Hydrogenation of 4-tert-butylphenol over supported catalysts in different solvents

It has been established that in hydrogenation of 4-tert-butylphenol over Rh/-Al₂O₃ in isopropanol the addition of CH₃COOH increases the yield of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol.

---

, CH₃COOH -4- 4- Rh/-Al₂O₃ .

     

Thermal decompositions of some transition metal polyacrylates

Polyacrylales of Fe, Cr, Ni, Co and Mn were synthesized by the reaction of poly(sodium)acrylatc with metal halides. The salts obtained were investigated by thermal analysis. During heating in argon or air, all the salts behaved in a similar way. The initial decomposition temperature of the investigated salts increased in the following sequence: Fe<Cr<Ni<Co<Mn. The solid residues of the decompositions of the salts were also analysed.

---

Zusammenfassung Polyacrylate von Fe, Cr, Ni, Co und Mn wurden durch Reaktion von Natriumpolyacrylat mit den entsprechenden Metallhaliden synthetisiert. Die erhaltenen Salze wurden thermoanalytisch untersucht. Beim Aufheizen in Argon und Luft verhalten sich alle Salze ähnlich. Die Temperatur, bei der die Zersetzung einsetzt, steigt in folgender Reihenfolge an: Fe < Cr < Ni < Co < Mn. Die festen Rückstände der Zersetzung der Salze wurden ebenfalls analysiert.

---

, , , . , , . Fe<Cr<Ni<Co<Mn. .

     

Thermal behaviour of trimethoxy silane modified alkyl methacrylates

The paper deals with the thermal behaviour of trimethoxy silane (MTS) modified ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA). Several copolymer samples were prepared by varying the molar ratio of MTS with respect to EMA or BMA. The copolymerisation was carried out at 78 °C for 120 min using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. Incorporation of MTS in alkyl methacrylates resulted in an increase in thermal stability. Hydrolytic cross-linking of copolymer having higher mole fraction of MTS gave a cross-linked product with better thermal stability.

---

Zusammenfassung Vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem thermischen Verhalten von Äthylmethakrylat (EMA) und Bulhylmethakrylat (BMA), das mit Trimethoxysilan (MTS) modifiziert wurde. Unter Anwendung verschiedener Molverhältnisse von MTS und EMA bzw. BMA wurden einige Kopolymerproben hergestellt. Die Kopolymerisation wurde 120 Minuten lang bei 78 °C und mit Benzoylperpxid als Initiator durchgeführt. Der Einbau von MTS in Alkylmethakrylate führt zu einer Steigerung der thermischen Stabilität. Eine hydrolytische Vernetzung der Kopolymere mit größeren Molanteilen an MTS ergeben vernetzte Produkte mit verbesserter thermischer Stabilität.

---

() ( ), (). . 78 °C 120 , . . , , .

     

Effect of dentate number of anchored phosphine ligands on the composition and catalytic properties of their palladium complexes

Mono-, di- and triphosphine ligands anchored by a Si–C bond to the surface of silica have been synthesized. Complexes of Pd(II) and Pd(O) with these ligands have been obtained. On the basis of elemental analysis and UV spectroscopy, structures of the complexes formed are suggested. The catalytic properties of the above complexes in the selective hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene are compared.

---

-, - , Si–C . Pd(II) Pd(O) . - . .

     

Characterization of titania and zirconia supported molybdenum oxide catalysts by low temperature oxygen chemisorption

Low temperature oxygen chemisorption (LTOC) has been applied to characterize a series of TiO₂ and ZrO₂ supported Mo-oxide catalysts. The monolayer coverage of the surface is completed when the Mo loading reaches 6% and 4% on the TiO₂ and ZrO₂ supports, respectively. The results are explained with the help of a Patch model of the Mo-oxide phase.

---

Mo- TiO₂ ZrO₂ . Mo TiO₂ ZrO₂ 6% 4%, . Patch Mo- .