干法消解测定桑叶中总氟化物

目前测定桑叶中氟化物的方法有:茜素锆比色法、离子色谱法、氟离子选择性电极法等。但此类方法测定的是水溶性氟化物,尚未见到总氟化物测定方法的报道。桑叶氟污染会引起家蚕氟中毒,而总氟化物的含量更能说明桑叶受污染的程度,其中有机氟或许毒性更大。为此,我们进行了用干法消解样品来测定氟化物方法的探讨,检出的总氟化物比水溶性氟化物约高出25.6%,用该法能更准确地判断和评价桑叶受污染的程度,具有较好的应用价值。     

分光光度法测定水中氟离子的优化

氟离子在弱酸性缓冲介质中与显色剂反应生成蓝色三元络合物,络合物在620 nm波长处的吸光度与氟离子浓度成正比,据此建立检测水中氟化物含量的分光光度法.研究了缓冲液和显色剂加入量、络合物稳定剂、稳定时间对测定结果的影响,并确定了最佳分析条件:向适量水样中加入1 mL缓冲液、1 mL显色剂、1 mL乙醇,静置20 min,...     

水中微量氟的快速比色测定

一般天然水中氟的含量均很低,约为0.1—0.5mg/L,而流经含氟矿层的地下水则有时高达2—5mg/L,甚至更高。我国饮用水卫生标准规定氟化物的含量不得超过1.5mg/L。测定水中氟的比色法一般有茜素锆比色法、铁试剂比色法、茜素钍比色法以及对磺基苯偶氮变色酸锆比色法等。本文探讨了用二甲酚橙锆比色法测定水中氟。此法是利用氟与锆在1.2mol/L HCl介质中生成稳定的络合物,使金属离子锆与显色剂二甲酚橙的有色络合物的颜色减退,从而间接测定氟的含量。方法的灵敏度比通常的比色法要高出5倍之多。对于大量干扰离子(如Al~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Fe~(3+)等)本法采用氧化锌分离后再倒置比色,不需用蒸馏法处理,从而大大简化了操作手续。试验结果表明,此法具有简便、快速、经济、精密度及准确度均较高等优点。     

饮用水加氟或使用氟化物牙膏须知

为了预防龋齿病 ,人们制造了约含氟为千分之一的氟化钠牙膏或氟化锶牙膏 ;有些城市在自来水中添加0 5～ 1× 10 - 6 的氟。但是 ,值得注意的是 ,氟化物牙膏和氟化水都只能供低氟区的居民使用 ,而高氟区居民不能使用氟化物牙膏或在饮水中添加氟。否则 ,不仅无利而且有害。据报道 ,广州市自来水从 196 6年起加氟 ,十多年过去了 ,调查结果表明 ,龋齿发病率减少不大 ,但斑采由齿发病率增长较大 ,弊多利少 ,故省政府做出决定 ,自 1983年 10月起停止在自来水中添加氟。对于高氟地区 ,如我国北方等干旱地区 ,不仅不要使用氟化物牙膏 ,不要在饮水中…     

环境水中低含量氟化物的离子色谱分析

建立了离子色谱仪测定环境水中氟离子的方法.优化了试验条件,即淋洗液选1.8 mmol/L Na_2CO_3-1.7mmol/L NaHCO_3,流速0.8 m L/min.试验选择了活性炭作为固体吸附剂,采用固相萃取消除环境水中有可能存在的痕量乙酸对检测F~-的干扰.方法的检出限为0.022 2 mg/L,回收率为97.6%~98.9%,相对标准偏差小于2%.结果表明方法处理简单、准确度高,可用于环境水中低含量氟化物的测定.     

乙醇-水介质中氟-铝沉淀电位滴定体系研究

由于氟-铝的多级络合反应,在水溶液中用氟化物直接滴定铝没有明显的电位突跃,若用乙醇-水介质,则电位突跃明显^[1～3].本文对乙醇-水介质中氟-铝沉淀电位滴定体系的化学平衡进行了研究.测定了在不同浓度的乙醇介质中氟-铝的络合比及各级络合物的稳定常数等参数.实验表明用F^-电位滴定测定铝可取得较好结果.     

#电渗泵流动注射系统测定水中氟

对电渗泵的原理及其在流动注射系统中的应用特点作了详细讨论，并用氟试剂分光光度法测定了自来水中氟化物含量。     

毛细管离子分析仪中电解液稳定性研究

毛细管离子分析仪测定水中氟离子时,常出现氟化物峰与水负峰相连的情况,通常是电解液失效造成的。通过跟踪试验,研究了毛细管离子分析仪使用的电解液的稳定性。     

煤中氟化物分布与赋存特性研究

氟是煤中微量有害元素之一 ,烟煤中含量一般为 1 0 0～ 30 0 μｇ ｇ[1 ] 。煤在燃烧时 ,煤中的氟化物将发生分解 ,大部分以ＨＦ、ＳｉＦ4等气态污染物形式排入大气 ,不仅严重腐蚀锅炉和烟气净化设备 ,而且造成大气氟污染和生态环境的破坏[2～ 4] 。燃煤污染物中 ,氟化物对动、植物的危害严重 ,给农牧业造成了重大的经济损失[4,5] 。我国是世界上唯一以煤为主要能源的大国 ,煤的主要利用形式是燃烧。燃煤引起的氟排放是大气氟污染的主要污染源。我国已将煤烟型大气氟污染列入气体检测对象 ,并制定了排放标准。因此 ,对煤中氟的赋存特性、燃…     

海兴地区地下水中多元素含量的测定

应用电感耦和等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定地下水中钾、钠、钙、镁、铁、锰的含量,使用分光光度法测定氟的含量,测定的相对标准偏差为0.7%-2.8%,回收率为92.1%-105.2%。结果表明,大部分地区地下水中钠和氟化物的含量均偏高,常量与微量元素的组成含量差别不大。     

离子色谱法测定饮用和地下水中氟化物、溴酸盐、氯化物、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、硫酸盐

建立离子色谱法测定饮用和地下水中F-、BrO3-、Cl-、NO2、NO3和SO42- 6种阴离子.选用IonPac(R)AS19色谱柱(4 mm×250 mm),NaOH梯度淋洗,抑制电导检测,方法检出限为0.01～0.02 mg/L.对水样进行6次平行测定,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.1％～2.1％,加标回收率为71...     

离子色谱法测定净水产品中F-、Cl-、NO-2、No-3、HPO2-4和SO2-4

建立了离子色谱法测定净水产品中的F<'->、Cl<'->、NO<'-><,2>、No<'-><,3>、HPO<'2-><,4>和SO<'2-><,4>6种阴离子.根据净水产品的类型分别选择配制水浸提和直接净化配制水两种方法处理样品,选用IonPac As9-HC色谱柱(250 mm×4 mm),8.0 mm0L/L N...     

Crystallization of calcium sulfate on polymeric surfaces

Surface crystallization of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) on a series of polymeric surfaces was studied using a quartz microbalance system. Polyelectrolyte multilayer films (positively and negatively charged surfaces) were formed on the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors utilizing a layer-by-layer spin-assembly method. The kinetics of gypsum surface crystallization was quantified in terms of the evolution of gypsum mineral scale on the different surfaces. For comparison mineral scaling was also evaluated on silica and polyamide surfaces. For surfaces of the same charge polarity (+/-), the mass density of gypsum scale was lower (PSS相似文献   

Molecular-scale model for the mass density of electrolyte solutions bound by clay surfaces: application to bentonites

A model to simulate the density of solutions adsorbed onto clay mineral surfaces is proposed. In this model, the alteration of the ionic distribution caused by the electric field associated with the surface charge of clay platelets is accounted for using an electrical triple-layer model with an overlapping diffuse layer. The combined effects of ion hydration and the electric field on the structure of water are introduced through their influence on the partial molar volume of water. This model, applied to Na-montmorillonite, simulates the distribution of the interplatelet solution density as a function of the distance to the mineral surface. High densities in the direct vicinity of the surface and slightly lower density (a few percent) than the normal density in the diffuse layer are obtained. These results show good consistency with the available data on bentonite and with the densities that can be inferred from molecular dynamics simulations. This model shows that the interplatelet distance plays an important role in the distribution of the mass density of the solution in the pore space of clay rocks.     

热重分析法测定矿产品中的吸附水及烧失减量

采用热重分析法(TGA)测量矿产品中的吸附水及烧失减量,验证了方法的准确性及精密度。对多种矿产品样品采用TGA法和常规马弗炉加热法进行测量,对比结果表明,这两种方法没有显著性差异。TGA法具有方便快捷、准确可靠等优点,是矿产品吸附水及烧失减量检验的首选。     

Characterization of mineral oxide charging in apolar media

This paper presents an investigation of the charging behavior of mineral oxide particles dispersed in apolar media. There are a growing number of applications that seek to use electrostatic effects in apolar media to control particle movement and improve aggregation stability. Progress is limited, however, by incomplete knowledge of the mechanism(s) of particle charging in these systems. It has been shown in a number of cases that the acid-base properties of both the particles and the surfactants used to stabilize charge play key roles. A mechanism for acid-base charging has previously been established for mineral oxides in aqueous systems, where the surface hydroxyl groups act as proton donors or receivers depending on the pH of the surrounding solution. In water, the pH at which the surface charge density is zero, i.e., the point of zero charge (PZC), can be used to characterize the acid-base nature of the mineral oxide particles. The current work explores the possible extension of this charging behavior to apolar systems, with the key difference that the surface hydroxyl groups of the mineral oxides react with the surfactant molecules instead of free ions in solution. The apolar charging behavior is explored by measuring the electrophoretic mobility of a series of mineral oxides dispersed in a solution of Isopar-L and AOT, a neutral surfactant in water. The electrophoretic mobility of the particles is found to scale quantitatively, with respect to both sign and magnitude, with their aqueous PZC value. This provides support for the theory of acid-base charging in apolar media and represents a method for predicting and controlling particle charge of mineral oxides dispersed in apolar media.     

Adsorption of thymine and uracil on 1:1 clay mineral surfaces: comprehensive ab initio study on influence of sodium cation and water

This computational study performed using the density functional theory shows that hydrated and non-hydrated tetrahedral and octahedral kaolinite mineral surfaces in the presence of a cation adsorb the nucleic acid bases thymine and uracil well. Differences in the structure and chemistry of specific clay mineral surfaces led to a variety of DNA bases adsorption mechanisms. The energetically most predisposed positions for an adsorbate molecule on the mineral surface were revealed. The target molecule binding with the surface can be characterized as physisorption, which occurs mainly due to a cation-molecular oxygen interaction, with hydrogen bonds providing an additional stabilization. The adsorption strength is proportional to the number of intermolecular interactions formed between the target molecule and the surface. From the Atoms in Molecules analysis and comparison of binding energy values of studied systems it is concluded that the sorption activity of kaolinite minerals for thymine and uracil depends on various factors, among which are the structure and accessibility of the organic compounds. The adsorption is governed mostly by the surface type, its properties and presence of cation, which cause a selective binding of the nucleobase. Adsorbate stabilization on the mineral surface increases only slightly with explicit addition of water. Comparison of activity of different studied kaolinite mineral models reveals the following order for stabilization: octahedral-Na-water > octahedral-Na > tetrahedral-Na > tetrahedral-Na-water. Further investigation of the electrostatic potentials helps understanding of the adsorption process and confirmation of the active sites on the kaolinite mineral surfaces. Based on the conclusions that clay mineral affinity for DNA and RNA bases can vary due to different structural and chemical properties of the surface, a hypothesis on possible role of clays in the origin of life was made.     

Sulphonamide Residues in Italian Surface and Drinking Waters: A Small Scale Reconnaissance

The occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment is an important emerging issue due to potential adverse effect of these compounds on ecosystem and human health. For a correct environmental risk assessment there is a need for appropriate analytical methods for monitoring antibiotic residues in a variety of water matrices. This paper describes a method for the determination of eleven sulphonamide compounds in surface and drinking waters using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Recoveries of the analytes in both surface and drinking water matrices at different fortification levels, always exceed 87%; the limits of quantification in surface water samples are between 0.005 and 0.021 μg L⁻¹ depending on the compound, and the interday method precision is less than 12%. Matrix effects were evaluated in drinking and surface water samples. The method has been applied to a small scale reconnaissance of river, lake, mineral and municipal water samples; results indicate the occurrence of sulphonamides in some surface and mineral waters analyzed.     

Mineral matter distribution on coal surface and its effect on coal wettability

Coal is an organic sedimentary rock composed of organic macerals and mineral matter. As it is demonstrated in this paper the discrete mineralogical nature of coal largely influences the wetting of the coal surface by water. Both advancing and receding contact angles were measured using the captive-bubble technique with an automatic bubble shape analysis software. The distribution and amount of mineral inclusions on the coal surface were determined by scanning electron microscopy and examined using the image analysis system. To determine the amount and size distribution of mineral grains, the coal surface layer, on which the contact angles were measured, was separated from the larger piece used in the measurements by microslicing. The separated surface layer was subjected to a low-temperature ashing followed by particle size analysis. As expected, a significant scatter of contact angle values was obtained for the same coal samples. Increasing the amount of mineral matter on the coal surface reduced the value of both advancing and receding contact angles. Also, the scatter of contact angle values increased with the increasing mineral matter content from about 1 to 50 wt%. The results reveal that an important factor in analysis of contact angle variation on coal surfaces is the size of the hydrophilic mineral inclusions. Both the advancing and the receding contact angles decrease with increasing size of the mineral grains. Additionally, the scatter of contact angle values increase with increasing size of the mineral matter grains. Finally, the results of fractal dimension analysis of mineral matter grains distributed over the coal surface indicate that there is no significant effect from the shape of hydrophilic mineral inclusions on both advancing and receding contact angles.     

Estimation of local density augmentation and hydrogen bonding between pyridazine and water under sub- and supercritical conditions using UV-vis spectroscopy.

The local density around pyridazine was evaluated by examining the UV-vis spectral shift of pyridazine in a high-pressure liquid state and supercritical water from 25 to 450 degrees C and from 20 to 45 MPa. Augmentation of the local density was observed from 380 to 420 degrees C, and showed the maximum at a lower density than the critical density of water. The degree of hydrogen bonding was estimated in consideration of the local density augmentation. The estimated degree of hydrogen bonding under subcritical conditions without any difference between the local density and the bulk density corresponded to the previously reported results with a UV-vis absorbance spectral shift of quinoline and an NMR proton chemical shift. However, the degree of hydrogen bonding near the critical point of water was larger than that in the case that the local density augmentation was not taken into account. At 380 degrees C and 0.2 g cm(-3) of the bulk density there are 30% as many hydrogen bonds as those under the ambient condition, and it was around 1.5-times that without considering local-density augmentation.